CERAD L3 Exam 2 Revision PDF

CERAD L3 Exam 2 Revision Key: Highway Code DTAG Emergency Ambulance Response Driver Handbook Roadcraft HWC H1 – Hierarchy of Road Users − All road users should understand their responsibility for safety of others. − Drivers of larger vehicles bear the greatest responsibility as their...

CERAD L3 Exam 2 Revision Key: Highway Code DTAG Emergency Ambulance Response Driver Handbook Roadcraft HWC H1 – Hierarchy of Road Users − All road users should understand their responsibility for safety of others. − Drivers of larger vehicles bear the greatest responsibility as their vehicles pose the greatest risk of harm in a collision. HWC H2 – Rule for Drivers, Motorcyclists, Horse-Drawn Vehicles, Horse Riders and Cyclists − All vehicle users should wait for pedestrians to cross at junctions before turning. HWC H3 – Rule for Drivers and Motorcyclists − You should not cut across cyclists or horse-drawn vehicles when you are emerging from a junction or changing lanes. You should instead wait for a safe gap. Annex 5 - Penalties − A driver or motorcyclist who accumulates 12 or more penalty points in a 3 year period must be disqualified. − If new drivers accumulate 6 or more penalty points in a 2 year period, their license will be revoked automatically.  Regulations − All road users are subject to the rules and laws according to The Highway Code, Road Traffic Act 1988, Road Safety Act 2006. − Ambulance drivers must also comply with the policies of their individual ambulance service trusts regarding license checks and procedures in reporting collisions. − Road Traffic Act 1988 states that any failure to adhere to the HWC principles can be used to establish liability in civil or criminal proceedings. Civil Law − Section 19 of the Road Safety Act 2006 states that drivers who have completed a course in driving at high speed will be able to claim exemptions for high speed driving. Motor Insurance − Ambulance service employees must inform their own insurer of any collisions they are involved in, or any motoring convictions received while at work. Failure to do so may result in insurance becoming void. − If you receive penalty points while not at work you must inform your employer. C1 Fitness to Drive o If you passed your C1 after 19 January 2013, every 5 years up to the age of 45 you must self-declare your fitness to drive. o After you turn 45, you will need to provide a medical examination report every 5 years to renew your entitlement.  Driving License Checks o Ambulance services have the duty to check the licenses of all staff who drive service vehicles. These checks usually occur annually. o It is the individual license holder's responsibility to ensure their own license is valid and in date. Photocard licenses are only valid for 10 years. Driving in Adverse Weather Conditions You must use headlights when visibility is seriously reduced and you cannot see further than 100 metres. Fog lights can be used, but must be switched off when visibility improves. Wet Weather − In wet weather, stopping distances will be at least double as tyres have reduced grip on the road. − Keep well back from the vehicle in front to increase your ability to see and plan ahead. − If steering becomes unresponsive, slow down gradually to allow the tyres to grip the road. − The rain and spray from vehicles may make it difficult to see and be seen. − Be aware of the dangers of spilt diesel which will make the road very slippery. − Take extra care around pedestrians, cyclists, motorcyclists and horse riders. Icy and Snowy Weather o Do not drive in icy and snowy weather unless your journey is essential. o Allow more time for your journey, ensure you are equipped with de-icer, an ice-scraper, torch, warm clothing and boots, first aid kit, jump leads and food and drink in case you get stuck or your vehicle breaks down.  Before you set off: o You must be able to see, so clear all snow and ice from all your windows. o You must ensure all lights are clean and number plates are visible and legible. o Ensure mirrors are clear and windows are demisted thoroughly. o Remove all snow that might fall into the path of other road users. o Check your planned route is clear of delays and any severe weather warnings. When driving in icy or snowy conditions: o Drive with care, even if the roads have been treated. o Keep well back from the vehicle in front as stopping distances can be 10 times greater. o Take care when overtaking vehicles spreading salt or other de-icer, particularly if you are riding a bike or motorcycle. o Watch out for snowploughs that may throw snow out from either sides. Do not overtake them unless the lane is clear. o Be prepared for road conditions to change over relatively short distances. o Listen to travel bulletins and take note of variable message signs that may provide information about weather and traffic conditions ahead. Drive extremely carefully in icy or snowy conditions: o Drive at slow speed in as high gear as possible. Accelerate and brake very gently. o Drive slowly on bends where loss of control is more likely. Brake progressively on the straight before you reach a bend. Steer smoothly around the bend, avoiding sudden actions. o Check your grip on the road surface when there is snow or ice by choosing a safe place to brake gently. If steering feels unresponsive, this may  indicate tyres are losing grip on the road. Tyres make virtually no noise when travelling on ice. Windy weather: o High-sided vehicles are most affected by windy weather. Strong gusts can also blow a car, cyclist, motorcyclist or horse-rider off course. This can occur on open stretches of road exposed to strong crosswinds, or when passing bridges or gaps in hedges. o In very windy weather your vehicle may be affected by turbulence caused by large vehicles. Motorcyclists are particularly affected so stay well back from them when they are overtaking a high-sided vehicle. Fog: o Before entering fog, check your mirrors then slow down. If ‘fog’ is shown on a sign but roads are clear, prepare for patchy fog ahead. When driving in fog, you should: o Use your lights as required. o Keep a safe distance behind the vehicle in front. Rear lights can give a false sense of security. o Be able to pull up well within the distance you can see clearly. This is particularly important on faster roads such as motorways and dual carriageways. o Use your windscreen wipers and demisters. o Beware of other drivers not using headlights. o Not accelerate to get away from a vehicle that is too close behind you. o Check your mirrors before you slow down. Then use your brakes so that your brake lights warn drivers behind you that you are slowing down. o Stop in the correct position at a junction with limited visibility and listen for traffic. When you are sure it is safe to emerge, do so positively and don’t hesitate in a position that puts you in a path of oncoming vehicles. o You must not use front or rear fog lights unless visibility is seriously reduced as they dazzle other drivers and obscure your brake lights. You must switch them off when visibility improves. Hot weather o Keep your vehicle well ventilated to avoid drowsiness. Be aware that the road surface may become soft or slippery after a rain spell. These conditions can affect steering and braking. If you are dazzled by bright sunlight, slow down and potentially stop. Legal Exemptions Drivers of ambulances may claim an exemption from certain road traffic legislation when justifiable and when the vehicle is being used for ambulances purposes provided: o The observance of the law would be likely to hinder the use of the vehicle for the purpose for which it is being used. o Nothing the driver does could be classified as dangerous or careless. o The use of any exemption can be justified in a court of law. Before claiming exemptions, ask yourself: o Is the vehicle suitable? Any fault that results in emergency equipment being defective could render the vehicle unsuitable. o Does the nature of the call justify any exemption claimed? This could change during any journey. o Can I justify the use of the vehicle’s warning equipment? Can I justify not using it? o What intrusion is this emergency creating to local communities? o What is the public perception of the actions I take? (For example passing a school at high speed at ‘going home’ time).  Faults with the vehicle. Any fault that results in the emergency equipment being defective could mean that the vehicle is unsuitable under the Road Vehicles Regulations 1986. This includes: o Fitting of audible warning instrument (siren or two-tone horns). o Use of reflective material on rear of vehicle. o Use of headlights flashing units. o Use of flashing blue/red lighting equipment. o Side reflective materials. Exemptions when dealing with ANY category (not necessarily emergency). 