CH-2-History-Nationalism In India.pdf

History (India and the Contemporary World - II) Chapter 2 : Nationalism In India Q. QUESTION MARKS NO 1 1. Certain events are given below. Choose the appropri...

History (India and the Contemporary World - II) Chapter 2 : Nationalism In India Q. QUESTION MARKS NO 1 1. Certain events are given below. Choose the appropriate chronological order: 1 (i) Coming of Simon Commission to India (ii) INC Session Dec 1920 (iii) Government of India Act, 1919 (iv) Chauri Chaura Incident Option:- A. (iii)-(ii)-(iv)-(i) B. (iii)-(ii)-(i)-(iv) C. (iii)-(ii)-(iv)-(i) (iii)-(iv)-(ii)-(i) 2 Which of the following statement is correct regarding the declaration by Mahatma Gandhi in 1 his book- Hind Swaraj? 1. British ruled India because the latter was militarily weak. 2. British ruled India because Indians cooperated with them. 3. British ruled India because they got international support. A. 1 only B. 2 and 3 C. 2 only 1 and 3 3 What was the effect of the Non-Cooperation Movement on the plantation workers in Assam? 1 A. They left the plantations and headed home B. They destroyed the plantations C. They went on strike D. None of these 4 Arrange the following statements in sequential order based on the events that shaped the Non- 1 cooperation movement. 1. General Dyer opened fire at the large crowd gathered in the enclosed ground of Jallianwala Bagh. 2. “Forced recruitment” carried out by the British government and the economic hardships faced by the people during the first world war. 3. The defeat of the Ottoman Emperor of Turkey led to the formation of the Khilafat movement. 4. Gandhiji launched a nationwide satyagraha against the Rowlatt act. Options: a. 4, 3, 2, 1 b. 2, 1, 4, 3  c. 1, 4, 3, 2 d. 1, 2, 3, 4 5 Identify the incorrect statement regarding the Rowlatt Act. 1 A. The Rowlatt Act was passed in 1919. B. It was passed by imperial legislative council inspite of opposition from Indian members. C. Rowlatt Act allowed detention of political prisoners for a period of 2 years without trial. Rowlatt Act allowed detention of political prisoners for a period of 5 years without trial. 6 As far as the non-cooperation movement was concerned, there was some difference of opinion 1 within the Congress. What was the issue of difference? A. Surrender of titles B. Boycott of civil services C. Boycott of council elections Boycott of legislative councils 7 The Non-Cooperation movement was slowed down in towns due to some reasons. Identify the 1 aspects in which it posed some practical problems. A. Boycott of foreign cloth B. Boycott of British institutions C. Picketing of liquor shops Both (A) and (B) 8 At the Lahore session of Congress, the demand for 'Purna Swaraj' was declared and the 1 tentative date for the celebration of Independence Day was given as _______. A. 26 January 1930 B. 15 August 1930 C. 26 January 1945 15 August 1945 9 Identify a religious movement which later on took the shape of a political or freedom 1 movement. A. Champaran movement B. Kheda movement C. Dharasana movement Khilafat movement 10 Assertion (A): Mahatma Gandhi declared that British rule was established in India with the 1 cooperation of Indians, and had survived only because of this cooperation. Reason (R): If Indians refused to cooperate, British rule in India would collapse within a year, and swaraj would come. A. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. B. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A C. A is true but R is false. A is false but R is true. 11 Q.1. What does satyagraha mean? Choose one from the following options. 1 (a) ‘Satyagraha’ means use of physical force to inflict pain while fighting. (b) ‘Satyagraha’ does not inflict pain, it is a : non-violent method of fighting against oppression. (c) ‘Satyagraha’ means passive resistance and is a weapon of the weak. (d) ‘Satyagraha’ was a racist method of mass agitation. 12 Q.2. Certain events are given below. Choose the appropriate chronological orders. 1  i) Coming of Simon Commission ii) Demand of Poorna Swaraj in Lahore Session iii) Government of India Act iv) Champaran Satyagraha (a) iii, ii, iv, i (b) i, ii, iv, iii (c) ii, iii, i, iv (d) iv, iii, i, ii 13 Two statements are given in the question below as Assertion (A) and 1 Reasoning (R). Read the statements and choose the appropriate option. Assertion (A): Gandhiji entered into Gandhi-Irwin Pact on 5th March, 1931. Reason (R): Abdul Ghaffar Khan and Jawaharlal Nehru were put in jail, the Congress was declared illegal, and a series of measures had been imposed to prevent meetings, demonstrations and boycotts. 14 Q.No.Why did General Dyer order to open fire on a peaceful demonstration at Jallianwala 1 Bagh? Choose from the given options. (a) He wanted to show his power. (b) Firing was ordered because it was an unruly crowd. (c) Because his object, as he declared later, was to ‘produce a moral effect’ to create fear in the minds of ‘satyagrahis’. (d) He ordered to fire because he noticed a sudden unrest in the crowd. 15 Q.No. Which of the following statements about the Non-cooperation Movement in Awadh is false? 1 a) The Non-Cooperation Movement here was against talukdars and landlords. b) In Awadh, the peasants were led by Baba Ramchandra. c) The tenants had no security of tenure. d) The peasants did not demand the abolition of begar. 16 Q.No. Who were the two great writers of Bengal and Madras, who contributed to 1 nationalism in the late nineteenth century? a) Mahatma Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru b) Rabindranath Tagore and Mahatma Gandhi c) Rabindranath Tagore and Natesa Sastri d) None of these 17 Q.No. What is true regarding the sense of collective belonging. 1 a. It is referred to nationalism b. Nationalism spreads when people begin to believe that they are all part of the same nation. c. It was started in 1952. i) (a) and (c) is true and (b) is false  ii) (a) is true and (b) and ( c ) is false iii) (a) and (b) is true and (c) is false iv) None of these 18 Q.No. Which of the following statements is true regarding this statement. 1 It was one of the Indian National Movement when people started protesting against the British government because of their harsh policies and rules. a) Nationalism in India movement b) The Civil disobedience movement c) The salt march movement d) Swaraj in the plantation movement 19 Q.No. What do you mean by the term ‘Begar’ ? 1 (a) An Act to prevent plantation workers to leave the tea gardens without permission. (b) The forced recruitment of soldiers in rural areas during World War I. (c) Labour that villagers were forced to contribute without any payment. (d) Refusal to deal and associate with people, or participate in activities as a form of protest. 20 Q.No. Who among the following two leaders led the Khilafat Movement? 1 (a) Shaukat Ali and Muhammad Ali (b) Gandhiji and Sardar Patel (c) Muhammad Ali Jinnah and Abul Kalam Azad (d) Abul Kalam Azad and Jawaharlal Nehru 21 What did the idea of Satyagraha emphasise? 1 a) Demand for complete independence. b) Resistance through violence. c) The power of truth and the need to search for the truth. Upliftment of the depressed class. 22 Why was the Khilafat Committee formed? 1 a) To support the young generation of Muslim leaders. b) To bring Muslim within the Congress fold. c) To start the Non-Cooperation Movement. To defend the Khalifa’s temporal powers. 23 Study the picture and answer the questions that follows:- 1  What does this image depict? a) Satyagraha at Champaran? b) Dandi March c) Congress Session Peasant Satyagraha at Kheda. 24 Arrange the following in correct sequence. 1 i) Coming of Simon Commission to India. ii) Demand of Purna Swaraj in Lahore Session of INC. iii) Government of India Act, 1919. iv) Champaran Satyagraha A) iii-ii-iv-i B) i-ii-iv-iii C) ii-iii-i-iv iv-iii-i-ii 25 In the following questions, a statement bof assertion (A) is followed by statement of Reason (R). 1 Choose the correct option. Assertion (A)- It was declared that 26th January 1930 would be celebrated as Independence day when people were to take a pledge to struggle for complete independence. Reason (B)- Mahatma Gandhi had to find a way to relate this abstract idea of freedom to more concrete issues of everyday of everyday life. a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. b) Both A and R are true and R is not the correct explanation of A. c) A is true and R is false. A is false and R is true. 26 Assertion (A): The Civil Disobedience Movement saw huge number of women come out of their 1 homes to participate in the movement. Reason (B): Mahatma Gandhi encourage women to take up public offices. a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. b) Both A and R are true and R is not the correct explanation of A. c) A is true but R is false. A is false and R is true. 27 Assertion (A): The Congress had a number of rich landowners in its ranks. 1 Reason (R): The Congress did not support the no rent campaign as they did not want to displease the rich landlords. a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A. c) A is true but R is false. A is false and R is true. 28 1  Given is the image of an important personality of the National movement in India. With which of the following can you identify the person? a) Vande Mataram b) Ananda Math c) Jana Gana Mana Bharat Mata 29 What is the similarity between ‘Gandhiji’s Swadeshi’ Flag and The National Flag of India? 