Microbiology: Introduction to the Microbial World PDF

Microbiology an Introduction Twelfth Edition Chapter 1 The Microbial World and You  Ch.1 - The Study of Life o What is Microbiology? o 3 domains of life o Naming and classification of microorganisms o How do microbes affect our...

Microbiology an Introduction Twelfth Edition Chapter 1 The Microbial World and You  Ch.1 - The Study of Life o What is Microbiology? o 3 domains of life o Naming and classification of microorganisms o How do microbes affect our lives? o How does knowledge of microbes help us? o How are microbes beneficial? o Microbes and disease  What is Microbiology? Tardigrade “water bear” Amoeba cell Ebola virus Ebola virus (blue) leaving infected cell (yellow) MICROBIOLOGY IS…. ……the study of organisms too small to see with the naked eye Study of structure, function and uses of microscopic organisms For us that means prokaryotes (bacteria), protista and fungus microbiology- specialized w/ living who area of Biology that deals things too small to be seen magnification. microorganism : · Bacteria · Archaea · Protoza · Fungi · Helminths · virus es · Algae Living = made of multiple cells  Just how small is small? helminths Human eye Just how small is small? algae, fungi, protozoa, Light human cells microscope most bacteria viruses Electron microscope proteins “specialized” atoms microscopes Bacterium (not to scale) Size of a bacterium relative to human Tiny, tiny, tiny and still not to scale Scale of microorganism size and required magnification to view  Ch.1 - The Study of Life o What is Microbiology? o 3 domains of life o Naming and classification of microorganisms o How do microbes affect our lives? o How does knowledge of microbes help us? o How are microbes beneficial? o Microbes and disease rRNAs the more sequences the similarities between more closely related - their alle  ↑ Three Domains of Life: Organizing Life: life’s family tree seeds From Fruits polynation classified by rRNA analysis : 1. Bacteria Flowers - get food by multicellular reproduce w/ seeds (within cones) simple diggusion & use spores For reproduction unicellular Prokaryotes Lack membrane-bound 2. Archaea nucleus Last type of classification of Kingd 3. Eukarya - Eukaryotes made of eukaryotic cells 4 Kingdom : Protist, plant, animal and fungi system ↓ [not plant, Fungi , or animals but its Eukaryotic] Cast of Microbiology: Bacteria Prokaryotes Archaea Algae Protists Protozoa Eukaryotes Fungi Tree of life diagram Helminths Evolution of eukaryotic kingdoms from bacteria “non-living” Viruses  The history of life on earth: Timeline scale: 5 era’s of Earth history Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic Scale of Earth history When different life forms appeared When mass extinctions occured For the first 2 billion years, prokaryotes were the only form of life on earth What were they doing all that time? Evolving!  Data points to ALL LIVING THINGS descending from a single common ancestor # Be able to draw prokaryotes Tree of life diagram Tree of life diagram Evolution of eukaryotic groups from bacteria Evolution of 4 eukaryotic kingdoms from bacteria Protist – The evolutionary split from prokaryotes The 1st eukaryotes  2 cell types: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic cell comparison Prokaryotic Cell DNA, size, organization, organelles Eukaryotic Cell o bacteria and archaea o ALL OTHER CELLS! Characteristics: Characteristics: No nucleus or organelles HAVE nucleus Small (1-3um) larger (10-100um) Unicellular single or multicellular Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes Composed of one or more ‘cells’ Viruses white blood cell attacking bacteria Not made of cells, and are smaller and simpler.  Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes i first observations of cells under the microscope revealed two basic categories of cells Prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic cell structure comparison 2 cell types: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic o Prokaryote bacteria and archaea from the Greek word for pre-nucleus o Eukaryote protist, fungi, plants, and animals from the Greek words for true nucleus Prokaryotic: Eukaryotic: smaller larger simpler complex unicellular uni or multicellular no nucleus or organelles nucleus and organelles binary fission mitosis and meiosis  Comparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells: an overview Prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic cell structure comparison Eukaryote o Paired chromosomes Histones o Contains nucleus and organelles o Polysaccharide cell wall - when present Cellulose – plants and most algae Chitin – fungi Silicone - Diatoms o Divides by mitosis Prokaryote o One circular chromosome Histone proteins of No histones eukaryotic chromosomes o No nucleus or organelles o Bacteria: peptidoglycan cell wall Histone: o Archaea: pseudomurein cell wall Protein DNA “wraps around” o Divides by binary fission Condenses DNA  Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea: Smallest examples of cellular life. Ecological recycling Unicellular - live alone or in communities (colonial) of organic nitrogen molecules Bacteria and Archaea account for all prokaryotes. Prokaryotes account for 50% of total biomass on Earth! Crucial part of the ecosystem! For Protein need acid) (amino o Nitrogen fixation – major function of bacteria. Convert nitrite molecules into nitrate – a usable forms for plants o Photosynthesis - oxygen and carbon fixation Creating food and oxygen from sunlight/CO2 Degradation/decomposition Biomass scale – bacteria 50% of earths biomass Breaking large molecules down!  Resident Bacteria Bacteria = good Bacteria peptidoglycan cell wall Characteristics: Bordetella pertussis Pseudomonas aeruginosa common ancestor to ALL living things incredibly diverse – found in almost all environments cell wall - classified or grouped by structure of cell wall gram positive, gram negative or other (few with no cell wall) pathogenic – although most do not cause disease, some can cause serious disease source of antibiotics – together with fungi produce all naturally known antibiotics environmentally important – decomposers, photosynthesis, nitrogen fixation environmental niche – incredibly diverse – auto, hetero or mixotrophic many different metabolic, oxygen, and temperature classifications for bacteria most numerous organism – ~40 million/gram of soil; biomass exceeds plants and animals Helicobacter pylori many species undiscovered – not able to be cultured in lab  Archaea o “extreme bacteria” pseudomurein cell wall - lacks peptidoglycan Halococcus salifodinae Staphylothermus marinus Yellowstone: thermal hot spring home to many archaea species Characteristics: unique cell wall – pseudomurein enable survival in extreme environments Extremophiles: heterotrophic – require organic/inorganic carbon for metabolism Extreme Halophiles - require salt concentration > 25% ↑ non pathogenic – no species has caused human disease S Thermophiles - require growth temperature >80C environmental niche – extreme environments – including our gut Psychrophile – require low temperature keep Domains Of Kingdom 3 Life pots Phylum or division Eukarya class clean Bacteria Order or A Archea I Family Family gets Genus] < species ↑ Sick 8 kuels of Linnae an Classification : · Domain (Eukarya) broad ·⑮ = most kingdom (animalia phy In m (chordata) have = notochord (Precursor to vertebrae) their young) Class Mammalia) Order (Carnivora) Females = = have mammary gland (tofeed & Family (Felidae) Felines = e 7 Genus (Felis) cats = 8) species/Felis domestica) = house cats species individuals breed has the ability ~ = is a group of that to and produce Fertile offspring  Examples of Binomial Nomenclature: Scientific Binomial Source of Genus Name Source of Species Epithet Klebsiella pneumoniae Honors Edwin Klebs The disease Pfiesteria piscicida Honors Lois Pfiester Disease in fish Discoverer bacterium habitat Escherichia coli Honors Thomas Escherich Of the colon (coli) Chains of cells Streptococcus pyogenes Forms pus (pyo-) (strepto-) Penicillium chrysogenum Tuftlike (penicill-) Produces a yellow (chryso-) pigment Trypanosoma cruzi Corkscrew-like (trypano-, Honors Oswaldo Cruz borer; soma-, body) gold-colored ↑ spherical aureus-colores g+ aphylococcus aureus staphyl-clustered cocci cells (Au-gold)  Ch.1 - The Study of Life o What is Microbiology? o 3 domains of life o Naming and classification of microorganisms o How do microbes affect our lives? o How does knowledge of microbes help us? o How are microbes beneficial? o Microbes and disease  How do microbes affect our lives?? 