1. Stopping on a clearway. o Traffic Signs Regulations and General Directions 2002. o Ensure you are wearing the correct PPE when you exit the vehicle. o Consider the use of hazard warning lights. o Leaving a vehicle in a dangerous position is an offence and the exemption cannot be claimed. 2. Parking within the controlled ‘zigzag’ area of a pedestrian crossing. o Traffic Signs Regulations and General Directions 2002. o Always ensure you have the correct PPE when exiting the vehicle. o Consider how your position may restrict the view of pedestrians using the crossing or drivers approaching the crossing. o Consider this to be a last resort before considering alternative options. o Do not park across the pedestrian crossing point. o Consider positioning your vehicle on the exit side of the crossing. o Consider requesting assistance of police for traffic control o Consider the use of hazard warning lights. o Leaving a vehicle in a dangerous position is an offence and the exemption cannot be claimed. 3. Parking within areas controlled by double white, red or yellow lines. o Traffic Sign and General Directions 2016. o Always ensure you have the correct PPE when exiting the vehicle. o Consider danger when boarding a patient on a stretcher. o Keep time parked to a minimum. o Consider the use of hazard warning lights. o Leaving a vehicle in a dangerous position is an offence and the exemption cannot be claimed. 4. Leaving the engine running while the vehicle is unattended. o Road Vehicles (Construction and Use) Regulations 1986. o Always ensure you have the correct PPE when exiting the vehicle. o Consider the vehicle’s security – is it fitted with ‘run-lock’ facility? o Could the vehicle’s engine overheat? o Could engine fumes create issues? o Could engine noise create issues to residents? o Consider the environmental impact of idling for too long. 5. Parking on the offside during hours of darkness. − Road Vehicles (Construction and Use) Regulations 1986. − Always ensure you have the correct PPE when exiting the vehicle. − Leave the position (sidelights) illuminated, but turn off the headlights. − Consider the use of hazard warning lights. − Note the danger of using offside vehicle lockers and side door. − Remember the side step may intrude into the path of vehicles. − Leaving a vehicle in a dangerous position is an offence and the exemption cannot be claimed. 6. Parking on a driving or cycle track. o Road Traffic Act 1988. o Always ensure you have the correct PPE when exiting the vehicle. o Consider possible obstructions to pedestrians or cyclists. o Be mindful of damage to the tyres, suspension, kerb and paving. o Consider the use of hazard warning lights. o Leaving a vehicle in a dangerous position is an offence and the exemption cannot be claimed. o Be aware that high kerbs may cause a high degree of tilt. o Be aware of potential issues with tail lift or ramp, particularly if the ground is soft. o Be mindful of the fact that a verge may be unstable or have a slippery surface. 7. Parking on a central reservation. o Road Traffic Act 1988 (Heavy goods vehicles). o Always ensure you have the correct PPE when exiting the vehicle. o Consider possible obstructions to pedestrians. o Consider the close proximity to high-speed traffic. o There could be possible damage to tyres or suspension. o Consider the possible issues soft ground causes to the tail-lift or ramp. o Consider the use of hazard warning lights. o Leaving a vehicle in a dangerous position is an offence and the exemption cannot be claimed. o Be aware that high verges may cause a large degree of tilt. o The central reservation may be unstable or have a slippery surface. o Note the danger of using offside vehicle lockers and side door. o Remember the side step may intrude the path of vehicles. o Central crash barriers may restrict the opening of the driver-side door. 8. Parking at a designated bus stop. o Traffic Signs Regulations and General Directions 2002. o Always ensure you have the correct PPE when exiting the vehicle. o Consider possible obstructions to pedestrians. o Consider disruption to buses, particularly if passengers are unable to board or alight. o Consider the use of hazard warning lights. o Leaving a vehicle in a dangerous position is an offence and the exemption cannot be claimed. 9. Double parking or parking across a dropped kerb. o Traffic Management Act 2004. o Always ensure you have the correct PPE when exiting the vehicle. o Consider possible obstructions to traffic trying to pass, especially larger vehicles. o Consider obstructions to traffic trying to enter or exit premises. o Consider seeking the permission of the driveway owner when parking on a dropped kerb. o Consider whether an ambulance or fire engine could pass. o Consider the use of hazard warning lights. o Leaving a vehicle in a dangerous position is an offence and the exemption cannot be claimed. o Consider leaving a contact number on the windscreen if possible.  Exemptions while engaged in Emergency Response. 1. Travelling on the incorrect side of a ‘keep left’ or ‘keep right’ sign. − Traffic Signs Regulations and General Directions 2002. − These signs are usually accompanied by bollards and central refuges. − Be aware of pedestrians using these areas. − Ensure opposing vehicles have responded before passing on the incorrect side of the sign. − Speed should be reduced. − Pedestrians may be looking the wrong way for your direction of travel. − Be aware of the dangers of returning to the correct road positioning – mirrors and signal use is essential. 2. Exceeding statutory speed limits. o Road Traffic Regulation Act 1984. o Danger of ‘red mist’ affecting the driver. o Speed should be related to the available space and presence of hazards. o You must be able to stop on your own side of the road within the distance that can be seen to be clear. o You must comply with the organisation’s policy in relation to exceeding the speed limits. o Speed of approach must give other road users time to react. o Speed must be appropriate to the prevailing road and weather conditions. o You must be aware of your own and the vehicle’s limitations. 3. Treating a red traffic light as a ‘give way’, including light controlled crossing and temporary lights. o Traffic Signs Regulations and General Directions 2002. o Zebra, Pelican and Puffin Crossing Regulations and General Directions 1997. o Your actions must not cause another road user to pass through a red traffic signal. o The speed of approach must provide other drivers with the time to see, hear and react to the vehicle. o Are all other road users aware of the presence of the emergency vehicle? o If there is no path for the response vehicle to pass through the red light, you must stop short of the junction and consider turning off visible and audible warning equipment to prevent any vehicles in front from entering the junction (effective non-use). o You should not go beyond the stop line in a manner, or a time that is likely to endanger anyone. o You should not cause the driver of any vehicle proceeding in accordance with the indications of light signals to change its speed or course in order to avoid an accident. o Consider that other emergency vehicles may be entering the junction on a green traffic signal. o At pedestrian controlled lights, always give precedence to any pedestrian showing an intention to cross. o Use early vehicle positioning to indicate your intended route. o Use all warning equipment. o Keep scanning left and right as you cross through the junction. 4. Use of audible warning instruments at night or on restricted road between 23:30 – 07:00 hours. o Road Vehicles (Construction and Use) Regulations 1986. o Consider the use of other audible devices. o Use must be relative to the presence of other road users. o Where audible warning equipment is not being used, reduce speed near hazards. o Non-use of audible warning equipment must be justifiable. 5. Entering a pedestrian precinct. Local by-laws: o Extreme caution and slow speed is required due to the proximity of pedestrians. o You must conform to recognised traffic flows. o Give pedestrians precedence. o Be aware of delivery vehicles and their drivers. o Remember vehicle security is easily compromised in busy areas. o You should always use a banksman during any reversing manoeuvre, due to the proximity of pedestrians. o Sirens may be unsuitable due to the proximity of pedestrians. 