1 a) The Spinning Wheel. b) Eight lotuses. c) Tricolour. Ashok Chakra 30 Which of the following agreement gave seats to the depressed classes in Provincial and Central 1 Legislative Council? a) Poona Pact b) Lucknow Pact c) Gandhi-Irwin Pact None of these 31 Aman Sharma shared three characteristics of a prominent Indian freedom movement :- 1 - It was led by Mahatma Gandhi. - It emphasized nonviolent resistance. - It included the Salt March. Which freedom movement is Rahul describing? A) Quit India Movement B) Non-Cooperation Movement C) Civil Disobedience Movement D) Swadeshi Movement 32 Kareena provided her friends with details about a significant colonial-era legislation :- 1 -The act granted the government the authority to arrest an individual without a trial. -This legislation led to widespread protests and the Jallianwala Bagh tragedy. Which legislation is Kareena referring to? A) Government of India Act, 1919 B) Indian Penal Code C) Rowlatt Act D) Simon Commission 33 Two statements are given in the question below as Assertion (A) and Reasoning (R). Read the 1 statements and choose the appropriate option. Assertion(A): The Non-Cooperation Movement was called off due to the Chauri Chaura incident. Reasoning(R): The violence at Chauri Chaura contradicted Mahatma Gandhi's principle of nonviolent resistance, leading him to withdraw the movement as a form of protest against the violence. Options:  A) Both assertion and reasoning are true, and the reasoning is the correct explanation of the assertion. B) Both assertion and reasoning are true, but the reasoning is not the correct explanation of the assertion. C) Assertion is true, but the reasoning is false. D) Assertion is false, but the reasoning is true. 34 Study the data given below: 1 Year Number of people killed 1919 Hundreds Which incident in 1919 resulted in these tragic casualties and became a turning point in India's struggle for independence? A) Chauri Chaura Incident B) Salt March C) Jallianwala Bagh Massacre D) Dandi March 35 Fill in the blank by choosing the correct answer from the options given below: 1 Hind Swaraj: Gandhiji, Anand Math: _____ A) Abanindranath Tagore B) Rabindranath Tagore C) Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay D) Raja Ravi Varma 36 Identify the appropriate reason for the boycott of the Simon Commission by the Indians from 1 the options given below: A) Simon commission had been formed to banish the Indian National Congress B) Simon commission had only two Indian members C) Simon commission had been formed without taking permission from the Indian National Congress D) Simon commission did not have a single Indian member 37 Consider the following events: 1 1. Poona Pact 2. Rowlatt Act 3. Salt March 4. Simon Commission The correct chronological order of these events is A) 4, 3, 2, 1 B) 4, 3, 1, 2 C) 3, 4, 1, 2 D) 2, 4, 3, 1 38 In which congress session the demand of ‘Purna Swaraj’ was formalized in 1929? 1 A) Calcutta B) Bombay C) Lahore D) Nagpur 39 Name the two main leaders of ‘Khilafat Movement’ formed in the year 1919. 1 A) Simon and Irwin B) Dr. B.R. Ambedkar and Sardar Patel C) Shirkat Ali and Muhammad Ali Jinnah D) Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali 40 Certain events are given below. Choose the appropriate chronological order: 1 (i) Coming of Simon Commission to India (ii) Demand of Purna Swaraj in Lahore Session of INC (iii) Government of India Act, 1919 (iv) Champaran Satyagraha Options: (A) (iii) – (ii) – (iv) – (i) (B) (i) – (ii) – (iv) – (iii) (C) (ii) – (iii) – (i) – (iv) (D) (iv) – (iii) – (i) – (ii) 41 Read the following clues and identify the place where this non-cooperation movement took 1 place- 1.The movement here was against talukdars and landlords. 2.The peasant movement demanded reduction of revenue, abolition of beggar. In many places nai – dhobi bandhs were organised 42 Two statements are given in the question below as Assertion (A) and Reasoning (R). Read the 1 statements and choose the appropriate option. Assertion (A): When the Simon Commission arrived in India in 1928, it was greeted with the slogan ‘Go back Simon’. Reason (R): Tory government in Britain constituted a Statutory Commission under Sir John Simon. a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A. b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A. c) A is true but R is false. d) A is false but R is true 43 1 What does this image indicate? 44 Arrange the following events related to the National Movement in India, in chronological 1 order. (i) Congress adopts the demand for ‘Purna Swaraj’. (ii) Gandhiji organised a satyagraha to support the peasants of the Kheda district of Gujarat.  (iii) Second Round Table Conference. (iv) Gandhian hartal against Rowlatt Act. 45 Which one of the following statements is not true about Rowlatt Act? 1 A. The act was passed through the Imperial Legislative Council B. It gave the government enormous powers to repress political activities. C. It allowed detention of political prisoners without trial for five years. D. This Act had been hurriedly passed despite the united opposition of the Indian members. 46 Match the Column I with column II and write the correct answer. 1 Column I Column II A. Hind Swaraj 1. Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali B. Khilafat 2. Bhagat Singh Committee C. Swaraj Party 3. Mahatma Gandhi D. Inquilab 4. C. R. Das and Zindabad Motilal Nehru 47 Choose the correct statement about the image given bellow. 1 A. This image was painted by Rabindranath Tagore B. The image was first painted by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay. C. In this painting Bharat Mata is portrayed as an ascetic figure D. Devotion to this mother figure came to be seen as evidence of one’s nationalism 48 Two statements are given in the question below as Assertion (A) and Reasoning (R). Read the 1 statements and choose the appropriate option. Assertion (A): According to the census of 1921, 12 to 13 million people perished as a result of famines and the epidemic. Reason (R): In 1918-19 and 1920-21, crops failed in many parts of India, resulting in acute shortages of food. a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A. b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A. c) A is true but R is false. d) A is false but R is true 49 Match the Column I with column II and write the correct answer. 1 Column I Column II A. Rowlatt Act 1. 1932 B. Kheda Satyagraha 2. 1942 C. Poona Pact 3. 1919 D. Quit India 4. 1917 movement 50 Read the following clues and identify the tribal leader - 1 1. He claimed that he had a variety of special powers. 2. He was inspired by Gandhiji but at the same time he asserted that India could be liberated only by the use of force, not non-violence. 3. He persuaded people to wear khadi and give up drinking. 4.He was captured and executed in 1924. 51 Two statements are given in the question below as 1 Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Read the statements and choose the appropriate option. Assertion (A): In Awadh, the peasants were led by Alluri Sitaram Raju. Reason (R): The movement here was againsttalukdars and landlords. a. Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A). b. Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correctexplanation of (A). c. (A) is true but (R) is false. d. (A) is false but (R) is true. 52 Two statements are given in the question below as 1 Assertion (A): When Simon Commission arrived in India, it was greeted with the slogan 'Go back Simon. Reason (R): This happened as Mahatma Gandhi was on Dandi March during that time. a. Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A). b. Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correctexplanation of (A). c. (A) is true but (R) is false. d. (A) is false but (R) is true. 53 Match the incidents giving in column I and column II. Find the correct option from the code 1 given below: Column I Column II A. Champaran i. 1919 B. Kheda ii. 1918 C. Ahmedabad iii. 1916 D. Rowlatt act iv. 1917 satyagrah A B C D a. 1 3 4 2  b. 3 4 2 1 c. 2 3 4 1 4 3 2 1 54 In 1928, the Hindustan Socialist Republican Army was founded at a meeting in which place? 1 55 Arrange the following in the sequence in which the events occurred: 1 (i) Chauri-Chaura (ii) Khilafat movements (iii) Second round table conference (iv) Civil Disobedience Movement a. (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) b. (iii), (ii), (i), (iv) c. (ii), (i), (iv), (iii) (iv), (ii), (iii), (i) 56 In late 19th century India, which ideas were revived through a movement to develop 1 nationalism? 57 Match the incidents giving in column I and column II. Find the correct option from the code 1 given below: Column I Column II A. Second round 1. A tricolour flag table designed in Conference Bengal. B. Hindustan 2. Mahatma socialist Gandhi republican association C. All India trade 3. Chandra union Shekhar Azad congress D. Swadeshi 4. N.M. Joshi movement A B C D a. 2 1 3 4 b. 3 4 1 2 c. 2 3 4 1 2 4 3 1 58 The movement started with middle class 1 participation in the cities. Thousands of students left government-controlled schools and colleges, headmasters and teachers resigned and lawyers gave up their legal practices. The council electionswere boycotted in most provinces except Madras. Which movement is being talked about in the above extract? 59 Which of the followingwas Mahatma Gandhi’snovel method of fighting against the British? 1 a. He used violent method of stone pelting b. He used arson to burn down government offices.  c. He fought with the principle of ‘an eye for an eye’ d. He practiced open defiance of law, peaceful demonstration, Satyagraha and Non-violence 60 Which one of the following is not true regarding the Khilafat Movement? 1 (a) It aimed at bringing the Hindus and Muslims together in the Non- Cooperation movement. (b) It resulted in the restoration of the power of the Khilafat of Turkey. (c) It aimed at defending the Ottoman Emperor’s temporal power. Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali led the movement in India. 61 What were Gandhiji’s apprehensions regarding the grant of separate electorates to the 2 Dalits? 62 Name two industrial organizations which were established by Indian merchants and 2 industrialists to protect their business interests. 63 How was the effects of 'non-cooperation on theeconomic front' dramatic? 2 64 What was the role of women in the civil Disobedience movement? 2 65 Why and how is the identity of a nation symbolized in a Figure? 2 66 Two places A and B have been marked on the given outline map of India Identify them and 2 write their correct names of the place on the lines drawn near them. I. The place where Gandhiji broke the salt law. II. The place where the session of the Indian National Congress was held in September, 1920. 67 Q.NO. Who had designed the ‘Swaraj Flag’ by 1921? Explain the main features of the ‘Swaraj Flag’. 2 68 i-Three places A and B have been marked on the given outline map of India (ANY TWO) 2 Identify them and write their correct names of the place on the lines drawn near them. A. Indian National Congress session held at this place in 1920 B. The place where Mahatma Gandhi broke Salt Law. C. The place responsible for withdrawing Non-cooperation Movement 69 2 Q.NO. “The Congress was reluctant to include the demands of industrial workers in its programme of struggle.” Analyse any two reasons 70 Write two economic impacts of the World War on the Indian Economy. 2 71 Why did the Indians oppose the Rowlatt Act? 2 72 State two reasons why the Business communities were reluctant to support the Civil 2 Disobedience Movement. 73 Why did Mahatma Gandhi organize Satyagraha in the Kheda district of Gujarat in 1917? 2 74 Why did Gandhiji consider nonviolence as supreme dharma? 2 75 Describe the main features of the Poona Pact. 2 76 Explain Why did non-cooperation movement slowdown in cities. 2 77 The plantation workers in Assam had their own understanding of Mahatma Gandhi and the 2 notion of Swaraj- support the statement with arguments. 