1. Decomposers Break down larger molecules into smaller forms usable by other organisms C, N, P, S and many others Be can used to clean-up human created contamination EX. oil-spill 2. Pathogenic Disease causing By product 3. (Some) generate (O2) oxygen gas and glucose – through photosynthesis 4. Produce useful compounds Ethanol, acetone, vitamins and ANTIBIOTICS 5. Produce fermented foods – cheese, vinegar, “leavens” bread 6. Used to produce products for medical use Insulin: hormone - signals cells to take in sugar  Ch.1 - The Study of Life o What is Microbiology? o 3 domains of life o Naming and classification of microorganisms o How do microbes affect our lives? o How does knowledge of microbes help us? o How are microbes beneficial? o Microbes and disease  Knowledge of microbes allows us to: 1. Prevent / treat disease: antibiotics 2. Prevent food spoilage: pasteurization 3. Produce spirits 4. Produce functional human proteins – example: insulin for diabetics 5. Understand causes and treatments of disease to prevent epidemics 6. Understand the role played by these organisms in the balance of the ecosystem Bacterial Leprosy: Ebola – hemorrhagic viral pathogen: Bacteria – Mycobacterium leprae spoiled fruit  Ch.1 - The Study of Life o What is Microbiology? o 3 domains of life o Naming and classification of microorganisms o How do microbes affect our lives? o How does knowledge of microbes help us? o How are microbes beneficial? o Microbes and disease  How are Microorganisms Beneficial? 1. Major decomposers Break down larger molecules into smaller forms usable by plants C, N, P, S and many others 2. Symbiotic relationships Two organisms living together….each benefiting from the other 3. Antibiotics Molecule secreted by bacteria and fungi! Harmful to other bacteria and fungi 4. Transgenic Biology Incorporating genes from one organism into another organism Diabetes: inserting insulin gene into bacteria for production of insulin Human growth hormone (HGH) to treat dwarfism Clotting factors proteins for hemophiliacs Recombinant Technology make it possible to transfer genetic material from one organism to another and deliberately alter DNA = drug Humilin (Human insulin For type Diabetes) EX : 1 Microbes and Diseases : Emerging and Reemerging Disease Associations Between non injectious disease and Microbes - COVID - Gastric Ukurs caused by Helicobacter Pylori (H. Pylori) - AIDS - Multiple Sclerosis , OCD, CAD , and Obesity - Hepatitisc - zika Virus - - West Nile Virus - TB  Beneficial and/or symbiotic microorganisms Microorganisms we depend on Gut bacteria Antibiotics: Penicillin molecule Ball and stick representation Bacteria live in large intestine: Protect us from harmful bacteria Penicillin Produce Vitamin B and K for us Produced by fungus Penicillium ascomycetous Bacterial lawn: “zone of influence” or Gut bacteria known as enterobacteriacae “sensitivity” to different antibiotics Escherichia coli common gut bacteria  Transgenic Biology: Transferring functional gene from one organism to another Growing Insulin molecules for type-I diabetics Inserting human DNA gene for “Insulin” into bacteria Creating human insulin from bacteria – 4 steps Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) 2. Transformation: Fluorescent protein produced by 1. Insert gene into plasmid Inserting plasmid into bacteria jellyfish species Jellyfish natural GFP protein “transgenic” GFP bacteria 3. Replication / Insulin Production 4. Harvest/Purify/Bottle  Ch.1 - The Study of Life o What is Microbiology? o 3 domains of life o Naming and classification of microorganisms o How do microbes affect our lives? o How does knowledge of microbes help us? o How are microbes beneficial? o Microbes and disease  What is a pathogen? o Pathogen = microbe that causes disease 99% of microbes do NOT cause disease Flesh-eating bacterial Why are we so interested in pathogens? infection Bacterial Leprosy infection: they cause disease and death! Mycobacterium leprae Ebola infection - hemorrhagic viral pathogen Vibrio vulnificus Many of top killers worldwide are rarely seen in places like the United States. Why is that?  