Ch21 - Homework - Blood Vessels ~30 mins PDF

4/7/24, 6:11 PM Ch21 - Homework - Blood Vessels ~30 mins Ch21 - Homework - Blood Vessels ~30 mins Due: 11:59pm on Tuesday, April 9, 2024 To understand how points are awarded, read the Grading Policy for this assignment. Art-labeling Activity: An Overview of the Major Systemic Arteries, Part 1 of 3 L...

4/7/24, 6:11 PM Ch21 - Homework - Blood Vessels ~30 mins Ch21 - Homework - Blood Vessels ~30 mins Due: 11:59pm on Tuesday, April 9, 2024 To understand how points are awarded, read the Grading Policy for this assignment. Art-labeling Activity: An Overview of the Major Systemic Arteries, Part 1 of 3 Learning Goal: To learn the major systemic arteries. Label the major systemic arteries. Part A Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify the major systemic arteries. ANSWER: Reset Help Vertebral Right subclavian Brachiocephalic trunk Aortic arch Ascending aorta Celiac trunk Brachial Radial Ulnar Palmar arches Correct Chapter 21 Reading Quiz Question 7 Part A The pulmonary trunk carries __________ blood __________ the lung. ANSWER: oxygenated; from deoxygenated; from oxygenated; to deoxygenated; to Correct https://session.masteringaandp.com/myct/assignmentPrintView?assignmentID=10505308 1/17 4/7/24, 6:11 PM Ch21 - Homework - Blood Vessels ~30 mins Chapter 21 Reading Quiz Question 2 Part A If the capillary hydrostatic pressure (CHP) is elevated, what consequences will this have on the surrounding tissues? ANSWER: Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure will facilitate greater exchange with the surrounding tissues, reducing buildup of the interstitial fluid in the tissues by pulling it into the capillaries. Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure will cause excess interstitial fluid accumulation in the surrounding tissues. Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure will cause a corresponding increase in pressure in the venular end of the capillary bed, causing plasma backflow into the tissues. Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure will cause increased blood pressure, which could cause damage to the capillaries, allowing blood seepage into the surrounding tissues. Correct Chapter Test - Chapter 21 Question 8 Part A Each of the following would cause an increase in blood pressure EXCEPT __________. ANSWER: an inhibitor of angiotensin II increase in peripheral resistance increase in aldosterone increase in blood volume Correct Chapter Test - Chapter 21 Question 1 Part A What structural component gives arteries the ability to passively adapt to changes in blood pressures that accompany the heartbeat? ANSWER: vasa vasorum elastic fibers adventitia smooth muscle Correct Chapter 21 Reading Quiz Question 1 Part A The only vessels whose walls are thin enough to exchange materials with the surrounding cells are __________. ANSWER: https://session.masteringaandp.com/myct/assignmentPrintView?assignmentID=10505308 2/17 4/7/24, 6:11 PM Ch21 - Homework - Blood Vessels ~30 mins veins arteries capillaries arterioles Correct Chapter Test - Chapter 21 Question 5 Part A Peripheral resistance depends on all of the following factors EXCEPT __________. ANSWER: blood vessel length blood vessel diameter blood viscosity blood colloid osmotic pressure Correct Chapter 21 Book-specific Clinical Case Activity Dr. Iacullo is part of a research team studying ancient mummies from Egypt, Peru, New Mexico, and the Aleutian Islands in Alaska. The study spans 4000 years of human history and cultures from three different continents. Some of the mummies were once members of Egypt’s upper class, while others were likely common people from the Americas. Their diets varied greatly and included nuts, berries, farmed corn, domesticated animals, wild game, sea otters, and whales. Their activity patterns varied--the wealthy Egyptians, for instance, were much more sedentary than the hunter-gatherers of the Americas. Dr. Iacullo is studying the incidence of atherosclerosis (the buildup of arterial plaque) in mummies. Her team uses computerized tomography (CT) scans to look for calcifications in the walls to the mummies’ arteries. They discover that one-third of the mummies have CT evidence of plaque buildup. This finding spans all four geographic populations, all diets, and all lifestyle activity levels. Part A Atherosclerosis is characterized by the buildup of arterial plaque. When plaque first begins to form, on which part of the blood vessel do the monocytes bind after taking in cholesterol-rich lipoproteins? ANSWER: tunica media endothelial lining internal elastic membrane tunica externa Correct Plaque first starts to form when the lipid-filled monocytes (foam cells) attach themselves to the endothelial lining of blood vessels. These monocytes start releasing cytokines, which stimulates the smooth muscle cells near the tunica intima to divide, thickening the arterial wall. Part B Which part of the