6. Stop within a yellow box junction. − Traffic Signs Regulations and General Directions 2002 − Stopping on a yellow box junction may prevent other vehicles from clearing the junction.  Motorway Regulations The following exemptions can be claimed in order to avoid or prevent an accident, or to obtain and give help required at an accident scene: o Direction of driving. o Drive on the carriageway only. o Restriction of stopping. o Restriction on reversing. o Restriction of use of the hard shoulder. o Restriction on use of the central reservation or verge. There are several ways in which motorway driving differs to other roads: o Be aware of higher speeds involved. o Sirens are unlikely to be as effective. o There are fast road policies to be complied with. o Use of PPE is essential. o Be aware of high vulnerability, especially when stationary. o Understand how new ‘smart’ motorways work. Passing a double white line where the line nearer to you is solid: Exemptions to this regulation are open to the general public (Traffic Signs Regulations and General Directions 2002): o To enable the vehicle to enter, from the side of the road on which it is proceeding, or the land or premises adjacent to the length of road on which the line is placed, or another road joining that road o In order to pass a stationary vehicle. o Owing to circumstances outside the driver’s control. o In order to avoid an accident. o In order to pass a road maintenance vehicle that is in use, is moving at a speed not exceeding 10mph and is displaying a ‘keep right’ sign. o In order to pass a pedal cycle moving at a speed not exceeding 10mph. o In order to pass a horse moving at a speed not exceeding 10mph. o For the purpose of complying with any direction of constable in uniform or traffic warden. HWC Incident Management Rule 283 If you are involved in a collision or incident or stop to give assistance: o If possible, stop in a place of relative safety. o Use hazard warning lights to warn other traffic. o Use high visibility PPE. o Ask drivers to switch off their engines. o Ask drivers and passengers to stop smoking. o Contact the emergency services on 999 with full details of location and casualties. Ideally use the emergency telephone on the hard shoulder. o Move uninjured people to a place of safety. o Do not move injured people from their vehicles unless they are in immediate danger. o Do not remove a motorcyclist’s helmet unless it is essential and you are trained to do so. o Be prepared to give first aid. o Stay at the scene until emergency services arrive. o Be prepared to exchange details.  Rule 286 Documentation If you are involved in a collision which causes damage or injury to any other person, vehicle, animal or property, you must stop. o Stop, if possible, in a place of relative safety. o Give your own and vehicle owner’s name and address, and the registration number of the vehicle to anyone having reasonable grounds to require them. o If you do not give your name and address at the time of the collision, report it to the police as soon as reasonably practicable, and in any case within 24 hours. Rule 287 If another person is injured and you do not produce your insurance certificate at the time of the crash to a police officer or to anyone having reasonable grounds to request it, you must: o Report it to the police station as soon as possible in any case within 24 hours. o Produce your insurance certificate to the police within 7 days. First Aid on the Road 1. Deal with danger Further collisions and fire are the main dangers following a crash. Approach any vehicle involved with care. Switch off all engines and, if possible, warn other traffic. Stop anyone from smoking. 2. Get help Try to get the assistance of bystanders. Get someone to call 999. Give information about the incident, vehicles and casualties. Look out for those not breathing or bleeding heavily. 3. Help those involved Do not move casualties from vehicles unless there is the threat of further danger. Do not give them anything to eat or drink. Do try to make them warm and comfortable. Protect them from rain and snow and avoid unnecessary movement. Give reassurance. 4. Provide emergency care. Danger – check that you are not in danger. Response – try to get a response by asking questions gently and shaking their shoulders. Airway – head tilt chin lift. Breathing – check for breathing up to 10 seconds. Circulation – if no signs of life and no pulse, commence CPR. Bleeding – check there is no debris in the wound. Build up padding on either side of the object. If there’s nothing embedded, apply firm pressure to stem the blood flow. Burns – check for shock and cool the burn at least 20 minutes with clean cold water or another non-toxic liquid. Do not try to remove anything sticking to the burn. Be prepared – always carry a first-aid kit. DTAG – Attending Incidents o PPE including a hi-vis jacket and helmet is essential at every incident, no matter how minor it may seem. o Staff should decide whether any further protection is required. o Scene preservation should be considered at any serious or fatal RTC as this is considered a crime scene by police. This should not interfere with the treatment of patients. Minimise disturbance to any evidence.  Motorway and Multi-lane carriageway approach o Incidents can lead to a large build-up of traffic which can cause difficulties for approaching emergency response vehicles. Flowing Traffic: o Ambulances should approach using the main carriageway whenever possible, usually in lanes two or three. This allows other road users to react in a normal manner, moving left. Do not use lane 1 as this could cause drivers to move onto the hard shoulder where other vehicles may have stopped. Traffic on the Main Carriageway is moving slowly: o Approach on the hard shoulder with visual warning equipment activated (blue lights and flashing headlights). The use of sirens has been known to cause drivers to pull onto the hard shoulder, in the path of emergency vehicles, so consider their use carefully. Use your normal road horn to indicate your presence if required. Traffic on the Main Carriageway is stationary: o Approach on the hard shoulder with all EWE activated. Be aware of the danger of members of the public being on the hard shoulder. People often exit their vehicles if they have been stuck in stationary traffic for a long time. Driving on the Carriageway in the wrong direction o Police may direct you to approach or exit an incident in the wrong direction. o Drive on the left. o Use visual warning equipment. o Keep your speed down. o Be aware of other emergency response vehicles travelling towards you on the same carriageway. Parking o Crews must perform a risk assessment when parking on scene, considering the safety of other agencies or staff present.  Parking at scenes already protected by police or other agencies: o Ambulances will usually park in front of the incident to allow the safe loading of patients and rapid exit. Ultimately, the responsible officer at the scene will determine positioning. o Blue lights and headlights should be turned off when parked in the safe area, to reduce ‘rubbernecking’ from other motorists. Police at the rear of the scene will provide rear-facing warning lights. o Some local authorities advocate that emergency vehicles leave their visual warning lights activated. Parking at scenes where the ambulance is the first emergency vehicle to attend: Incidents confined to the Hard Shoulder: o Stop 50 metres before the incident in a straight line. o If there is no physical barrier or obstruction, turn the front wheels towards the nearside (hard shoulder). If there is a barrier, turn the wheels outwards towards the carriageway. o Switch off forward-facing blue lights and flashing headlights, but keep rear- facing blue or red lights on, as well as sidelights and hazard lights. o Keep rear doors close to ensure high visibility. o If possible, stay behind the barrier when walking towards the incident, or as far away from the live carriageway as possible. Incidents on the Main Carriageway: o If you are first on scene, you may need to place your vehicle in a fend-off, fend-in or in-line position. Refer to your local ambulance service’s procedures. o These positions involve using the vehicle to block one or more lanes and should be performed with the utmost caution.  