78 Explain the term ‘satyagraha’ as proposed by Gandhiji. 2 79 Mention any three satyagraha movements organized by Gandhiji in various places of India on 3 or before 1918. 80 Do you think Gandhiji play any significant role to elevate the status of Dalits and encourage 3 them to participate in Indian national movement? 81 How was Civil Disobedience movement different from the Non-Cooperation Movement? 3 82 Why did Gandhiji decide to withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement’ in February, 1922? 3 83 What were the three local issues in which Gandhiji experimented his technique of Satyagraha 3 during the years 1917-1918? How were these issues resolved? 84 Explain the impact of Non-Cooperation Movement in the economic field. 3 85 Evaluate the Satyagraha Movement of Mahatma Gandhi against the proposed Rowlatt Act. 3 86 The Civil Disobedience Movement was different from the Non-cooperation Movement. 3 Support the statement with examples. 87 Simon Commission was greeted with the slogan 'Simon Go Back' at arrival in India. Support 3 this reaction of the Indians with arguments. 88 Simon Commission was greeted with slogan ‘Go back Simon’ at arrival in India. Support this 3 reaction of Indians with arguments. 89 Why was the ‘Salt March’ considered an effective symbol of resistance against colonialism? 3 Explain. 90 Raghu and Mohan are two farmers who are having conflict regarding land boundaries. How 3 can they solve their problem in a peaceful manner. Can these peaceful methods be connected with Gandhiji’s idea of Stayagraha? 91 Why did the Rich peasant communities become active in the Civil Disobedience Movement? 3 92 What is separate electorate? Why do you think Gandhiji was against the demand of separate 3 electorate by B R Ambedkar? 93 “Gandhiji saw this as an opportunity to bring Muslims under the umbrella of unified national 3 movement” Can you explain that opportunity. 94 Q.NO. ‘The plantation workers in Assam had their own understanding of Mahatma Gandhi and the 3 notion of Swaraj.’ Support the statement with arguments 95 Simon Commission was greeted with slogan ‘Go Back Simon’ at arrival in India. Support this 3 reaction of Indians with arguments 96 Q.NO. Explain any three impact of Jallianwallah Bagh incident on the people. 3 97 Case based question 4 Another important feature of the Civil Disobedience Movement was the large-scale participation of women. During Gandhiji’s Salt March, thousands of women came out of their homes to listen to him. They participated in protest-marches, manufactured salt and picketed foreign cloth and liquor shops. Many went to jail. In urban areas, these women were from high caste families. In rural areas, they came from rich peasant households. Moved by Gandhiji’s call, they began to see service to the nation as a sacred duty of women. Gandhiji was convinced that it was the duty of women to look after home and hearth, be good mothers and good wives. And for a long time, the Congress was reluctant to allow women to hold any position of authority within the organisation. It was keen only on their symbolic presence. I. During Gandhiji’s Salt March, thousands of women participated in A. widespread resentment B. doing protest marches C. providing service to the nation D. fighting for struggle II. The women from rural areas mainly belonged to A. rich peasant households B. Dalit societies C. high caste families D. low caste families III. Which of the following assertions about women's involvement is incorrect? A. Thousands of women came out of their houses to listen to Gandhiji during his Salt March. B. Gandhiji believed that it was women's responsibility is to care for their homes and hearth, as well as to be excellent mothers and wives. C. Women were allowed to hold positions of authority inside the Congress. D. All are correct IV. Women thought this as a sacred duty moved by Gandhiji’s call A. service to the nation B. looking after home and hearth C. participating in the movement holding position of authority 98 Case based question 4 The failure of the Cripps Mission and the effects of World War II created widespread discontentment in India. This led Gandhiji to launch a movement calling for complete withdrawal of the British from India. The Congress Working Committee, in its meeting in Wardha on 14 July 1942, passed the historic ‘Quit India’ resolution demanding the immediate transfer of power to Indians and quit India. On 8 August 1942 in Bombay, the All-India Congress Committee endorsed the resolution which called for a non-violent mass struggle on the widest possible scale throughout the country. It was on this occasion that Gandhiji delivered the famous ‘Do or Die’ speech. The call for ‘Quit India’ almost brought the state machinery to a standstill in large parts of the country as people voluntarily threw themselves into the thick of the  movement. People observed hartals, and demonstrations and processions were accompanied by national songs and slogans. The movement was truly a mass movement which brought into its ambit thousands of ordinary people, namely students, workers and peasants. It also saw the active participation of leaders, namely, Jayprakash Narayan, Aruna Asaf Ali and Ram Manohar Lohia and many women such as Matangini Hazra in Bengal, Kanaklata Barua in Assam and Rama Devi in Odisha. The British responded with much force, yet it took more than a year to suppress the movement. I. What was the main demand of the Quit India Movement? II. When and where was the Quit India Resolution passed? Why was Quit India Movement a mass movement? 99 Case based question 4 He felt the movement was turning violent in many places and satyagrahis needed to be properly trained before they would be ready for mass struggles. Within the Congress, some leaders were by now tired of mass struggles and wanted to participate in elections to the provincial councils that had been set up by the Government of India Act of 1919. They felt that it was important to oppose British policies within the councils, argue for reform and also demonstrate that these councils were not truly democratic. C. R. Das and Motilal Nehru formed the Swaraj Party within the Congress to argue for a return to council politics. But younger leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhas Chandra Bose pressed for more radical mass agitation and for full Independence. In such a situation of internal debate and dissension two factors again shaped Indian politics towards the late 1920s. The first was the effect of the worldwide economic depression. Agricultural prices began to fall from 1926 and collapsed after 1930. I. Which movement is mentioned in the giving source? II. why did Gandhiji feel that satyagrahi's lacked training? why were the leaders unhappy with the establishment of provisional councils by the government of India act, 1919? 100 Mahatma Gandhi’s thoughts on Satyagraha 4 ‘It is said of “passive resistance” that it is the weapon of the weak, but the power which is the subject of this article can be used only by the strong. This power is not passive resistance; indeed it calls for intense activity. The movement in South Africa was not passive but active …’ ‘Satyagraha is not physical force. A satyagrahi does not inflict pain on the adversary; he does not seek his destruction … In the use of satyagraha, there is no ill-will whatever.’ ‘Satyagraha is pure soul-force. Truth is the very substance of the soul. That is why this force is called satyagraha. The soul is informed with knowledge. In it burns the flame of love… Non-violence is the supreme dharma …’ ‘It is certain that India cannot rival Britain or Europe in force of arms. The British worship the war-god and they can all of them become, as they are becoming, bearers of arms. The hundreds of millions in India can never carry arms. They have made the religion of non-violence their own …’ (NCERT Textbook Page 31) (1) What type of movement Gandhiji organised in South Africa? [1 mark] (2) Why is satyagraha considered as pure soul-force? [1 mark] (3) How has Gandhiji described passive resistance? [2 marks] 101 Q. Read the extract and answer the questions given below: 4  The Congress Working Committee, in its meeting in Wardha on 14 July 1942, passed the historic Quit India resolution demanding that the British immediately transfer power to Indians and leave India. On 8 August 1942 in Mumbai, the All India Congress Committee endorsed the resolution which called for a non-violent mass struggle on the widest possible scale throughout the country. It was on this occasion that Gandhiji delivered the famous ‘Do or Die’ speech. The call for ‘Quit India’ almost brought the state machinery to a standstill in large parts of the country as people voluntarily threw themselves into the movement. People observed hartals, and demonstrations and processions were accompanied by national songs and slogans. The movement was truly a mass movement which brought into its ambit thousands of ordinary people, namely students, workers and peasants. It also saw the active participation of leaders, namely, Jayprakash Narayan, Aruna Asaf Ali and Ram Manohar Lohia and many women leaders such as Matangini Hazra in Bengal, Kanaklata Barua in Assam and Rama Devi in Odisha. The British responded with force, yet it took more than a year to suppress the movement. 1. Where did Gandhiji give his famous do or die speech? 2. What was a demand of the ‘Quit India’ resolution? 3. Name the famous female leader from Odisha who participated in the Quit India Movement. 