blood vessel wall is dominated by smooth muscle? ANSWER: tunica intima endothelium tunica media tunica externa https://session.masteringaandp.com/myct/assignmentPrintView?assignmentID=10505308 3/17 4/7/24, 6:11 PM Ch21 - Homework - Blood Vessels ~30 mins Correct The tunica media of both arteries and veins is dominated by smooth muscle. Part C Vascular resistance is the friction force that opposes blood flow in a blood vessel. What two factors are the most important in generating friction between blood and the walls of a vessel? ANSWER: blood vessel diameter and length blood pressure and volume blood viscosity and turbulence blood flow velocity and turbulence Correct The most important factor in vascular resistance is friction between blood and the vessel walls. The amount of friction depends on two factors: vessel length and vessel diameter. Part D Atherosclerosis has been associated with high blood pressure. What is it called when a person has a blood pressure of 158/99? ANSWER: hypotension pre-hypertension stage 1 hypertension normal Correct Stage 1 hypertension is characterized by a systolic blood pressure range of 140–159 and a diastolic range of 90–99. IP: Capillary Pressures and Capillary Exchange Click on the link or the image below to view an animation on capillary pressures and capillary exchange from Interactive Physiology (IP), then answer the questions to the right. IP: Capillary Pressures and Capillary Exchange Part A In the capillaries, hydrostatic pressure (HP) is exerted by __________. Hint 1. This pressure is also known as filtration pressure. ANSWER: proteins in the blood blood pressure Correct Yes, blood pressure is the driving force for filtration. Part B https://session.masteringaandp.com/myct/assignmentPrintView?assignmentID=10505308 4/17 4/7/24, 6:11 PM Ch21 - Homework - Blood Vessels ~30 mins The net hydrostatic pressure (HP) is the hydrostatic pressure in the __________ minus hydrostatic pressure in the __________. Hint 1. Net hydrostatic pressure forces fluid out of the capillary. ANSWER: capillary; interstitial fluid interstitial fluid; capillary Correct Yes, the capillary hydrostatic pressure (HPC; caused by blood pressure) is much higher than the interstitial hydrostatic pressure (HPI). The interstitial fluid is forced out of the capillaries. Part C Which of the following would reflect the typical net hydrostatic pressure (HP) at the arterial end of the capillary? Hint 1. Is there more filtration at the arterial end or venous end of the capillary? ANSWER: 34 mm Hg 12 mm Hg 1 mm Hg Correct Yes, HPc (35 mm Hg) – HPI (1 mm Hg) = 34 mm Hg, which is the net hydrostatic pressure at the arterial end. The hydrostatic pressure of the blood is much higher at the arterial end of the capillary, thus favoring filtration. Part D The colloid osmotic pressure in the capillary is caused by __________. Hint 1. Think “osmosis.” ANSWER: blood pressure proteins in the blood Correct Yes, the non-diffusible proteins in the plasma exert the colloid osmotic pressure, which pulls fluid into the capillary. Part E Which net pressure draws fluid into the capillary? Hint 1. Remember which way colloid osmotic pressure and hydrostatic pressure move fluid. ANSWER: net osmotic pressure net hydrostatic pressure Correct Yes, the proteins exert colloid osmotic pressure, which draws fluid into the capillary. Part F Reabsorption of fluid into the capillary takes place at the arterial end or venous end of the capillary? https://session.masteringaandp.com/myct/assignmentPrintView?assignmentID=10505308 5/17 4/7/24, 6:11 PM Ch21 - Homework - Blood Vessels ~30 mins Hint 1. Remember where blood pressure is the lowest in the capillary. ANSWER: arterial venous Correct Yes, because the hydrostatic pressure of blood (which favors filtration out of the capillary) is lowest in the venous end of the capillary. Chapter Test - Chapter 21 Question 12 Part A Which of the following statements about the pulmonary circuit is FALSE? ANSWER: The right and left pulmonary arteries carry oxygenated blood. The pulmonary circuit is shorter than the systemic circuit. The return of blood to the left atrium marks the end of the pulmonary circuit. The pulmonary trunk carries deoxygenated blood away from the heart toward the lungs. Correct Chapter Test - Chapter 21 Question 6 Part A When the net filtration pressure is negative, what process is occurring? ANSWER: Fluid is moving out of the capillary. There is no movement of fluid into or out of the capillary. Fluid is moving back into the capillary. There are no plasma proteins in the blood. Correct Art-based Question: Blood Vessels Question 4 Part A Which of the following can be stated based on at least one of the graphs shown here? https://session.masteringaandp.com/myct/assignmentPrintView?assignmentID=10505308 6/17 4/7/24, 6:11 PM Ch21 - Homework - Blood Vessels ~30 mins ANSWER: Blood speeds up as it enters capillaries. Blood pressure continuously drops as