In-line vehicle positioning: o With in-line positioning, the vehicle is parallel to the lines of the carriageway. This maximises rear-facing lighting and rear vehicle markings. Fend-in positioning: o The vehicle is angled, pointing front end towards the nearside in the direction traffic should pass. This method fills the lane to be closed and acts as visual reinforcement of the cone taper. Fend-off positioning o The vehicle is angled, pointing front end towards the carriageway in the direction of traffic should pass. This method fills the lane that is going to be closed, and acts as a visual reinforcement of the cone taper. It appears stationary to oncoming traffic. o On multi-lane carriageways, on no account should the incident scene and responders form an island with traffic passing on both sides. General Guidelines: o In all cases stop 50 metres before the incident, turning the wheels in a safe direction to reduce the risk of the vehicle being pushed into the incident. o Stop in a position that allows maximum visibility of rear-warning lights and high-visibility markings. Incident Lane Positioning: Incident in Lane 1: Position in Lane 1 and do not intrude into Lane 2. Incident in Lane 2 (three or more lanes): Position in Lanes 1 and 2, normally at a fend off/in angle. Do not intrude into Lane 3.  Incident in Lane 3: Position in Lane 3 but do not intrude into Lane 2. Incident in Lane 2 and 3: Position in Lane 2 and 3 and do not intrude into Lane 1. Leaving the Scene o Rejoining moving traffic when leaving the incident scene is also extremely hazardous. Other road users may be distracted by ‘rubbernecking’ to notice you are moving. o If there is a clear path in front of you, proceed in a straight line in the lane you are in or hard shoulder. Change lanes when you have built up enough speed to match traffic conditions. o Rear blue lights should remain activated until you have re-joined the normal traffic flow. You can then turn them off if you are not conveying under emergency conditions. Other Urban and Rural Roads o Emergency crews should be aware of the risks driving in residential areas. o Be aware of ‘red mist’ affecting your decision-making. Stopping and Parking at the Scene: o Crew and vehicle safety is paramount. Parking should allow safe egress for staff, minimising danger caused by passing vehicles. o Consideration into the likelihood of patient loading, which would require sufficient space for tail-lifts or ramps. Be aware that parking on the kerb may impede their use. o The use of warning lights should be appropriate to the density of hazards present or potentially present. In residential areas, hazard warning lights alone may be sufficient, whereas other rural or urban areas may require full use of emergency lighting. o When parking at night, ensure the sidelights are illuminated, particularly when facing oncoming traffic. o Solo responders need to consider the most appropriate parking positions carefully, particularly in residential areas. Parking directly outside a private dwelling may inconvenience any following back-up vehicles when they need to load a patient. Considerations: o Initial mobile reconnaissance or dynamic risk assessment. Which parking option offers maximum protection? Is there a safer alternative? Review regularly. o PPE must always be worn prior to exiting the vehicle. o Unseen or unheard vehicle activity may be hidden in blind spots when exiting the vehicle. o Can warning equipment provide greater protection? o The activation of rear red flashing lights is very effective due to their primary colour attraction. However, this can be distracting in mist or fog. Be vigilant about the potential for developing hazards. Situation Reports o If you are the first emergency responder on scene, you should provide control with a situation report (SITREP) as soon as possible. o Include exact location, direction of travel, the number and types of vehicles involved, the number of casualties, and whether further assistance is required. o Use the nearest marker post to confirm your location within 100m. o A driver location sign will give your position on motorways and some A roads. The top row shows which road you are on, the letter on the second line (A or B) gives the direction of travel and the bottom line tells you how far you are from a given location.  Police Escorts Occasionally circumstances may dictate ambulances require a police escort on its journey. This request must be approved by ambulance control. This may be required to ensure the journey is slow, uninterrupted and smooth. The following procedure for escorts given by police vehicles is: o One motorcycle is positioned at the front of the ambulance to maintain a safe and constant speed. o Another motorcycle is positioned at the offside of the ambulance, visible in the wing mirror. o The final motorcycle is positioned to block off traffic at the next major hazard, such as a junction or roundabout. o As the ambulance goes through the hazard, the bike controlling the hazard takes up a position on the offside of the ambulance. The bike that was previously in the position moves up to control the next hazard. Daily Vehicle Inspections Prior to the use of any vehicle for ambulance purposes, comprehensive checks must be completed to ensure vehicles: o Are safe for intended use. o Are roadworthy. o Comply with all road traffic laws. o Satisfy all health and safety regulations. o Set a good example to other road users. The vehicle daily inspection (VDI) is to be conducted at the start of every shift or when there is a switch to a different vehicle during a shift. Any defect found must be reported in compliance with the service’s policy so defects can be rectified. A vehicle that does not comply with road traffic laws should not be used.  Items to be checked during Daily Inspection: 1. Examination of exterior. 2. Wheels and tyres. 3. Under bonnet checks. 4. Lights and reflectors. 5. All glass, wipers and washers. 6. All audible warning equipment and exhaust. 7. Ambulance-specific equipment / supplies. Safety Notes o The person checking the lights should stand safely to one side in case the vehicle unintentionally moves. o The person checking under the bonnet should hold the keys to ensure the engine cannot be started. o Skin contact should be avoided with hydraulic fluids and oils as these can be carcinogenic and corrosive. DTAG Pre-Driving Check: o The completion of a Pre-driving Check (PDC) will ensure that you are familiar with the location and means of operating all the vehicle controls. It will also help to reduce driver fatigue and enhance vehicle safety. o A PDC should be completed when you first enter a vehicle. Once driven, it does not need to be repeated unless another person has driven it. A new driver only needs to confirm points 1, 4 and 7. 1. Check the handbrake is applied and check the gear lever. 2. Adjust the position of the driver’s seat and steering wheel. 3. Adjust all the driving mirrors. 4. Perform the starting procedures. 5. Carry out static brake tests. 6. Check the auxiliary controls. 7. Check the seatbelts and doors. 8. Carry out the moving brake test. Road Craft Pre-Driving Checklist o Is it front, rear or four-wheel drive? o What is the fuel type? o What is the gearbox type? o What safety features does it have? (ABS, electronic stability, traction control, adaptive suspension systems). o Parking brake operation. o Position of controls and auxiliaries. o Window glass – mirrors and lenses are clean. o Security of carried items – rear seat / boot space. o Fire extinguisher is present and in date. o First aid kit is present. Road Craft POWDER Checklist o Petrol – ensure you have sufficient fuel or electric charge for your journey. o Oil – check oil level and secure oil filler cap and dipstick. o Water – check radiator water level including coolant / anti-freeze, washer. o Damage – visual examination of the exterior, for insecure items or damage. o Electrics – verify electrical systems (lights, audible systems, wipers). o Rubber – wheel nuts secured to correct torque. Correct tyre tread depth and tyres free from cuts, bulges, tears and incorrect pressure.  Road Craft Inside Vehicle Checklist Switch on the ignition. Note the warning lights. Start the engine. o After systems become operational, check your instruments. o If any checks could not be completed before ignition, complete them now. o Carry out a static brake check. o Adjust the steering wheel, seat and head restraint. o Adjust the mirrors (inside and out). o Do a visual inspection of all gauges and warning lights. o Check the seatbelt isn’t frayed, twisted, locks when tugged, fastens and releases freely. o As soon as possible after moving off and in a safe place, carry out a moving brake test. o Check gauges and warning lights at intervals during subsequent journeys, taking action if necessary. Testing the Brakes Stationary Test Check the brake pedal moves freely and gives firm positive pressure that can be maintained for 3-4 seconds. In some newer cars, the engine wont start without a foot on the brake. Physically check the parking brake secures the vehicles. Moving Test The purpose of the moving test is to: o Check the vehicle pulls up in a straight line under progressive braking. o Learn how much to press the brake pedal in the particular vehicle. o Identify any unexpected problems.  