102 In 1930, Sir Muhammad Iqbal, as president of the Muslim League, reiterated the importance of 4 separate electorates for the Muslims as an important safeguard for their minority political interests. His statement is supposed to have provided the intellectual justification for the Pakistan demand that came up in subsequent years. This is what he said: ‘I have no hesitation in declaring that if the principle that the Indian Muslim is entitled to full and free development on the lines of his own culture and tradition in his own Indian home-lands is recognised as the basis of a permanent communal settlement, he will be ready to stake his all for the freedom of India. The principle that each group is entitled to free development on its own lines is not inspired by any feeling of narrow communalism … A community which is inspired by feelings of ill-will towards other communities is low and ignoble. I entertain the highest respect for the customs, laws, religions and social institutions of other communities. Nay, it is my duty according to the teachings of the Quran, even to defend their places of worship, if need be. Yet I love the communal group which is the source of life and behaviour and which has formed me what I am by giving me its religion, its literature, its thought, its culture and thereby its whole past as a living operative factor in my present consciousness … ‘Communalism in its higher aspect, then, is indispensable to the formation of a harmonious whole in a country like India. The units of Indian society are not territorial as in European countries … The principle of European democracy cannot be applied to India without recognising the fact of communal groups. The Muslim demand for the creation of a Muslim India within India is, therefore, perfectly justified… ‘The Hindu thinks that separate electorates are contrary to the spirit of true nationalism, because he understands the word “nation” to mean a kind of universal amalgamation in which no communal entity ought to retain its private individuality. Such a state of things, however, does not exist. India is a land of racial and religious variety. Add to this the general economic inferiority of the Muslims, their enormous debt, especially in the Punjab, and their insufficient majorities in some of the provinces, as at present constituted and you will begin to see clearly the meaning of our anxiety to retain separate electorates.’ 1. Who was the President of Muslim League? 2. What did he reiterate? How did he justify the Muslim demand ? 103 Mahatma Gandhi’s thoughts on Satyagraha 4  ‘It is said of “passive resistance” that it is the weapon of the weak, but the power which is the subject of this article can be used only by the strong. This power is not passive resistance; indeed it calls for intense activity. The movement in South Africa was not passive but active …’ ‘Satyagraha is not physical force. A satyagrahi does not inflict pain on the adversary; he does not seek his destruction … In the use of satyagraha, there is no ill-will whatever.’ ‘Satyagraha is pure soul-force. Truth is the very substance of the soul. That is why this force is called satyagraha. The soul is informed with knowledge. In it burns the flame of love… Non- violence is the supreme dharma …’ ‘It is certain that India cannot rival Britain or Europe in force of arms. The British worship the war-god and they can all of them become, as they are becoming, bearers of arms. The hundreds of millions in India can never carry arms. They have made the religion of non-violence their own …’ (1) What type of movement Gandhiji organised in South Africa? (2) Why is satyagraha considered as pure soul-force? (3) How has Gandhiji described passive resistance? (4). What did the idea of satyagraha mean? A. Power to awaken the conscience of the oppressor B. Power to defeat falsehood C. Power of fasting and praying D. Power of truth and the need to search for it 104 Q. Read the extract and answer the questions given below: 4 The Congress Working Committee, in its meeting in Wardha on 14 July 1942, passed the historic Quit India resolution demanding that the British immediately transfer power to Indians and leave India. On 8 August 1942 in Mumbai, the All India Congress Committee endorsed the resolution which called for a non-violent mass struggle on the widest possible scale throughout the country. It was on this occasion that Gandhiji delivered the famous ‘Do or Die’ speech. The call for ‘Quit India’ almost brought the state machinery to a standstill in large parts of the country as people voluntarily threw themselves into the movement. People observed hartals, and demonstrations and processions were accompanied by national songs and slogans. The movement was truly a mass movement which brought into its ambit thousands of ordinary people, namely students, workers and peasants. It also saw the active participation of leaders, namely, Jayprakash Narayan, Aruna Asaf Ali and Ram Manohar Lohia and many women leaders such as Matangini Hazra in Bengal, Kanaklata Barua in Assam and Rama Devi in Odisha. The British responded with force, yet it took more than a year to suppress the movement. 1. Where did Gandhiji give his famous do or die speech? A. Wardha B. Surat C. Lahore D. Mumbai 2. Which of the following was a demand of the ‘Quit India’ resolution? A. Separate nation for Hindus B. Freedom of Speech C. Freedom to observe hartals and demonstrations D. Immediate transfer of power to Indians 3. Name the famous female leader from Odisha who participated in the Quit India Movement  A. Kanaklata Barua B. Aruna Asaf Ali C. Rama Devi D. Matangini Hazra 4. Why was the Quit India movement considered to be mass movement? A. Many leaders join the movement. B. People from all parts of India joined the movement. C. People observed Hartals and Demonstrations. The British tried to suppress the movement. 105 Q. Read the extract and answer the questions given below. 4 On 6 January 1921, the police in United Provinces fired at peasants near Rae Bareli. Jawaharlal Nehru wanted to go to the place of firing but was stopped by the police. Agitated and angry, Nehru addressed the peasants who gathered around him. This is how he later described the meeting: ‘They behaved as brave men, calm and unruffled in the face of danger. I do not know how they felt, but I know what my feelings were. For a moment, my blood was up, non-violence was almost forgotten – but for a moment only. The thought of the great leader, who by God’s goodness has been sent to lead us to victory, came to me, and I saw the kisans seated and standing near me, less excited, more peaceful than I was – and the moment of weakness passed, I spoke to them in all humility on non-violence – I needed the lesson more than they – and they heeded me and peacefully dispersed.’ 1. “The thought of the great leader, who by God’s goodness has been sent to lead us to victory, came to me, …” Jawaharlal Nehru is referring to which great leader? A. Baba Ramchandra B. Sarvapalli Gopal C. Alluri Sitaram Raju D. Mahatma Gandhi 2. Who behaved as brave men? 3. ‘and the moment of weakness passed,‘ What was the moment of weakness? 4. Jawahar Lal Nehru felt angry at the action of the police. State True or false: 106 4 The effects of non-cooperation on the economic front were more dramatic. Foreign goods were boycotted, liquor shops picketed, and foreign cloth burnt in huge bonfires. The import of foreign cloth halved between 1921 and 1922, its value dropping from Rs 102 crore to Rs 57 crore. In many places merchants and traders refused to trade in foreign goods or finance foreign trade. As the boycott movement spread, and people began discarding imported clothes and wearing only Indian ones, production of Indian textile mills and handlooms went up. 1) What were some actions taken during the non-cooperation movement on the economic front? 2) What was the impact on the import of foreign cloth during 1921-1922? 3) How did merchants and traders contribute to the boycott movement?  4) What happened to the production of Indian textile mills and handlooms as the boycott movement spread? 107 4 The peasant movement demanded reduction of revenue, abolition of begar, and social boycott of oppressive landlords. In many places nai – dhobi bandhs were organised by panchayats to deprive landlords of the services of even barbers and washermen. In June 1920, Jawaharlal Nehru began going around the villages in Awadh, talking to the villagers, and trying to understand their grievances. By October, the Oudh Kisan Sabha was set up headed by Jawaharlal Nehru, Baba Ramchandra and a few others. Within a month, over 300 branches had been set up in the villages around the region. 1) What were the main demands of the peasant movement? 2) How did the panchayats organize protests against landlords? 3) Who were the prominent leaders behind the Oudh Kisan Sabha? 4) How did Jawaharlal Nehru contribute to the peasant movement? 108 4 Nationalism spreads when people begin to believe that they are all part of the same nation, when they discover some unity that binds them together. But there were also a variety of cultural processes through which nationalism captured people’s imagination. History and fiction, folklore and songs, popular prints and symbols, all played a part in the making of nationalism. It was in the twentieth century, with the growth of nationalism, that the identity of India came to be visually associated with the image of Bharat Mata. The image was first created by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay. In the 1870s he wrote ‘Vande Mataram’ as a hymn to the motherland. Later it was included in his novel Anandamath. 1) How does nationalism spread among people? 2) What are some of the cultural elements that played a role in the development of nationalism? 3) Who created the image of Bharat Mata and when? 4) In which novel was the hymn 'Vande Mataram' included? 109 Many nationalists thought that the struggle against the British could not be won through non- 4 violence. In 1928, the Hindustan Socialist Republican Army (HSRA) was founded at a meeting in Ferozeshah Kotla ground in Delhi. Amongst its leaders were Bhagat Singh, Jatin Das and Ajoy Ghosh. In a series of dramatic actions in different parts of India, the HSRA targeted some of the symbols of British power. In April 1929, Bhagat Singh and Batukeswar Dutta threw a bomb in the Legislative Assembly. In the same year there was an attempt to blow up the train that Lord Irwin was travelling in. Bhagat Singh was 23 when he was tried and executed by the colonial government. During his trial, Bhagat Singh stated that he did not wish to glorify ‘the cult of the bomb and pistol’ but wanted a revolution in society: ‘Revolution is the inalienable right of mankind. Freedom is the imprescriptible birthright of all. The labourer is the real sustainer of society … To the altar of this revolution we have brought our youth as incense, for no sacrifice is too great for so magnificent a cause. We are content. We await the advent of revolution. Inquilab Zindabad!’ 17.1 How did HSRA deal with British tyranny in India? 17.2 Name any two leaders of HSRA. 17.3 How did Bhagat Singh interpret the term revolution? 