blood flows through the systemic circulation. Blood pressure rises as blood flows from the smaller capillaries to the larger venules. Blood flow continuously slows down through the systemic circulation. Correct Chapter Test - Chapter 21 Question 15 Part A The brachial artery branches to form the ulnar and __________. ANSWER: digital arteries axillary arteries palmar arches radial arteries Correct PhysioEx Exercise 5 > Activity 3: Overview and Pre-lab Quiz for Studying the Effect of Blood Vessel Length on Blood Flow Rate Read the introduction and then answer the Pre-lab Quiz questions to the right. Exercise 5 > Activity 3: Studying the Effect of Blood Vessel Length on Blood Flow Rate https://session.masteringaandp.com/myct/assignmentPrintView?assignmentID=10505308 7/17 4/7/24, 6:11 PM Ch21 - Homework - Blood Vessels ~30 mins Part A When blood vessel length increases, _______. ANSWER: surface area increases and resistance to flow decreases resistance to flow decreases friction decreases surface area increases Correct Part B Which of the following is true of blood vessel length? ANSWER: It increases as we approach puberty. It decreases when we gain weight. It increases when we lose weight. All of the above are true. Correct Part C In this experiment, _______. ANSWER: blood vessel length will be varied blood vessel radius will be varied blood vessel length will be kept constant blood vessel radius will be kept constant and blood vessel length will be varied blood vessel radius will be kept constant Correct Chapter Test - Chapter 21 Question 2 Part A The layer of the blood vessel wall that is dominated by smooth muscle cells is called the __________. ANSWER: https://session.masteringaandp.com/myct/assignmentPrintView?assignmentID=10505308 8/17 4/7/24, 6:11 PM Ch21 - Homework - Blood Vessels ~30 mins tunica media tunica interna tunica adventitia tunica intima Correct Chapter Test - Chapter 21 Question 14 Part A Which of these arteries does NOT branch directly off of the aortic arch? ANSWER: right subclavian artery left common carotid artery brachiocephalic trunk left subclavian artery Correct Chapter Test - Chapter 21 Question 3 Part A Vasomotion refers to contraction-relaxation cycles of the __________. ANSWER: precapillary sphincters venules arteriovenous anastomoses collaterals Correct Art-labeling Activity: The Structure of a Typical Artery Identify the structures of a typical artery. Part A Drag the labels to identify the structures of a typical artery. ANSWER: https://session.masteringaandp.com/myct/assignmentPrintView?assignmentID=10505308 9/17 4/7/24, 6:11 PM Ch21 - Homework - Blood Vessels ~30 mins Reset Help Tunica externa Tunica media Tunica intima Smooth muscle Internal elastic membrane External elastic membrane Endothelium Correct PhysioEx Exercise 5 > Activity 2: Overview and Pre-lab Quiz for Studying the Effect of Blood Viscosity on Blood Flow Rate Read the introduction and then answer the Pre-lab Quiz questions to the right. Exercise 5 > Activity 2: Studying the Effect of Blood Viscosity on Blood Flow Rate Part A Polycythemia results in _______. ANSWER: decreased resistance to flow decreased viscosity increased resistance to flow decreased resistance to flow and decreased viscosity increased resistance to flow and decreased viscosity Correct Part B What is the effect of increased viscosity? ANSWER: https://session.masteringaandp.com/myct/assignmentPrintView?assignmentID=10505308 10/17 4/7/24, 6:11 PM Ch21 - Homework - Blood Vessels ~30 mins decreased peripheral resistance decreased flow rate and decreased peripheral resistance decreased flow rate increased flow rate Correct Part C Formed elements in the blood _______. ANSWER: slide past one another include platelets and whole cells that slide past one another include whole cells include platelets Correct Part D Which of the following is INCORRECTLY matched? ANSWER: leukocytes - white blood cells erythrocytes - red blood cells thrombocytes - plasma proteins All of the above are matched correctly. Correct Art-based Question: Blood Vessels Question 1 Part A What tissue types and features are found in the layer indicated by the red arrow? ANSWER: endothelium and basement membrane connective tissue and basement membrane endothelium smooth muscle and scattered elastic fibers Correct Chapter Test - Chapter 21 Question 9 https://session.masteringaandp.com/myct/assignmentPrintView?assignmentID=10505308 11/17 4/7/24, 6:11 PM Ch21 - Homework - Blood Vessels ~30 mins Part A The cardiovascular centers in the medulla oblongata control __________. ANSWER: heart rate peripheral resistance cardiac contractility all of the listed responses Correct Art-based Question: Blood Vessels Question 9 Part A Which of the following is NOT part of the hepatic portal system? ANSWER: pancreas aorta spleen colon Correct Chapter 21 Reading Quiz Question 8 Part A Which of these arteries does NOT originate on the abdominal aorta? ANSWER: https://session.masteringaandp.com/myct/assignmentPrintView?assignmentID=10505308 12/17 4/7/24, 6:11 PM Ch21 - Homework - Blood Vessels ~30 mins renal femoral common iliac splenic Correct Art-based Question: Blood Vessels Question 7 Part A Identify how the heart will respond given the imbalance shown in the image. ANSWER: Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) secretion will increase. Heart rate will decrease. Cardiac output will increase. Urine output will increase. Correct https://session.masteringaandp.com/myct/assignmentPrintView?assignmentID=10505308 13/17 4/7/24, 6:11 PM Ch21 - Homework - Blood Vessels ~30 mins Chapter Test - Chapter 21 Question 19 Part A Which of the following is mis-matched? ANSWER: ductus venosus; connection between liver and inferior vena cava in fetus umbilical vein; deoxygenated blood to placenta from fetus ductus arteriosus; connection between pulmonary and aortic arch in fetus foramen ovale; opening between atria in fetus Correct Chapter Test - Chapter 21 Question 20 Part A Blood passes from the external iliac vein into what vessel? ANSWER: femoral vein internal iliac vein common iliac vein great saphenous vein Correct Chapter Test - Chapter 21 Question 7 Part A When muscle cells contract, they release substances that cause nearby precapillary sphincters to relax. This is an example of __________. ANSWER: positive feedback regulation autoregulation neural regulation endocrine regulation Correct Art-labeling Activity: The Organization of a Capillary Bed Identify the structures in a capillary bed. Part A Drag the labels to identify the structures in a capillary bed. ANSWER: https://session.masteringaandp.com/myct/assignmentPrintView?assignmentID=10505308 14/17 4/7/24, 6:11 PM Ch21 - Homework - Blood Vessels ~30 mins Reset Help Venule Arteriole Capillaries Small venule Precapillary sphincters Thoroughfare channel Arteriovenous anastomosis Correct Chapter 21 Reading Quiz Question 5 Part A Which brain region contains the cardiovascular centers? ANSWER: hypothalamus medulla oblongata pons thalamus Correct Art-based Question: Blood Vessels Question 2 Part A What feature distinguishes this type of capillary from a continuous capillary? ANSWER: https://session.masteringaandp.com/myct/assignmentPrintView?assignmentID=10505308 15/17 4/7/24, 6:11 PM Ch21 - Homework - Blood Vessels ~30 mins thin walls fenestrations tight junctions basement membrane Correct Chapter Test - Chapter 21 Question 4 Part A The peak blood pressure measured during ventricular systole is called __________. ANSWER: pulse pressure systolic pressure diastolic pressure mean arterial pressure Correct Art-based Question: Blood Vessels Question 6 Part A What process is depicted in this figure? ANSWER: osmosis active transport filtration diffusion Correct Chapter 21 Clinical Note Question 1: Edema https://session.masteringaandp.com/myct/assignmentPrintView?assignmentID=10505308 16/17 4/7/24, 6:11 PM Ch21 - Homework - Blood Vessels ~30 mins Edema (eh-DĒ-muh) is an abnormal accumulation of interstitial fluid. The underlying problem in all types of edema is a disturbance in the normal balance between hydrostatic and osmotic forces at the capillary level. For instance: You usually have swelling at a bruise. When a capillary is damaged, plasma proteins can cross the capillary wall and enter the interstitial fluid. The resulting rise in the interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure (ICOP) reduces the rate of capillary reabsorption and produces a localized edema. In starvation, the liver cannot synthesize enough plasma proteins to maintain normal concentrations in the blood, so the blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP) declines. Fluids then begin moving from the blood into peripheral tissues. In children, fluid builds up in the abdominopelvic cavity, producing the swollen bellies typical of starvation victims. BCOP is also reduced after severe burns and in several types of liver and kidney diseases. In the U.S. population, most serious cases of edema result from increases in arterial blood pressure, venous pressure, or total circulatory pressure. The increase may be due to heart problems such as heart failure, venous blood clots that elevate venous pressures. The net result is an increase in capillary hydrostatic pressure (CHP) that accelerates fluid movement into the tissues. Part A What is the relationship between high blood pressure and edema? ANSWER: High blood pressure leads to decreased CHP, and thus filtration exceeds reabsorption. High blood pressure leads to increased CHP, and thus filtration exceeds reabsorption. High blood pressure causes a decrease in BCOP, and thus reabsorption declines. All of the listed responses are correct. Correct Score Summary: Your score on this assignment is 100%. You received 7 out of a possible total of 7 points. https://session.masteringaandp.com/myct/assignmentPrintView?assignmentID=10505308 17/17