Check the brakes at 30mph using a non-retarding gear (3rd or 4th). Test the foot brake as soon as possible after moving off. Always consider the safety and convenience of other road users before doing a moving test: o Check the road is clear behind you. o Declutch to avoid engine braking interfering. o Gripping the wheel lightly, brake gradually and progressively, not harshly. o Feel for anything unusual (e.g. a tendency to pull to one side, any vibration or pulsing through the brake pedal) and listen to anything unusual (e.g. noise from the brakes could mean they are binding). o Release the pedal before you reach a standstill to check the brakes release fully and aren’t binding. HWC Rule 89 You must insure your vehicle and trailer comply with the full requirements of the Road Vehicles (Constructions and Use) Regulations and Road Vehicles Lighting Regulations. Road Vehicle Lighting Regulations 1989 General Rules All lights, lamps and reflectors must be clean and in full working order. The only exemptions to this are when: o The light, lamp or reflector has stopped working on your current journey. o Arrangements have been made to remedy the defect. o You are towing a trailer with working lights. Blue Warning Beacons The Road Vehicle Lighting Regulations 1989 states ‘No vehicle other than an emergency vehicle shall be fitted with a blue warning beacon or special warning lamp or a light that resembles this’.  As a driver of an emergency vehicle, you must be able to justify the use of emergency warning equipment. You may use blue flashing lights when: o You are responding to an incident. o You are at a scene of an incident to warn of your presence. o To warn others of your approach or presence on the road. o To let people know that there is a hazard on the road. o To facilitate the medical treatment of a patient with urgent need. Changes in 2005 o Emergency vehicles are no longer required to have motors, thereby permitting vehicles such as bicycles and electric vehicles to use blue flashing lights. Retro-reflective materials o Road Vehicles Lighting Regulations 1989 and the Deregulation Act 2015. o Statutory ambulance services are permitted to use red, yellow or orange reflectors to the rear. HWC Vehicle Maintenance Safety and Security Take special care that lights, brakes, steering, exhaust system, seat belts, demisters, wipers, washers and any audible warning systems are all working. Also: o Lights, indicators, reflectors and number plates must be kept clean and clear. o Windscreens and windows must be kept clean and free of obstructions. o Lights must be properly adjusted to prevent dazzling other road users. o Extra attention needs to be paid to this if the vehicle is heavily loaded. o Exhaust emissions must not exceed prescribed levels. o Ensure your seat, seat belt, head restraint and mirrors are adjusted correctly before you drive. o Ensure all luggage items are securely. o Make sure you understand the meaning of all warning displays. o You must not use a vehicle with excessively dark tinting to the windscreen or to the windows either side of the driver. Window tinting must comply with the Visual Light Transmittance (VLT) standards. There are no VLT limits to rear windscreens or passenger windows. HWC Rule 97 Before setting off, you must ensure that: o You have a valid license and insurance for the vehicle you intend to drive. o Your vehicle is legal and roadworthy. You should ensure that: o You have planned your route and allowed sufficient time for breaks and potential delays. o You have sufficient fuel or charge for your journey. o You know where all the controls are and how to use them. o Clothing and footwear do not prevent you from using controls in the correct manner. o Your mirrors and seat are adjusted properly to ensure comfort, full control and maximum vision. o Head restraints are properly adjusted to reduce the risk of neck and spine injuries in the event of a collision. o You have a mobile telephone containing emergency contacts (e.g. breakdown assistance) and high visibility clothing. Road Craft - The System of Car Control Driver error is a feature of nearly all collisions on the road. The system of car control aims to prevent collisions by providing a systematic approach to hazards. It is a decision-making process that enables you to effectively assess and act on information that is continuously changing as you drive. Using the system gives you more time to react, which is vital in complex and demanding driving situations. If you use the system consistently with the information-processing observation and anticipation skills, it will help you anticipate dangers caused by other road users and avoid collisions. Your progress will be steady and unobtrusive. Things to Consider Human factors and the purpose of the journey. Consider personal factors and attitudes and the goals of the journey that might influence your driving behaviour. Are you aware of your own driving abilities and limitations? The traffic situation. Scan the environment, recognise, anticipate and prioritise hazards, and form an achievable driving plan. What are the prevailing road and weather conditions? How are other road users likely to behave? Vehicle control. Translate intentions and thoughts into physical action. Manoeuvre your vehicle accurately and smoothly. Are you familiar with the capabilities of your vehicle? What is the System of Car Control? The system of car control increases your safety in a constantly changing driving environment by giving you time to react to hazards. A hazard is anything that is an actual or potential danger. The System of Car Control is a method of approaching and negotiating hazards that is methodical, safe and leaves nothing to chance. It involves careful observation, early anticipation and planning, and the systematic use of controls to maintain vehicle stability in all situations.  Driving hazards fluctuate, they come singly and in clusters, they overlap and change all the time. This system takes account of this continual flux as: o It has a centrally flexible element: you, the driver. o It draws together all levels of driving competence into a logical sequence of actions to help you deal with hazards and respond to new ones safely and efficiently. How the System works: The System of Car Control consists of processing information and four phases: position, speed, gear and acceleration. Each phase develops out of the one before. As road conditions change, you’ll need to process new information and this means re-entering the system at an appropriate point, then continuing through it in sequence. If a new hazard arises, re-apply the system and consider all phases in sequence. Information Processing information introduces the system and continues throughout. T.U.G (take, use and give information). Take and Use information to plan your driving. Give information whenever other road users could benefit from it. Take Information o Look all around you. Scan to the front and sides, including blind spots. Use your mirrors at appropriate points in the system. o Obtain information through your other senses. Sounds such as horns or sirens can alert you of other road users. Smells such as diesel or bonfire can alert you to hazards such as spills or smoke.  Use Information o Use information to plan how you will deal with hazards identified. o Use the system to decide on your next action. If new hazards arise, consider whether to rerun the system from an earlier phase. Give Information o Give a signal if it could help other road users, including pedestrians and cyclists. o Use indicators, the horn or flash your lights. o For maximum benefit, give your warning signal in good time. o You may also need to signal to override lane-changing technology. o Be aware that your positioning gives valuable information to other road users. Position o Position yourself so that you can negotiate hazards safely and smoothly. o Consider the size of your vehicle and other road users including pedestrians, cyclists and children. Speed o Adjust your speed as necessary. Use the accelerator or brake to give you the correct speed to complete the manoeuvre safely. Make good use of acceleration sense. o Use your anticipation skills so that you make all adjustments in speed smoothly and steadily.  