CEPC0502 Advanced Construction Methods & Equipment PDF

ADVANCED CONSTRUCTION METHODS AND EQUIPMENT (CEPC0502) Course Overview This course deals with the principles of construction methods and equipment, management and their applications. It covers analytical techniques for project estimates, planning, and scheduling. It also includes concepts on...

ADVANCED CONSTRUCTION METHODS AND EQUIPMENT (CEPC0502) Course Overview This course deals with the principles of construction methods and equipment, management and their applications. It covers analytical techniques for project estimates, planning, and scheduling. It also includes concepts on safety, information systems and computer applications and software. Table of Contents 4.0 LIFTING AND HOISTING EQUIPMENT......................................................................... 3 4.1 Cranes and Their Classifications......................................................................................... 3 4.1.1 Types of cranes (e.g., tower cranes, mobile cranes)............................................................... 3 4.1.1.1 By Type of Movement:........................................................................................................................ 3 4.1.1.2 By Boom Configuration:...................................................................................................................... 5 4.1.1.3 By Power Source:.................................................................................................................................. 5 4.1.1.4 By Application:...................................................................................................................................... 6 4.1.1.5 Importance of Understanding Crane Classifications:.................................................................... 6 4.1.2 Operational principles and classifications.............................................................................. 6 4.1.2.1 Lever Principle:..................................................................................................................................... 7 4.1.2.2 Counterweight:...................................................................................................................................... 7 4.1.2.3 Hoisting Mechanism:........................................................................................................................... 7 4.1.2.4 Boom Mechanics:.................................................................................................................................. 7 4.1.2.5 Rotation and Movement:..................................................................................................................... 7 4.1.3 Key components and features.................................................................................................... 8 4.1.3.1 Boom or Mast:........................................................................................................................................ 8 4.1.3.2 Jib:............................................................................................................................................................ 8 4.1.3.3 Counterweights:.................................................................................................................................... 8 4.1.3.4 Hoist:....................................................................................................................................................... 9 4.1.3.5 Trolley:.................................................................................................................................................... 9 4.1.3.6 Rotation Mechanism:........................................................................................................................... 9 4.1.3.7 Outriggers:............................................................................................................................................. 9 4.1.3.8 Cab:........................................................................................................................................................ 10 4.1.3.9 Base or Chassis:................................................................................................................................... 10 4.1.3.10 Electrical and Hydraulic Systems:................................................................................................. 10 4.2 Safety Protocols for Lifting Equipment........................................................................... 10 4.2.1 Safety regulations and standards............................................................................................ 11 4.2.1.1 Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Standards (U.S.):.......................... 11 CEPC0502 ADVANCED CONSTRUCTION METHODS & EQUIPMENT 04 Lifting and Hoisting Equipment | Page 1 of 21  4.2.1.2 American National Standards Institute (ANSI):.......................................................................... 12 4.2.1.3 European Standards (EN):................................................................................................................. 12 4.2.1.4 International Organization for Standardization (ISO):.............................................................. 13 4.2.1.5 Health and Safety Executive (HSE) - UK:...................................................................................... 13 4.2.1.6 Canadian Standards Association (CSA):........................................................................................ 