110 Mahatma Gandhi found in salt a powerful symbol that could unite the nation. On 31 January 4 1930, he sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin stating eleven demands. Some of these were of general interest; others were specific demands of different classes, from industrialists to peasants. The idea was to make the demands wide-ranging, so that all classes within Indian society could identify with them and everyone could be brought together in a united campaign. The most stirring of all was the demand to abolish the salt tax. Salt was something consumed by the rich and the poor alike, and it was one of the most essential items of food. The tax on salt and the government monopoly over its production, Mahatma Gandhi declared, revealed the most oppressive face of British rule. Mahatma Gandhi’s letter was, in a way, an ultimatum. If the demands were not fulfilled by 11 March, the letter stated, the Congress would launch a civil disobedience campaign. Irwin was unwilling to negotiate. So Mahatma Gandhi started his famous salt march accompanied by 78 of his trusted volunteers. The march was over 240 miles, from Gandhiji’s ashram in Sabarmati to the Gujarati coastal town of Dandi. The volunteers walked for 24 days, about 10 miles a day. Thousands came to hear Mahatma Gandhi wherever he stopped, and he told them what he meant by swaraj and urged them to peacefully defy the British. On 6 April he reached Dandi, and ceremonially violated the law, manufacturing salt by boiling sea water. 18.1 What was Gandhiji’s motive to behind 11 demands to Lord Irwin? 18.2 How did Gandhiji launched Civil disobedience movement? 18.3 ‘Mahatma Gandhi found in salt a powerful symbol that could unite the nation”. -Explain 111 On 13 April the infamous Jallianwalla Bagh incident took place. On that day a crowd of 4 villagers who had come to Amritsar to attend a fair gathered in the enclosed ground of Jallianwalla Bagh. Being from outside the city, they were unaware of the martial law that had been imposed. Dyer entered the area, blocked the exit points, and opened fire on the crowd, killing hundreds. His object, as he declared later, was to ‘produce a moral effect’, to create in the minds of satyagrahis a feeling of terror and awe. As the news of Jallianwalla Bagh spread, crowds took to the streets in many north Indian towns. There were strikes, clashes with the police and attacks on government buildings. The government responded with brutal repression, seeking to humiliate and terrorise people: satyagrahis were forced to rub their noses on the ground, crawl on the streets, and do salaam (salute) to all sahibs; people were flogged and villages (around Gujranwala in Punjab, now in Pakistan) were bombed. Seeing violence spread, Mahatma Gandhi called off the movement. 19.1 When did Jallianwalla Bagh incident took place? 19.2 What was Dyer’s objective behind Jallianwalla Bagh incident? 19.3 Give any two examples of British way of repression against the Indians who were protesting Jallianwalla Bagh incident. 112 Read the source given below and answer the 4 questions that follow: Mahatma Gandhi's thoughts on Satyagraha 'It is said of "passive resistance" that it is the weapon of the weak, but the power which is the subject of the article can be used only by the strong. This power is not passive resistance; indeed it calls for activity. The movement South Africawas not passive but active...." Satyagraha is not physical force. A Satyagrahi does not inflict, pain on the adversary; he does not seek his destruction.... In the use of Satyagraha, there is no ill-will whatever."  'Satyagraha is pure soul-force. Truth is the very substance of the soul. That is why this force is called Satyagraha. The soul is informed with knowledge. In it burns the flame of love... Non- violence is the supreme Dharma...' 'It is certain that India cannot rival Britain or Europe in force of arms. The British worship the war-god and they can all of them become, as they are becoming, bearers of arms. The hundreds of millions in India can never carry arms. They have made the religion of non-violence their own..." (1) What type of movement Gandhiji organized in South Africa? (2) Why is Satyagraha considered as pure soul force? How has Gandhiji described passive resistance? 113 Read the source given below and answer the question that follow : 4 Nationalism in India Modern nationalism in Europe to be associated with the formation of nation-states. It also meant a change in people's understanding of who they were and what defined their identity and sense of belonging. New symbols and icons, new songs and ideas forged new links and redefined the boundaries of communities. In most countries the making of this new national identity was a long process. How did this consciousness emerge in India? In India and as in many other colonies, the growth of modern nationalism is intimately connected to the anti-colonial movement. People began discovering their unity in the process of their struggle with colonialism. The sense of being oppressed under colonialism provided a shared bond that tied many different groups together. But each class and group felt the effects of colonialism differently, their experiences were varied and their notions of freedom were not always the same. The Congress under Mahatma Gandhi tried to forge these groups together within one movement. But the unity not emerge without conflict. (1) What was peoples understanding of Nation? (2) How was the growth of modern nationalism intimately connected to the anti- colonial movement? How did people in India develop a sense of collective belonging? 114 Read the source given below and answer the questions that follow : 4 As the news of Jallianwala Bagh spread, crowds took to the streets in many North Indian towns. There were strikes, clashes with the police and attacks on government buildings. The government responded with brutal repression, seeking to and terrorise people: Satyagrahis were forced to rub their noses on the ground, crawl on the streets and do salaam (salute) to all sahibs; people were flogged and villages (around Gujranwala in Punjab, now in Pakistan) were bombed. Seeing violence spread, Mahatma Gandhi called off the movement. While the Rowlatt Satyagraha had been a widespread movement, it was still limited mostly to cities and towns. Mahatma Gandhi now felt the need to launch a more broad-based movement in India. But, he was certain that no such movement could be organised without bringing the Hindus and Muslims closer together. One way of doing this, he felt, was to take up the Khilafat issue. The First World War had ended with the defeat of Ottoman Turkey. And there were rumours that a harsh peace treaty was going to the imposed on the Ottoman emperor the spiritual head of the Islamic world (the Khalifa). To defend the Khalifa's temporal powers, a Khilafat Committee was formed in Bombay in March 1919. A young generation of Muslim leaders like  the brothers Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali, began discussing with Mahatma Gandhi about the possibility of a united mass action on the issue. Gandhiji saw this as an opportunity to bring Muslims under the umbrella of a unified national movement. At the Calcutta session of the Congress in September 1920, he convinced other leaders of the need to start a Non-cooperation Movement in support of Khilafat as well as for Swaraj. (1) Where did the brutal Jallianwala Bagh Massacre took place. (2) Why Gandhiji wanted to start a non- cooperation movement in 1920? Why was Khilafat committee formed in 1919? 115 Workers too had their own understanding of Mahatma Gandhi's thoughts and the notion of 5 Swaraj Explain the statement with the example of Assam. 116 How had a variety of cultural processes developed a sense of collective belongingness in India 5 during the 19th century? Explain with examples. 117 Marked on the given outline map of India: 5 Identify them and write their correct names of the place A.Indian National Congress session held at this place in sep. 1920 B.The place where Mahatma Gandhi broke Salt Law. C. Peasant Satyagraha D. Movement of Indigo planters E. Place associated with Jallianwala Bagh incident. 118 “Ideas of nationalism also developed through a movement to revive Indian folklore? Support 5 the statement with suitable examples? 119 How the plantation workers of Assam understand Mahatma Gandhiji and the notion of swaraj? 5 120 How did the First World War create a new economic and political situation in India? 5 Explain with examples. 121 Q.NO. How did variety of cultural processes play an important role in making nationalism in India. 5 Explain with examples. 122 Q.NO. How had Non-Cooperation Movement spread to the countryside? Explain. 5 123 Q.NO. Some of the Muslim political organizations in India, were lukewarm in their response to 5 ‘Civil Disobedience Movement’. Examine the statement 124 “Tribal peasants interpreted the message of Mahatma Gandhi and the idea of Swaraj in another 5 way and participated in the Non-cooperation movement in a different way. Justify the statement. 125 How did the sense of collective belonging lead to nationalism in India? 5 126 Five places have been marked on the Political outline Map of India. Identify them with the help 5 of the following information and write their correct names on the lines drawn near them. A-The place where Gandhiji broke the Salt Law. B- The place where the Session of the Indian National Congress was held in September, 1920. C- Movement of Indigo planters. D- Congress Session in 1927. E- Jallianwalla Bagh incidents. E C B A D 127 The Civil Disobedience Movement was different from the Non-Cooperation Movement.’ 5 Support the statement with examples. 128 Why did Gandhiji start the ‘Civil Disobedience Movement’? Explain any four features of 5 Civil Disobedience Movement. 129 (I) Two places A and B have been marked on the given outline map of India. Identify 5 them and write their correct names of the place on the lines drawn near them:- A) The place where the Jallianwala Bagh massacre occurred. B) Place where Indian National Congress session was held in 1927. (II) On the same outline map of India locate and label the following:- A) The Place where Indian National Congress session was held in December 1920. B) The place where the cotton mill workers Satyagraha was organised. C) Place where Gandhiji broke salt law.  A B 130 How can you assess the importance of reinterpretation of history and fiction, folklore and 5 songs, popular prints, and symbols, in shaping the idea of nationalism during freedom struggle? 131 Interpret how did different social groups saw and participated in the civil disobedience 5 movement. 132 On the given outline map of India 5 Identify and write their correct names of the following places A. The place, from where the Civil Disobedience Movement started. B. The place where Jallian wala Bagh incident took place. C. The place where the Indian National Congress Sessions September 1920 was held. D. The place where cotton mill workers satyagraha took place. E. The place where the Indian National Congress Session of 1927 was held. ANSWER Q. No ANSWER 1 C 2 C 3 A 4 B 5 D 6 C 7 D 8 A 9 D 10 A 11 b) ‘Satyagraha’ does not inflict pain, it is a : non-violent method of fighting against oppression. 