Gear o Once you have the correct speed for your circumstances, engage the appropriate gear for that speed. Acceleration o Apply the correct degree of acceleration to negotiate and leave the hazard safely. o Considering your speed and other road users, and the road and road traffic conditions ahead, choose an appropriate point to accelerate safely and smoothly away from the hazard. o Adjust acceleration to the circumstances. Types of Hazards A hazard is anything that is an actual or potential danger. There are 3 types of hazard: 1. Physical features (e.g. junctions, bends, road surface) 2. Position or Movement of other Road Users (e.g. drivers, cyclists, pedestrians). 3. Weather Conditions (e.g. icy roads, poor visibility). Observation is a key component of anticipation. Careful observation allows you to spot hazards and give yourself extra time to think, anticipate and react. You can then deal with hazards before they develop into dangerous situations. Planning Safer driving depends on systematically using the information you gather from observation to plan your driving actions: o Anticipate hazards. o Prioritise. o Decide what to do. The purpose of planning is to put you: o In the correct position o At the correct speed o With the correct gear engaged o At the correct time As soon as conditions change, a new driving plan is required. Effective planning is a continual process of forming and re-forming plans. Prioritise Hazards When there are multiple hazards, deal with them in order of importance. The level of danger associated with particular hazards varies with: o The hazard itself. o How close it is to you. o Road layout. o Whether the hazard is stationary or moving. o How fast you are approaching it. The greater the danger, the higher the priority. Decide what to do The purpose of your plan is to decide on and adopt a course of action that ensures the safety of yourself and other road users at all times, taking account of: o What you can see o What you can’t see o What you might reasonably expect to happen o Which hazards present the greatest risk o What to do if things turn out differently from expected.  Forward Planning Beyond the Next Hazard o Managing hazards is an ongoing process, not just dealing with the immediate one. o Look beyond the next hazard to anticipate others. o Avoid focusing on a single hazard in isolation, consider how it affects those beyond it. o Adjust speeds for hazards further ahead, especially when overtaking or navigating bends. o Continuously reassess and readjust your driving plan as new hazards emerge. o Treat multiple hazards as one complex situation to drive safely and make progress. o Observe the road from far ahead back to your position, using all available information to plan effectively. Approaching hazards when view is restricted Use every opportunity to gain more information about the road ahead: o Open spaces and breaks in hedges, fences and walls on approach to a blind junction. o A curving row of trees or lamp posts. o Reflections in shop windows. o The angle of approaching headlights. o The shadow of an approaching vehicle. Choice of Speed − Speed affects your perception and judgment, which impacts your ability to anticipate hazards. − Adjust your speed to how well you can see, the complexity of the situation and the distance it will take you to stop. − Always drive so you can stop safely within the distance you can see to be clear on your own side of the road. − The statutory maximum speed limit is not the same as a safe speed. Your safety and that of other road users depends on your ability to accurately assess what is a safe speed. This depends on: o Your driving capability. o Your awareness of human factors, including tiredness, stress and peer- pressure. o Your vehicle’s capabilities. o The road and weather conditions. Underestimating Speed It is easy to underestimate speed when you’re driving. This is because your perception of speed depends on several factors: o The difference in detail perceived by your forward and side vision. o Engine, road and wind noise. o The evenness of the ride. o Your idea of a ‘normal speed’. o The road – its width and whether it is enclosed or open. o Your height off the ground. Your speed perception can be distorted in many situations: o When you exit a motorway or other fast road onto a road where speed is below 30 or 40mph, you’ll feel as if you’re travelling much more slowly than you really are. Allow time for normal speed perception to return. o Low visibility can distort your perception of speed (for example in fog, sleet, heavy rain and darkness), so you’ll find yourself driving faster than you realise. o If you drive a vehicle that is smoother, quieter or more powerful than your usual vehicle, you may not realise how fast you’re travelling because you use road noise, engine noise and vibration, as well as sight and balance to assess your speed. o On wide open roads, speeds will seem slower than on narrow roads. Keep your distance o The closer you are to a vehicle in front, the less you’ll be able to see beyond it, especially if it’s a van or lorry. o In slow-moving traffic, drop back slightly so you can see what is happening 2-3 vehicles in front. o Motorways and fast-moving roads require increased view. Your view depends on the curvature and gradient of the carriageway, the lane you’re in, the size and position of the other vehicles, and the height of your own vehicle. o Do not sit in the blind spot of other vehicles. o Always check no one is sitting in your blind spot before changing lanes. o Ensure you know where the offside and nearside blind spots of any vehicles you drive. DTAG General Rules on Reversing and Manoeuvring Only turn the steering wheel while the vehicle is moving, thereby avoiding damage to the tyres, steering linkage and any power-assisted steering mechanisms. Utilise slow vehicle speed in conjunction with rapid hand movements on the wheel when manoeuvring in confined areas. Speed should be no faster than a walking pace.  Turn the steering wheel in the direction of the next vehicle movement just before ending the previous movement. Keep the vehicle moving slowly, controlling speed by engaging or disengaging the clutch or, in the case of automatic transmission, using the footbrake to control the speed. Carefully observe the front of the vehicle as it swings out to the left or right while carrying out reversing turns. Avoid over-revving the engine, remembering that engine tick over may be sufficient on level ground. The Importance of Teamwork Very few, if any, reversing collisions occur when a banksman is assisting the driver from the correct position outside the vehicle. The vantage point should always be at the near rear side (unless unsafe or impractical) as this point is furthest away from the driver. The banksman should stand 1 meter back from the rear of the vehicle. With the driver in the driver’s seat and the banksman at the near rear side, shared responsibilities are as follows: The Driver is responsible for: o Making sure the that the banksman can be clearly seen in the nearside mirror before commencing the procedure. o Controlling the speed of the vehicle. o Bringing the vehicle to an immediate halt if the banksman disappears from view. o Ensuring that safety is maintained at the front and offside of the vehicle. o Ensuring any audible warning devices are utilised. o Ensuring that the front nearside window is down to allow hearing instructions.  The Banksman is responsible for: o Taking up a position at the rear nearside of the vehicle, in a position where they can be seen in the driver’s nearside mirror. o Ensuring that their signals remain visible in the nearside mirror by adjusting their position as the vehicle moves. o Ensuring safety at the rear and nearside of the vehicle, as well as roof clearance. o Ensuring audible warning devices are operating correctly. o Ensuring they use the appropriate signals and verbal instructions if required. o Maintaining concentration on the task. o Wearing suitable PPE that is clearly visible by the driver. Limitations of technology Drivers should not rely solely on technology of reversing sensors or rearward facing cameras as they often provide a distorted view or inaccurate feedback. These devices should only be regarded as an aid to the driver. Banksman Arm Signals Arm to the right – banksman wants the driver to reverse to the right. Arm to the left – banksman wants the driver to reverse to the left. Beckoning – banksman wants the driver to reverse in a straight line. Palm raised – banksman wants the driver to stop. Enclosing palms – banksman is depicting the visual gap remaining.  