13 4.2.1.7 Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE) - Occupational Safety and Health Standards (OSHS):......................................................................................................................................... 14 4.2.1.8 Bureau of Working Conditions (BWC):......................................................................................... 14 4.2.1.9 Philippine National Standards (PNS):........................................................................................... 14 4.2.1.10 Philippine Electrical Code (PEC):.................................................................................................. 14 4.2.1.11 Safety Guidelines for Lifting Operations:................................................................................... 15 4.2.1.12 Local Government Units (LGUs):.................................................................................................. 15 4.2.1.13 Compliance with International Standards:................................................................................. 15 4.2.2 Common hazards and prevention measures......................................................................... 15 4.2.2.1 Overloading:........................................................................................................................................ 16 4.2.2.2 Equipment Malfunction:................................................................................................................... 16 4.2.2.3 Poor Visibility:.................................................................................................................................... 16 4.2.2.4 Improper Use of Equipment:............................................................................................................ 17 4.2.2.5 Weather Conditions:........................................................................................................................... 17 4.2.2.6 Load Shifting:...................................................................................................................................... 17 4.2.2.7 Human Error:....................................................................................................................................... 18 4.2.2.8 Electrical Hazards:.............................................................................................................................. 18 4.2.2.9 Structural Instability:......................................................................................................................... 18 4.2.2.10 Rigging Failures:............................................................................................................................... 19 References:................................................................................................................................... 20 Assessment:................................................................................................................................. 21 CEPC0502 ADVANCED CONSTRUCTION METHODS & EQUIPMENT 04 Lifting and Hoisting Equipment | Page 2 of 21  4.0 LIFTING AND HOISTING EQUIPMENT Lifting and hoisting equipment play a critical role in construction and industrial operations, facilitating the movement of heavy materials, tools, and components to various elevations and positions on a job site. This equipment is essential for enhancing efficiency, safety, and productivity in lifting operations. 4.1 Cranes and Their Classifications Cranes are essential pieces of equipment in construction, manufacturing, and industrial operations, designed to lift, lower, and move heavy loads. Understanding the different types and classifications of cranes helps in selecting the appropriate crane for specific tasks, optimizing operations, and ensuring safety on the job site. 4.1.1 Types of cranes (e.g., tower cranes, mobile cranes) 4.1.1.1 By Type of Movement: Fixed Cranes: o Tower Cranes: These are commonly used in high-rise construction projects. They have a vertical mast and a horizontal jib that extends outward to lift and move materials. Tower cranes provide excellent height and reach but are fixed to one location. o Overhead Cranes (Bridge Cranes): These cranes operate on parallel rails or tracks above the work area. They are often used in factories and warehouses for lifting and transporting loads across the entire width of the building. CEPC0502 ADVANCED CONSTRUCTION METHODS & EQUIPMENT 04 Lifting and Hoisting Equipment | Page 3 of 21  Figure 1 Tower crane (left) and overhead crane (right) (photo from https://images.pexels.com/photos/2036686/pexels-photo-2036686.jpeg?cs=srgb&dl=photo-of-tower-crane- 2036686.jpg&fm=jpg and https://live.staticflickr.com/6114/6383642743_4a82bd095e.jpg) Mobile Cranes: o All-Terrain Cranes: These cranes are designed for mobility on various surfaces, including rough terrain. They have a robust undercarriage and can travel to different locations on the construction site. o Truck-Mounted Cranes: Mounted on trucks, these cranes combine mobility with lifting capabilities. They are suitable for tasks requiring relocation between job sites. o Crawler Cranes: Equipped with tracks instead of wheels, crawler cranes are stable and can move across rough or uneven ground. They are often used for heavy lifting tasks in construction and industrial projects. Figure 2 All-terrain (left), truck-mounted (center) and crawler (right) cranes (photo from https://s0.geograph.org.uk/geophotos/02/25/13/2251364_99804658.jpg, https://live.staticflickr.com/1844/43592129615_5a81acf928_b.jpg, https://live.staticflickr.com/899/42840407611_f26f7be9bc_b.jpg) CEPC0502 