12 (d) iv, iii, i, ii 13 b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A. 14 (c) Because his object, as he declared later, was to ‘produce a moral effect’ to create fear in the minds of ‘satyagrahis’. 15 d) The peasants did not demand the abolition of begar. 16 c) Rabindranath Tagore and Natesa Sastri 17 iii) (a) and (b) is true and (c) is false 18 a) The Civil disobedience movement 19 c) Labour that villagers were forced to contribute without any payment. 20 (a) Shaukat Ali and Muhammad Ali 21 (c) The power of truth and the need to search for the truth. 22 (d) To defend the Khalifa’s temporal powers 23 (b) Dandi March 24 D) iv-iii-i-ii 25 B) Both A and R are true and R is not the correct explanation of A 26 C) A is true but R is false 27 A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A 28 c) Jana Gana Mana 29 c) Tricolour 30 Poona Pact 31 C) Civil Disobedience Movement 32 C) Rowlatt Act 33 A) Both assertion and reasoning are true, and the reasoning is the correct explanation of the assertion. 34 C) Jallianwala Bagh Massacre 35 C) Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay 36 D) Simon commission did not have a single Indian member 37 D) [Poona Pact: September 1932, Rowlatt Act: 1919, Salt March: 1930, Simon Commission: 1928] 38 C) Lahore 39 D) Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali 40 D) (iv) – (iii) – (i) – (ii) 41 Awadh 42 b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A. 43 General Dyer’s ‘crawling orders’ being administered by British soldiers, Amritsar, Punjab, 1919. 44 ii, iv, i, iii 45 C. It allowed detention of political prisoners without trial for five years. 46 Column I Column II A. Hind Swaraj 3. Mahatma Gandhi B. Khilafat Committee 1. Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali C. Swaraj Party 4. C. R. Das and Motilal Nehru D. Inquilab Zindabad 2. Bhagat Singh 47 Correct statesmen are: - C. In this painting Bharat Mata is portrayed as an ascetic figure D. Devotion to this mother figure came to be seen as evidence of one’s nationalism 48 a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A. 49 Column I Column II A. Rowlatt Act 3. 1919 B. Kheda Satyagraha 4. 1917 C. Poona Pact 1. 1932 D. Quit India movement 2. 1942 50 Alluri Sitaram Raju 51 A is false and R is true 52 (c) A is true but R is false 53 (b) 3,4,2,1 54 (c) Feroz Shah Kotla Ground , Delhi 55 (c) ii, i, iv, iii 56 (d)Folklore and song 57 (c) 2, 3, 4, 1 58 Non – Cooperation movement 59 d. He practiced open defiance of law, peaceful demonstration, Satyagraha and Non- violence 60 (c) It aimed at defending the Ottoman Emperor’s temporal power. 61 Gandhi ji believed that the grant of separate electorates would weaken the national movement and slow down the prosses of integration of Dalits into the mainstream of society. 62 The two industrial organizations which were established by the Indianmerchants and industrialists to protect their business interests were:  (a) The Indian Industrial and Commercial Congress in 1920. (b) The Federation of Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industry (FICCI) in 1927 63 The effects of non-cooperation on the economicfront' were dramatic in the following ways: (i) Foreign goods were boycotted, liquor shops picketed, and foreign cloth burnt in hugebonfires. (ii) The import of foreign cloth halved between 1921and 1922, its value dropping from 102 crore to57 crore. 64 I. Participated is the salt Satyagraha in large number. II. They participated in protest marches and also manufactured salt. III. Many women went to jails In rural areas the women considered service to the nation a sacred duty. 65 I. It helps create an image with which people can identify the nation. With the growth of nationalism identify of India came to be associated with the image of Bharat Mata. 66 I. Dandi Calcutta/Kolkata 67 By 1921, Gandhiji had designed the Swaraj Flag. The main features of this flag were as follows.  It was a tricolour (saffron, green and white).  It had a spinning wheel in the centre, representing the Gandhian ideal of self-help. 68 Mapwork Answer A. Calcutta B. Dandi Chaurichaura 69  Congress wanted to include the demands of the masses as a whole and not a particular group or class.  If the demand of the workers were included, then industrialists would get offended. The industrialists were supporting the Congress financially. The Congress did not want to alienate the industrialists and create anti-imperialist feelings.  A big portion of the Congress membership and funding came from industrialists apd small businessmen. 70 a) Introduction of custom duties and income tax. b) Prices increased, doubling between 1913-18 leading to extreme hardship to the common people. The war led to huge increase in defence expenditure which was financed by war loans and increasing taxes. (any two points) 71 The Rowlatt Act was opposed by the Indians as it was hurriedly passed by the Imperial Legislative assembly. According to the Act, anyone who went against the British Government would be imprisoned without trial for two years. 72 i) The business classes were apprehensive of the spread of militant activities and worried about prolonged disruption of business.  They were worried about the growing influence of socialism among the younger members of the congress. 73 The peasants of the Kheda district of Gujarat were affected by crop failure and a plague epidemic. So, they could not pay the revenue and were demanding relaxation in revenue collection. 74 Gandhiji adopted non-violence as a philosophy and an ideal way of life. According to him, the philosophy of nonviolence is not a weapon of the weak; it is a weapon that can be tried by all. 75 The Poona Pact of September 1932 gave the Depressed Classes (Schedule Castes) reserved seats in provincial and central legislative councils, but they were to be voted in by the general electorate. 76 1.Khadi cloth was more expensive for the poor. 2. No alternative Indian Institution to accommodate Indians. Students and teachers began going back to Govt. Schools and lawyer joined courts. 77 Free movement: Plantation workers in Assam interpreted freedom as - the right to move freely in and out of the confined area in which they were enclosed. Retaining link: It also meant keeping links with the village from which they had come 78 Satyagraha was based on the twin principles of truth and non- violence. a. Truth: Satyagraha emphasised the cause of truth and the struggle against injustice. Also, physical force was not necessary to fight the oppressor. b. Non- violence: A satyagrahi could win the battle through non- violence by persuading the oppressor to spot the truth. c. Mass struggle: It was a novel method of mass agitation against racist regime. d. Principle of non-aggression: Gandhiji expounded his approach against aggression and assault. e. Appealing to the conscience: Gandhiji believed that without seeking revenge or being hostile, a satyagrahi could win the battle through non- violence, simply by appealing to the conscience of the oppressor. 79 Champaran, Bihar (1917): Gandhiji organized a satyagraha in Champaran to inspire the peasants to struggle against the oppressive plantation system. Kheda, Gujarat (1917): He organized satyagraha to support the peasants who were affected by crop failure and plague epidemic and could not pay revenue demand. Ahmedabad, Gujarat (1918): He organized satyagraha movement amongst cotton mill workers who were protesting for better wages. 80 Mahatma Gandhi declared that swaraj would not come for a hundred years if untouchability was not eliminated. He called the ‘untouchables’ harijan, or the children of God. organised satyagraha to secure them entry into temples, and access to public wells, tanks, roads and schools. He himself cleaned toilets to dignify the work of the bhangi (the sweepers), and persuaded upper castes to change their heart and give up ‘the sin of untouchability’. 81  Non- Cooperation Movement Civil Disobedience Movement It was launched in 1920s. It was launched in 1930s. It was considered as a passive It was considered as an active movement. movement. Large no. of Muslims participated, Participation of Muslims reduced whereas women’s participation significantly and women was almost negligible. participated in large numbers. People resisted cooperation with The people defied colonial laws. the government. ‘No tax campaign’ didn’t gets People refused to pay taxes in this momentum. movement. 82 In February 1922, Gandhiji decided to launch a no tax movement. The police opened fire at the people who were taking part in a demonstration, without any provocation. The people turned violent in their anger and attacked the police station and set fire to it. The incident took place at Chauri Chaura in Uttar Pradesh. When the news reached Gandhiji, he decided to call off the Non-cooperation movement as he felt that it was turning violent and that the satyagrahis were not properly trained for mass struggle. 83 (i) Champaran Satyagraha. In the first experiment indigo farmers were encouraged to raise their voice against the oppressive policies of the British. Their demands were sanctioned. (ii) Kheda Satyagraha : The second experiment was for the farmers who were unable to pay the revenue because of famine and plague epidemic. The recovery was waived off. (iii) Ahmedabad Satyagraha : The third was for the mill workers who were protesting for better wages. The British had to increase the wages along with reforms in working conditions. 84 (i) Fall in imports: Foreign goods were boycotted, liquor shops picketed, and foreign cloth burnt in huge bonfires. The import of foreign cloth halved between 1921 and 1922, its value dropping from Rs. 102 crore to Rs. 57 crore. (ii) Boycott of Foreign goods : In many places merchants and traders refused to trade in foreign goods or finance foreign trade. (iii) Boost for Indian industry : As the boycott movement spread, and people began discarding imported clothes and wearing only Indian ones, production of Indian textile mills and handlooms went up. (Any other relevant points) 85 The Satyagraha Movement of Mahatma Gandhi can be evaluated against the proposed Rowlatt Act, 1919 as follows: (i) Mahatma Gandhi in 1919, decided to launch a nationwide Satyagraha against the proposed Rowlatt Act (1919). (ii) Gandhiji wanted non-violent Civil Disobedience against such unjust laws, which would start with a hartal (strike) on 6 April. (iii) Rallies were organised in various cities and workers went on strike in railway workshops and shops were closed.  (iv) Local leaders like Abdul Ghaffar Khan were putinto jail and the British Government startedbrutal repression. 