Road Craft – Reversing in a Confined Space Before you reverse: o Ensure your mirrors are clean and correctly adjusted. o Scan the area for suitability for any hazards or obstructions. o Make sure there is sufficient space for your vehicle. If you are unsure, get out and check. o Plan to execute the manoeuvre where the space and is greatest and visibility is at its best. Ensure you have an unobstructed view. o If you can, ask someone to guide you. o Wind down your side windows to increase awareness and aid communication with your banksman. o Check your mirrors. o Check your blind spots. o Make sure the manoeuvre is legal. While you’re reversing o Use all your mirrors and parking aids to help you while reversing but look all round, including to the front. Don’t rely on mirrors or reversing sensors alone. o Use a banksman if possible. o Always travel no faster than a slow walking speed, and ease the clutch if necessary. o Continue to look around for hazards throughout the whole manoeuvre. o Be aware that the front of your vehicle will swing out when you turn and could strike nearby objects. Remember to look forward and scan all around. o Stop immediately if you are uncertain of hazards around your vehicle, especially pedestrians. If necessary, get out of the vehicle to check behind. o If your reversing light fails, use your indicator or brake lights to light the area behind you when its dark. Be careful not to mislead other road users. Why is it better to reverse park? Unless your arrival is urgent, its best to reverse into end-on spaces because: o The vehicle is more manoeuvrable in reverse mode. o It is safer to drive out forwards than reverse backwards. o The vehicle will be available for its next use immediately. o Its slightly more fuel efficient to drive out forwards than reverse out. Active Safety Aids DTAG - Brake Systems Road Craft - Brake Systems Emergency Brake Assist (EBA) o EBA is designed to operate during emergency braking situations. o When the brake pedal is depressed quickly, the EBA automatically increases brake pressure, reducing the stopping distance. o The system interprets braking behaviour by assessing the rate at which the brake pedal is activated and initiates full braking. o If the EBA malfunctions or fails, the vehicle will still have its full brake effect but the stopping distance may increase. Antilock Brake System (ABS) − When the ABS is activated, this enables you to steer and brake without the wheels locking during harsh braking. A pulsating of a brake pedal will be experienced. − ABS is designed to be the technical equivalent of ‘cadence braking’. − The ABS light may illuminate for a short period of time to warn you that the system has been triggered. If the light stays illuminated, there is a fault with the system and the vehicle needs checking by a mechanic. o ABS allows you to steer the vehicle under full braking power, because it prevents the wheels from locking up. o Once you activate ABS, you must maintain maximum pressure on the brake pedal throughout. Electronic Stability Control o The Electronic Stability Control (ESC) is an evolution of traction control and works in a similar way to ASR. o It is able to predict when the vehicle may oversteer or understeer, which could result in vehicle skidding. o It works by recovering vehicle stability by braking individual wheels and reducing power output from the engine. o The system is valuable when driving on wet or slippery road surfaces where tyre grip is reduced. o A warning light may flash when the system is active. o This cannot remove the risk of a collision if the speed is excessive or inappropriate to the road conditions. o It is crucial that you steer in the direction that you want to go. Road Craft – Controlling Vehicle Stability A vehicle’s stability is reduced when you brake, accelerate or steer because these actions produce forces that alter a vehicle’s weight distribution and balance, thus reducing tyre grip. A vehicle may skid when one or more tyres loses normal grip on the road.  Retarder Systems Retarder systems can help reduce overall stopping distances, providing tyre adhesion is maintained. The system slows the vehicle via the rear axle and, when braking, this contributes to keeping the vehicle level, eliminating most front-end dipping. This provides a considerable improvement in stability when braking, both in a straight line and when cornering, with reduced roll of the vehicle and a greater sense of confidence in overall handling. Traction Control Systems Acceleration skid control or anti-slip regulator Skid control or anti-slip mechanisms are a form of traction control. Acceleration skid control (ASC), also known as anti-slip regulator (ASR) transfers the power from the tyres to the road surface for a set period. This results in improved stability of the vehicle. ASR also assists when moving off and accelerating, especially on smooth and slippery surfaces. ASR works by applying the brake effect to individual drive wheels and reducing the engine torque to prevent the drive wheels from spinning. A warning light flashes when ASC/ASR is active. Passive Safety Aids Airbags o Airbags reduce injury during collisions by providing a cushion that absorbs the force of impact o They work in conjunction with seatbelts to significantly decrease the likelihood of serious injury. o Front airbags are standard. Side-impact, knee and curtain airbags offer extra protection in specific scenarios (e.g. side collisions and rollovers). o Modern ambulances are equipped with airbags for both the driver and front passenger. o Airbags protect the driver and front-seat crew, but personnel in the back may not directly benefit. Seatbelts o Seatbelts are the most critical passive safety aid. They restrain occupants and prevent them from being thrown forward or ejected in collisions. o Modern seatbelts have pre-tensioners (tighten during impact) and load limiters (reduce force on the body). o Emphasises that seatbelts are mandatory, even with advanced safety systems such as airbags. o It is crucial for all personnel to wear seatbelts. o Frequent acceleration, braking and cornering in emergency driving make seatbelts essential. Crumple Zones o Crumple zones are structural areas designed to deform and absorb energy during a collision, reducing the force transferred to occupants. o Located in the front and rear of the vehicle, crumple zones collapse progressively to protect the passenger cell. o Ambulances are designed with reinforced crumple zones to account for their larger mass and ensure protection in head-on collisions. Head Restraints o Head restrains prevent neck injuries, particularly whiplash, in rear-end collisions. o They must be properly aligned with the back of the head for maximum effectiveness. o Ambulance drivers must ensure their headrest is correctly aligned before driving. o Sudden stops and rapid speed changes increase the risk of whiplash. Factors that Influence Poor Driving Standards o Medical conditions o Stressful situations o Operational pressures o Fatigue o Traffic situations o Driving at night time o Driving in difficult weather conditions Stress Coping Strategies Emotion-Focused Coping Self-criticism from the driver, which may impair driving performance through distraction and self-focus. Confrontive Coping Mastery of the driving challenge through self-assertion or conflict, which is a dangerous coping strategy. Task-Focussed Coping Active attempts to change the external environment via a behavioural response, for example reducing speed when driving conditions are dangerous, which is an effective coping strategy for driver stress. Avoidance Coping Ignoring the stressor, often through self-distraction and diverting attention away from driving, which can impair performance.  Reappraisal Coping Dealing with driver stress by reappraising one’s emotional and cognitive reactions, which tends to have a more positive impact on driving behaviour. Relieving Stress o Using all mental capacity available. o Using strategies that have been learned in advance. o Maintaining a high level of general health. o Learning to relax. o Approaching driving in a calm, confident manner. o Using pre-learned skills. o Trying to share difficult decision-making as a team. o Keeping problems separate from operational driving. o Not allowing previous incidents to impair judgement. o Putting minor errors to one side. o Learning to recognise stress and adjust. Most Common Causes of Collisions Driver Error or Reaction This is a factor in nearly 3 out of 4 collisions. The commonest errors are: failure to look properly, failure to judge the other person’s path or speed, loss of control. Action Based on Poor Judgement This contributes to around 1 in 6 collisions. The main factors are: Travelling too fast for the conditions. Exceeding the speed limit. Following too close. Sudden braking.  