Two Pathogen types: 1. Primary pathogen o Microbes that can cause disease in healthy person 2. Opportunistic pathogen o Cause disease only when taking advantage of an opportunity not usually present limmuno-compromised Host’s immune system has been compromised Gain access through body opening (cut, eyes, mouth, genitals) lifestyle genetics , COPD Pie Chart: 10 most common infectious causes of human death worldwide List of top 10 causes of death in US – all are diseases ~500,000 deaths/yr. Infections Disease Trends = caused by microbes - Increase number of patients w/resistant weakened defenses : (immuno compromised) Increase in microbes that are to - drugs Brief History of Microbiology : First Observations : Robert Hook first saw cells = Antione ran Leeuwenhoek's = first saw living cells Spontaneous Generation hypothesis that living organisms matter ; vital Force Life arise from non living forms Biogenesis hypothesis that living organisms arise from preexisting life  Ch. 1 learning outcomes: After Ch.1 ….you should be able to: 1. Define Microbiology 2. Name the 3 domains in taxonomy and list characteristics of each. 3. Describe the 7 specific microorganism types and general characteristics of each (6 organisms and virus) 4. Discuss the 8 levels of Linnaean Classification Understand the origins and rules of the final categories of classification: Genus and species 5. Discuss the benefits and importance of microorganisms to us and all other life - examples 6. Describe what a pathogen is and the two types of pathogens. Understand the degree of disease they cause both in the US and the world  = study Microbiology of tiny living things that are too small to be seen w/the naked eye. 3 domain of ↑ Life : Domain = the broadest classification grouping organisms ,. 1. Bacteria. 2 Archaea. 3 Eukarya 2 Cell Types : Prokaryotes-group of organisms characterized by absence of a defined · Bacteria nucleus and other membrane bound organelles within their cells · Archaea NO true Nucleus whose cells have a nucleus and other Enkarya = group of organisms structures called organelles all enclosed within · Eukaryotes specialized membrane True Nucleus Prokaryotic : Eukaryotic : · smaller · Larger · unicellular · uni or multicellular · no nucleus · true nucleus · Binary Fission mitosis and meiosis o · I circular chromosome. Histones (paired chromosomes) 7 types of microorganisms : 1. Bacteria. 2 Archaea. 3 Fungi 4. Protists. 5 Algae G. Helminths. 7 Viruses Bacteria : ancestor to all common living things Characteristics : Diverse = found in almost all environment Cell Wall = ground by structure of cell wall · gram positive gram negative · · no cell wall Pathogenic= Some can cause disease source of antibiotics - together w/ Fungi nutrients back into the environmentally important= decomposer organic matter recycling V · break down dead , ecosystem photosynthesis photosynthetic bacteria help produce O2 absorb CO2 forms · , , the base of many Food webs especially in aquatic environment. , Nitrogen Fixation certain bacteria convert atmospheric Nitrogen into · Forms that plant can use to grow &. niche auto hetero or mixotrophic environmentally , = ,. most numerous organism -40 million/gram of soil =. many species undiscovered = unable to culture in. Lab Archaea : "extreme bacteria" characteristics : unique cell wall = pseudomurein enable to survive in extreme environments. Heterotrophic require = organic/inorganic carbon metabolism for environment non pathogenic due to their unique = biology , preference for extreme , absence of mechanisms needed to cause disease. Environmental Niche extreme environment= including our gut. Extremophiles = Live in extreme environments Extremophiles : % produces Methane cellular respiration Halophiles salt Loving 25 Methanophiles as · · = = · thermophiles = heat loving 800 ·Psychrophiles = cold Loving loc  Protist : Evolutionary Split from Prokaryotes the 1st Eukaryotes kingdom = is a specific Sponges classification within a chordates 7 domain , domain dividing Angiosperms mosses & sea anemones into categories. Ferns Echinoderms T ↑ > ↑ flatworms &· Conifers Arthropods , 7 4 Kingdoms Eukaryotes : Clyb & mollusks& > roundworms 1Protista. Fungi 2 Plants >segmented slime. Fungi Kingdom E worms yeasts. 