86 Civil Disobedience Movement was quite different from the Non-cooperation Movement. This is supported with the help of the following examples: (i) In Non-cooperation Movement, people refused to cooperate with the colonial government, but in Civil Disobedience Movement, people not only refused to cooperate but they also broke colonial laws. (ii) In Non-cooperation Movement, foreign goodsand cloth was boycotted. In Civil DisobedienceMovement, salt law was broken. (iii) Students left government schools in Non- Movement. Village officials resigned from jobs in Civil Disobedience Movement. 87 Simon Commission was greeted with the slogan 'Simon Go Back' at arrival in India. This reaction of the Indians can be supported with the following arguments: (i) The new Tory government in Britain constituted a Statutory Commission under Sir John Simon. It was set up in response to the nationalist movement. (ii) The commission was formed to look in to the functioning of the constitutional system in India and suggest changes. The problem was that the commission did not have a single Indian member. (iii) When, the Simon Commission arrived in India in 1928, it was greeted with the slogan 'Simon Go Back All parties, including the Congress and the Muslim League, participated in the demonstrations. 88 i) The new Tory government in Britain constituted a Statutory Commission under Sir John Simon. ii) The Commission had to look into the functioning of the constitutional changes in India and suggest changes. The problem was that the commission had no India member. As a result, it was opposed and greeted with slogans ‘Go back Simon’. 89 i) Salt was consumed by all sections of the society, as it is the most essential item of food. ii) The tax on salt and the government monopoly over production of salt, showed the most oppressive face of British rule. iii) Gandhiji found salt as a powerful symbol that could unite the nation. So, Gandhiji started his famous Salt March on 11th March, 1930 to abolish the Salt tax. 90 Raghu and Mohan can solve their land issues through peaceful discussion. Yes, Gandhiji’s Satyagraha can very well be connected with the peaceful methods taken up by Raghu and Mohan. The idea of Satyagraha emphasised the power of truth and the need to search for truth. All problems can be solved without using physical force. A Satyagraha can win all battles through non-violence. 91 (i) Rich peasant communities –like Patidar’s of Gujarat and the Jatt’s of Uttar Pradesh- were active in the movement.  (ii) Being producers of cash crops, they were very hard hit by the trade depression and falling prices. (iii)As their cash income disappeared, they found it impossible to pay the government’s revenue demand. And the refusal of the government to reduce the revenue demand led to widespread resentment. Due to this reason rich peasants become enthusiastic supporters of the civil Disobedience Movement. 92 Ans: - Separate electorates are usually demanded by minorities who feel it would otherwise be difficult for them to get fair representation in government. Separate electorate for Dalits means that Dalits will choose their separate leader by separate elections for Dalits. Gandhiji was against the demand of separate electorate of Dr B R Ambedkar because he believes that separate electorates for Dalits would slow down the process of their integration into society consumer movement in India has led to the formation of various organizations locally known as. 93 Ans. That opportunity was ‘Khilafat Issue’. The First World War ended with the defeat of Ottoman Turkey. And there were rumours that a harsh peace treaty was going to be imposed on the ottoman emperor-the spiritual head of the Islamic world (the Khailifa). To defend the khalifa’s temporal power, a khilafat committee was formed in Bombay in March 1919. A young generation of Muslims leaders likes the brothers Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali, Began discussing with Mahatma Gandhi about the possibility of a united mass action on the issue. Gandhiji saw this as an opportunity to bring Muslims under the umbrella of unified national movement. 94 The plantation workers in Assam had their own understanding of Mahatma Gandhi and the notion of Swaraj. This statement can be supported by the following arguments.  For plantation workers in Assam, freedom meant right to move freely in and out of the confined space in which they were enclosed, and to retain a link with the native village.  When they heard of the Non-Cooperation Movement thousands of workers left the plantations and headed home.  They believed that Gandhi Raj meant that they would be given land in their own villages. However, due to steamer and railway strike, thousands were stranded on the way. 95  Simon Commission was to look into the functioning of the constitutional system in India and suggest changes. The Commission tjid not have a single Indian member. They were all British. According to Indians, the commission did not hold any hopes for further constitutional reforms.  Simon Commission arrived in India in 1928. It was greeted with the slogan ‘Go Back Simon’ and black flags. All parties including the Congress and Muslim League, participated in the demonstrations 96  As the news of the Jallianwallah Bagh spread, the crowds took to streets in many towns of North India.  There were strikes, clashes with the police and attack on government buildings.  The government reciprocated with brutal repression to terrorise the people.  Satyagrahis were forced to rub their noses on the ground, crawl on the streets and do salaam to all officers.  People were flogged and villages around Gujranwala in Punjab (now in Pakistan) were bombed. 97 I. B  II. A III. C A 98 I. The main demand of the movement was to end the British rule in India and to get the cooperation of Indians against fascism. II. The quit India resolution was passed by the Congress working committee on 8 August 1942 in Bombay. Quit India movement was a mass movement because it had the participation of lakhs of ordinary people. 99 I. The Non-Cooperation Movement II. Gandhi Satyagrahi's lacked training because they were losing patience and turning violent there by defeating the entire purpose of the movement. III. The leaders were very unhappy with the establishment of provincial council by the Government of India act 1919 because: - (i) not enough power was given to Indian representatives through the reforms (ii) councils were not democratic in nature 100 (1) Gandhiji successfully fought against the racist regime with a novel method of mass agitation, which he called satyagraha. (2) Satyagraha is considered as a pure soul-force because the idea of satyagraha emphasised the power of truth and the need to search for truth. Truth is the very substance of the soul. That is why this force is called satyagraha. The soul is informed with knowledge. (3) Satyagraha is said of “passive resistance”, that is it is the weapon of the weak, but the power which is the subject of this article can be used only by the strong. This power is not passive resistance; indeed, it calls for intense activity. Without seeking vengeance or being aggressive, a satyagrahi could win the battle through non-violence. This could be done by appealing to the conscience of the oppressor. 101 1. Mumbai 2. The main demand of the Quit India movement was the immediate transfer of power to Indians and the British leaving India. The demand was accompanied by non-violent mass protest. In his speeches, M K Gandhi asked people to participate in the movement and fight for the freedom of the country. Rama Devi 102 1. Sir Muhammad Iqbal 2. He reiterated the importance of separate electorates for the Muslims as an important safeguard for their minority political interests The units of Indian society are not territorial as in European countries … The principle of European democracy cannot be applied to India without recognising the fact of communal groups. The Muslim demand for the creation of a Muslim India within India is, therefore, perfectly justified 103 (1) Gandhiji successfully fought against the racist regime with a novel method of mass agitation, which he called satyagraha. (2) Satyagraha is considered as a pure soul-force because the idea of satyagraha emphasised the power of truth and the need to search for truth. Truth is the very substance of the soul. That is why this force is called satyagraha. The soul is informed with knowledge. (3) Satyagraha is said of “passive resistance”, that is it is the weapon of the weak, but the power which is the subject of this article can be used only by the strong. This power is not passive resistance; indeed, it calls for intense activity. Without seeking vengeance or being  aggressive, a satyagrahi could win the battle through non-violence. This could be done by appealing to the conscience of the oppressor. (4) D. Power of truth and the need to search for it 104 1. D. Mumbai 2. D. Immediate transfer of power to Indians 3. C. Rama Devi 4. B People from all parts of India joined the movement. 105 1. D. Mahatma Gandhi 2. the farmers 3. the moment when Jawahar Lal Nehru felt angry and agitated almost forgetting the lesson the non-violence. 4. True 106 1) Foreign goods were boycotted, liquor shops picketed, and foreign cloth burnt. 2) The import of foreign cloth halved, with its value dropping from Rs 102 crore to Rs 57 crore. 3) Many merchants and traders refused to trade in foreign goods or finance foreign trade. 4) The production of Indian textile mills and handlooms increased as people discarded imported clothes and wore Indian ones. 107 1) The peasant movement demanded reduction of revenue, abolition of begar (forced labour), and social boycott of oppressive landlords. 2) In many places, nai-dhobi bandhs were organized by panchayats to deprive landlords of services like barbers and washer men. 3) The Oudh Kisan Sabha was headed by Jawaharlal Nehru, Baba Ramchandra, and a few others. 4) Jawaharlal Nehru began going around villages in Awadh, engaging with villagers and understanding their grievances. 108 1) Nationalism spreads when people feel they are part of the same nation and discover a unifying bond. 2) History, fiction, folklore, songs, popular prints, and symbols were cultural elements that contributed to nationalism. 3) Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay created the image of Bharat Mata, and it was in the 1870s. 4) The hymn 'Vande Mataram' was included in Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay's novel "Anandamath." 109 17.1 HSRA choose the path of violence to deal with British by targeting some of the symbols of British power. 