Being Careless, Reckless or in a Hurry This contributes to over 1 in 6 collisions. Develop awareness of your personal vulnerability Four Levels of the Driving Task The four levels set out in the European Goal for Driver Education (GDE) are: 1. Human factors that affect your driving. 2. The purpose and context of your journey. 3. Traffic situations. 4. Vehicle and vehicle control. Human Factors Your personal characteristics can increase or reduce your chances of a collision compared to other drivers. Your attitude to your own vulnerability and to other road users, your emotions, mood, and levels of tiredness and stress all affect your driving behaviour. Learn to recognise personal tendencies that increase your risk and find ways to manage them. Risks include risk-taking or impulsive personality, operational stress, competitiveness, overconfidence, justifying risk-taking for a noble cause or distractions caused by external stressors. The Journey Each journey you make has a purpose and involves decisions and judgements: what preparation is needed, which route is best, what distractions there are and how to minimise them. The ability to deal with operational distractions is vital for emergency service drivers. Assess the risks of the journey and your own fitness to drive.  Risks include an unfamiliar route, time pressure, peer pressure, distractions due to multi-tasking, red-mist or fatigue. The Traffic Training will increase your hazard perception skills and your ability to negotiate your way safely through traffic. Situational awareness is essential for all drivers. Allow your senses to provide you with information and build up an accurate picture of your environment. Risks include loss of concentration, failure to look properly and weather conditions. The Vehicle Understand the limitations of your vehicle. Familiarise yourself with the vehicle. Check your vehicle is fit to drive. Unfamiliar vehicles increase your risk. Human Risk Factors for Emergency Services Drivers Distraction due to multi-tasking and in-vehicle technology. Driving stress. Operational stressors. Time pressure and the purpose of the journey. Noble-cause risk taking. Red mist. Distraction due to multi-tasking - Demands on your attention from the radio, in-vehicle technology such as sat-navs, operational tasks and passengers can be intrusive. - Vulnerability increases if you fail to focus on the primary task of driving safely. - Minor distractions can severely impair your ability to anticipate hazards. - Where possible, ask a passenger to operate in-vehicle technology. In some cases, you may need to override technologies such as lane-assist systems to avoid distraction. Driving Stress - Emergency service drivers are vulnerable to stress as they regularly deal with difficult and hazardous situations. - During a demanding or difficult drive where brain processing is already stretched to the limit, operational stressors can overload the system and impair decisions and judgement. - Training aims to improve your information-processing and problem-solving capacity. This gives more time to think and complete the driving task efficiently, which reduces the effects of driver stress. - Deeper stresses such as those in your personal life may also impair driving ability. Operational Stresses Emergency service drivers are also subject to several types of operational stress: - Anticipatory stress of facing a difficult or demanding task (e.g. anxiety about what you’ll encounter at an incident). - The adrenaline-rush arising from a sudden event such as an emergency callout. This can impair alertness and concentration. - Stress related aspects of the task. Difficult traffic or weather conditions, navigation problems, lack of advanced knowledge about an incident, time pressure and the length of time exposed to a risk. - The stress of being exposed to hazards. - Stress arising from repeated exposure to distressing incidents in the past. Aspects of the current situation may prompt recall of distressing memories, which may impair judgement and decision-making. - Preoccupation with a previous error. - Stress from other work factors (working long shifts or night shifts, peer- pressure or difficult working relationships). Stress can cause the release of powerful negative feelings: - Impatience – a desire to get to the incident quickly. - Intolerance – a belief that the importance of the task automatically gives the emergency driver priority over other road users. - Impulsiveness – rushing decisions because time is short. - Anger or frustration – for example at other road users impeding you. - Personalisation – getting into personal conflict with another road user. Practical Steps to Combat Stress: Adjust the seat and steering wheel so you are not physically tense. Use techniques learnt in training and practice them continually. Well- learned techniques are less likely to break down in stressful situations. Maintain a calm and professional approach to driving. Learn techniques to help you focus on your driving and switch off other problems while driving. Don’t dwell on previous stressful experiences or errors of judgement. Time Pressure and the Purpose of your Journey - A sense of urgency doesn’t give the right to take risks. - No emergency is so great that it justifies the possibility of injuring or killing someone. It is better to arrive late than not at all. Noble-Cause Risk Taking - Never justify risk taking by telling yourself it is for a noble cause. - If you are tempted to take risks in an emergency, stop. Think about the consequences for yourself and others if you crash and fail to arrive. Red Mist - Red mist means your attention is not on driving but on some specific goal (e.g. catching the vehicle in front, or getting to an incident in the shortest time possible). - This can lead to blindness to hazards and impair the ability to recognise and react to hazards. - Do not get into a personality conflict with another driver. - Be dispassionate and concentrate on your driving (use neutral and non- aggressive language to describe other road-users). - Don’t try to imagine what you’ll find at an incident. - Concentrate on driving (talking yourself through identified hazards can help you focus and control negative emotions). Human Factors that Affect Observation and Anticipation Alertness - Alertness determines the amount of information your brain can process. - A low level of stimulation makes it easy to lose concentration, so active steps are needed to stay alert, especially on long journeys, motorways or rural roads.  Tiredness - Alertness is reduced when you drive at times you would normally be asleep. - Your reactions tend to be slightly slower in the morning than the early evening. - There is a dip in alertness after the midday meal. - The greatest risk of tiredness-related collisions is between 11pm and 6am. - The risk of tiredness increases with irregular shift patterns, disturbed sleep patterns, the total time spent at work, driving for prolonged times in monotonous conditions such as low-density traffic, fog, at night or on a motorway, driving for longer than 4 hours. - 1 in 4 fatal accidents are caused by drivers that have fallen asleep at the wheel. 1 in 5 accidents on major roads are caused by tiredness. Are you fit to drive? I AM SAFE Checklist o Illness – do I have an illness or symptoms that might affect my ability to drive? o Attitude – how do I feel about this journey? Am I fully focused on the driving task? What human factors do I need to take account of? o Medication – am I taking any medication that might impair my driving performance? o Sleep – am I suffering from a lack of sleep or fatigue? o Alcohol – have I had a drink and am I still affected by alcohol? o Food – am I hungry or thirsty? Could low blood sugar or dehydration affect my judgement? o Emotion – am I angry, depressed or stressed? Could this lead me to take risks?  DTAG – Confrontational Behaviour - For every action, there is a reaction. If you react to a driving situation unfavourably, it could have disastrous consequences for yourself and others. - Situations can arise when vehicles slow or become stationary because they have seen or heard an approaching emergency vehicle and reacted accordingly. - A driver of a nearby vehicle that pulls out suddenly to overtake the slowing or stationary traffic because they have failed to notice the emergency vehicle will have an initial belligerent reaction towards drivers of those vehicles. - You can diffuse the situation by proceeding safely through without any further reactions to the situation.