3 > Plant molds 4. Animals S green molds Kingdom 5 Kingdom system of algae king dom Animals classification Fungi / I. monera rech 7 Paramecium 2. Protista algae 3. Plants Brown Amoeba - 4. Animals Alg de 5 Fungi -Englena. Eukaryotes & Prokaryotes Arhaea & > Bacteria kingdom Monera Protists : Algae and - Protozoa Algae Characteristics : Photosynthetic autotroph = or mixotroph uni multicellular , colonial- or (cells are similar in structure and function) Cell wall-cellulose or Silica contains Pigment-green , red , brown can reproduce asexually or sexually Protozoa characteristics : evolved into animals Protozoa 1st animal = Diverse group unicellular. Heterotrophic can reproduce sexually or asexually moves by : Pseudopods crawling · = · Flagella = extension Cili hair like extension ary = · · some are non-motile No cell wall Fungi and Helminths : FungiCharacteristics : Feed on decaying matter = (gaprope) uni , multi cellular or colonial has tell wall = Chitin (Polysacharride) has membrane-bound nucleus Linear DNA can reproduce asexually or sexually Helminths : Parasitic Worms characteristics : no cell wall heterotrophic can reproduce sexually. or asexually has diseases microscopic stages and can cause Viruses : Living or Non-Living Entity : characteristics : intracellular parasites Obligate Acellular made of= (not cells) cannot reproduce (has to get into host cell in order to reproduce : DNA RNA wrapped in protein coat or (capsia) = infectious particles w/ metabolism/machinery of their own no  Bacteria Archaea Fungi Protozoan Algae Helminth Virus Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic Prokaryotic Prokaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Non-Living Cell wall NO cellulose no DNA or RNA composition Peptidoglycan Pseudomurein Chitin cell walls cell walls enclosed in a Polysaccharide protein coat called CaPsid Heterotroph rely Host or can be can be on Autotroph for replication Heterotrophic Heterotrophic Autotrophic Heterotrophic cell both both Unicellular A cellular or unicellular - Multicellular unicellular unicellular unicellular unicellular or multicellular do not made up of cell multicellular Asexual or Binary Binary be can be replicate by be - Fission Fission can be can can sexual reproduction both both both both infecting a Asexual host cell and Asexual using host's Cellularmachin is & y virus particles Taxonomy : The science · of classifying living things and the relationship between them. Gives universal, · a accepted name for each organism useful resource for identifying organism · concerns of Taxonomy : various issues , debates , consideration and involved in classification and organization of Living organisms. Classification arrangement of organisms into groups according to : characteristics/evolutionary relationships. level of classification Nomenclature process of assigning names to : every Identification : use of traits of organisms to tell them apart from one another Methane Heat Producer Loving salt Loving ↑ & & Plants Fungi Protists Animals 11 1 Cyano chlamydias Gram Bacteria spirochetes negative T X & Domain Arhaea Gram & Positive < Domain Bacteria Domain Eukarya & ↓ T endospore producers Ancestral Cell Line Do Keep Pots Clean Or Family Gets Sick 8 levels of Linnaean Classification : 1. Domain Broadest level Kingdom Second broadest category 2. Dhylum organization - 3 based on groups major body plans or. Class groups based specific shared traits ↳ on based on Order groups specific similarities. 6 Family groups related Genus within an order Genus very similar & " related and genus groups species are closely Species most specific level Group. of organism that can interbreed and produce Fertile offspring. How do microbes affects our lives ? Benefits : Decomposers : Major Decomposers · Breaks down larger molecules into smaller forms symbiotic relationships Pathogenic : Antibiotics : Penicillin · Disease causing Transgenic Biology : insulin , Transgenic GFP Some generate O2 and glucose (through photosynthesis Produce useful compounds Two types of Pathogen : : · Ethanol , acetone , vitamins and antibiotics Primary Pathogen can cause disease in a healthy person Produce Fermented Foods : Opportunistic Pathogen cause disease only to immono- · cheese vinegar breads , ,. compromised Gain access through body opening Used to produce products for medical Use O insulin microbiology 8 allows Prevent/treat disease us to = : antibiotics · Prevent Food spoilage = pasteurization · Produce Spirits · Functional human protein Produce insulin : understand causes and treatments of disease For prevention · understand Role · played in the balance of the ecosystem