17.2 Bhagat Singh, Jatin Das and Ajoy Ghosh (any two) 17.3 Revolution is the inalienable right of mankind. Freedom is the imprescriptible birth right of all. 110 18.1 The idea was to make the demands wide-ranging, so that all classes within Indian society could identify with them and everyone could be brought together in a united campaign. 18.2 On 6 April Gandhiji ceremonially violated the salt law at Dandi, manufacturing salt by boiling sea water and launched civil disobedience movement. 18.3 Salt was something consumed by the rich and the poor alike, and it was one of the most essential items of food. The tax on salt and the government monopoly over its production, Mahatma Gandhi declared, revealed the most oppressive face of British rule. He wanted to use this agenda to unite people of all strata of the society to initiate a mass movement against British. 111 19.1 On 13 April 1919 the infamous Jallianwalla Bagh incident took place. 19.2 His object was to ‘produce a moral effect’, to create in the minds of satyagrahis a feeling of terror and awe. 19.3 The government responded with brutal repression, seeking to humiliate and terrorise people: satyagrahis were forced to rub their noses on the ground, crawl on the streets, and dosalaam (salute) to all sahibs; people were flogged and villages (around Gujranwala in Punjab, now in Pakistan) were bombed. [any two] 112 Q1. What type of movement Gandhiji organised in South Africa? Ans. Gandhiji organised his first campaign of Satyagraha or mass civil disobedience movement in South Africa to fight against injustice and class division Q2. Why is Satyagraha considered as pure soul-force? Ans. In the use of Satyagraha, there is no ill-will. One could win the battle through non- violence and this could be done by appealing to the conscience of the oppressor. Also, the people had to be persuaded to see the truth instead of being forced to accept truth through the soul-force. Q3. How has Gandhiji described passive resistance? Ans. Gandhiji described passive resistance as a weapon of the weak and did not exclude the use of physical force or violence for the purpose of gaining one's end. He explained passive resistance as the concept to fight against something evil but never hurting the opponent. 113 Q1. What was people's understanding of nation? Ans. People understood the nation as a people formed on the basis of a combination of community of shared features such as language, history, ethnicity, culture and/or territory. Thus, a nation refers to the collective identity of a group of people understood as defined by those features. Q2. How was the growth of modern nationalism intimately connected to the anti-colonial movement? Ans. The growth of modern nationalism intimately connected to the anti-colonial movement in the following ways: (i) Colonisation affected people's freedom. (ii) The sense of oppression and exploitation become a common bond for people of different groups that resulted in the growth of nationalist ideals. (iii) People began discovering their unity in the process of their struggle with colonialism. Q3. How did people in India develop a sense of collective belonging? Explain. Ans. People in India developed a sense of collective belonging in the following ways: (i) The creation of the image of Bharat Mata by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay created a sense of oneness among the people.  (ii) The creation of the Indian flag by Gandhiji created the nationalism feel among the citizens. 114 (1) Amritsar (2) He saw there was an opportunity to bring Muslims under the umbrella of a united nation movement. To defend the Khalifa’s temporal powers. 115 The plantation workers too had their own understanding of Mahatma Gandhi's call for Non- cooperation Movement and Swaraj. This is supported through the following points: (i) Plantation workers in Assam were not allowed to leave the tea gardens without permission and, theywere bound there, under the Inland Emigration Act of 1859. When, they asked for permission to visit their villages, they were denied. (ii) For them, freedom meant the right to freely move in and out of the confined space in which they were enclosed and it also meant retaining a link with the village from which they had come. For them, Mahatma Gandhi's call for Swaraj meant 'Freedom! So, when they heard of the Non-cooperation Movement, they defied the authorities, left the plantations and headed home. (iv) They believed that Gandhi Raj was coming and everyone would be given land in their own. villages. They however never reached their destination. Stranded on the way by a railway and steamer strike, they were caught by the police and brutally beaten up. 116 A variety of cultural processes developed a sense of collective belongingness in India during the 19th century. This can be seen through the following examples: (i) History and fiction, folklore and songs, popular prints and symbols, all played a part in the making of nationalism. (ii) identity of India came to be visually associated with the image of Bharat Mata. (iii) Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay andAbanindranath Tagore created a picture of Bharat Mata and Vande Mataram was evoked as a hymn for the motherland. (iv) Ideas of nationalism also developed through a movement to revive Indian folklore. (v) Icons and symbols helped in unifying people and inspiring in them a feeling of nationalism. (vi) During the Swadeshi movement in Bengal, 117 A. Calcutta B. Dandi C. Ahmadabad D. Champaran E. Amritsar 118 I. Ideas of nationalism also developed through a movement a revive India folklore. II. In the late nineteenth century India, nationalists began recording folk tales sung by bards and they toured villages to gather folk songs and legends. III. It was essential to preserve this folk tradition in order to discover one’s national identity and restore a sense of pride in one’s past.  IV. In Bengal Rabindranath Tagore himself began collecting ballads, nursery rhymes and myths, and led the movement for folk revival. V. In madras Natesa Shastri published a massive four-volume collection of Tamil folk tales, the Folklore of Southern India. He believed that folklore was national literature; it was most trustworthy manifestation of people’s real thought and characteristics. 119 Workers too had their own understanding of Mahatma Gandhi and the notion of swaraj. For plantation workers in Assam, freedom meant the right to move freely in and out of the confined space in which they were enclosed, and it meant retaining a link with the village from which they had come. Under the Inland Emigration Act of 1859, plantation workers were not permitted to leave the tea gardens without permission, and in fact they were rarely given such permission. When they heard of the Non-Cooperation Movement, thousands of workers defied the authorities, left the plantations and headed home. They believed the Gandhi Raj was coming and everyone would be given land in their own villages. They, however, never reached their destination. Stranded on the way by a railway and steamer strike, they were caught by the police and brutally beaten up. 120 The First World War created a new economic situation in India. The three examples are: A. The defence expenditure was financed by the war loans, the increased taxes, raising the custom duties and introducing the income tax and increased prices of the commodities which caused economic hardship for the common people. B. For the continuous supply of the soldiers the villages were called upon and recruitment was done forcefully. There was a period of crop failure in many parts of the country which caused acute food shortages and millions of people perished due to the famine and the epidemics. 121 Variety of cultural processes played an important role in making of nationalism , in India in the following ways:  The sense of collective belonging inculcated the spirit of nationalism among the people. History and fiction, folklore and songs and popular prints and symbols played an important part in the making of nationalism.  Bharat mata as identity of the nation: In the twentieth century, various images of Bharat mata, came to light. It represented India. Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay, who had written Vande mataram as a hymn dedicated to the motherland, created the first image of Bharat mata. Abanindranath Tagore portrayed Bharat mata, as a calm, composed and spiritual figure. It was influenced by the Swadeshi movement.  Folklore to restore a sense of pride: Rabindranath Tagore revived folk songs, folk tales, hymns, legends and stories. In Madras, Natesa Sastri published a collection of Tamil folktales the Folklore of southern India.  Flags as identity of the Nation: During the Swadeshi Movement flags were carried to create a sense of national belonging. Carrying the flag and holding it aloft during marches became a symbol of defiance.  Reinterpretation of History: Another means of creating a feeling of nationalism was through reinterpretation of history. Many Indians wrote about the glorious developments in ancient times, when art and architecture, mathematics and science flourished. They urged the readers to take pride in their glorious past. 122 Non-Cooperation Movement began in December 1920. It spread to the countryside in the following ways.  In Awadh, peasants were led by Baba Ramchandra. Here, the movement was against talukdars, who charged high rents and peasants had to do begar.   The peasant movement demanded reduction of revenue and abolition of begar. By the end of 1920, Jawaharlal Nehru, Baba Ramchandra and others had formed Oudh Kisan Sabha. So after the beginning of the Non- Cooperation.Movement, Congress wanted to integrate the *Awadh peasants struggle into a wider struggle.  Tribal peasants interpreted the message of Gandhiji and idea of swaraj in their own way. In Gudem Hills in Andhra Pradesh, a militant guerrilla movement was organised against colonial oppression under the leadership of Alluri Sitaram Raju. He was inspired by the Non-Cooperation Movement.  The Gudem rebels attacked police stations, attempted to kill British officials and carried on guerrilla warfare for achieving swaraj.  The movement also spread among the plantation workers in Assam. They were not permitted to leave the tea gardens without permission. 123 When Gandhiji called the Civil Disobedience Movement, Muslims were lukewarm in their response due to  The disappointment with Non-Cooperation Movement and how it ended without any concrete outcome.  The Congress had become visibly associated with the Hindu nationalist groups like the Hindu Mahasabha, making large sections of Muslims feel alienated.  The relations between Hindus and Muslims worsened as ea