ADVANCED CONSTRUCTION METHODS & EQUIPMENT 04 Lifting and Hoisting Equipment | Page 4 of 21 4.1.1.2 By Boom Configuration: Lattice Boom Cranes: These cranes have a lattice structure for the boom, providing strength and stability for heavy lifting. They are often used for large construction projects and are typically seen in tower crane designs. Telescopic Boom Cranes: These cranes have a boom that extends and retracts like a telescope. They offer versatility and can adjust to different heights and reach. Telescopic boom cranes are often used in a variety of construction and maintenance applications. Figure 3 Lattice boom (left) and telescopic boom crane (right) (photo from https://live.staticflickr.com/65535/49887827688_5655eaf7e3_b.jpg, https://img1.daumcdn.net/thumb/R1280x0/?scode=mtistory2&fname=https:%2F%2Fblog.kakaocdn.net%2Fdn%2FR4p NQ%2Fbtr1CLndVnA%2F0nHbk4aNE8MVLybqBBKMF1%2Fimg.jpg) 4.1.1.3 By Power Source: Electric Cranes: These cranes are powered by electricity and are commonly used in indoor environments like warehouses and factories where power sources are readily available. Hydraulic Cranes: These cranes use hydraulic systems to operate the boom and lift loads. They are known for their power and are commonly found in mobile cranes and larger industrial cranes. CEPC0502 ADVANCED CONSTRUCTION METHODS & EQUIPMENT 04 Lifting and Hoisting Equipment | Page 5 of 21  Diesel Cranes: Powered by diesel engines, these cranes are used in outdoor environments and construction sites where a stable power source may not be available. 4.1.1.4 By Application: Construction Cranes: Designed specifically for construction tasks, including tower cranes, mobile cranes, and rough terrain cranes. They are used to lift and move heavy building materials and equipment. Industrial Cranes: Used in factories and warehouses, including overhead cranes, gantry cranes, and jib cranes. These cranes handle materials within a controlled environment. Marine Cranes: Found on ships and ports, including ship cranes and offshore cranes. They are used for loading and unloading cargo from vessels and performing tasks in maritime environments. 4.1.1.5 Importance of Understanding Crane Classifications: Appropriate Selection: Knowing the different types and classifications of cranes helps in selecting the most suitable crane for specific lifting tasks and site conditions. Safety and Compliance: Understanding crane capabilities and limitations ensures safe operation and compliance with industry standards and regulations. Operational Efficiency: Proper crane selection and usage enhance operational efficiency, reduce downtime, and improve overall project productivity. 4.1.2 Operational principles and classifications Cranes operate based on fundamental principles of physics and engineering to lift, lower, and move loads efficiently and safely. Understanding these principles is crucial for proper crane operation and ensuring safety on construction sites. CEPC0502 ADVANCED CONSTRUCTION METHODS & EQUIPMENT 04 Lifting and Hoisting Equipment | Page 6 of 21 4.1.2.1 Lever Principle: Principle: Cranes use the principle of the lever, where a load is lifted using a boom or arm that acts as a lever. The fulcrum is the crane's base or pivot point. Application: By adjusting the length of the boom and the position of the load, cranes can lift heavy objects with relatively less effort. 4.1.2.2 Counterweight: Principle: To balance the load being lifted, cranes use counterweights. These are weights placed opposite the load to ensure stability and prevent tipping. Application: Counterweights are crucial for maintaining the crane's balance, especially when lifting heavy or off-center loads. 4.1.2.3 Hoisting Mechanism: Principle: The hoisting mechanism, which includes the winch, drum, and ropes or chains, raises and lowers the load. This mechanism converts mechanical power into vertical movement. Application: Proper maintenance and operation of the hoisting mechanism ensure smooth and reliable lifting and lowering of loads. 4.1.2.4 Boom Mechanics: Principle: The boom, or arm, of a crane can be extended, retracted, or angled to reach different positions. The design and operation of the boom affect the crane's reach and lifting capacity. Application: Operators must understand the boom's mechanics to optimize reach and lifting capabilities while ensuring safety. 4.1.2.5 Rotation and Movement: Principle: Cranes are equipped with mechanisms to rotate the boom and move the crane horizontally. This allows for precise positioning of loads. CEPC0502 ADVANCED CONSTRUCTION METHODS & EQUIPMENT 04 Lifting and Hoisting Equipment | Page 7 of 21  Application: Understanding rotation and movement controls is essential for accurate placement of loads and efficient crane operation. 4.1.3 Key components and features Understanding the key components and features of cranes is crucial for effective operation, maintenance, and safety. Cranes are complex machines with several critical parts that work together to lift and move heavy loads. Here’s an overview of the essential components and their features: 4.1.3.1 Boom or Mast: The boom or mast is the long, horizontal or inclined arm of the crane that supports the load. It extends and retracts to adjust the crane’s reach and lifting height. Types: Fixed Boom: A non-adjustable boom, usually found in tower cranes. Telescopic Boom: A boom that extends and retracts like a telescope, providing variable reach. 4.1.3.2 Jib: The jib is an extension of the boom that allows for greater reach and flexibility. It is found on cranes like tower cranes and mobile cranes. Types: Horizontal Jib: Stretched out horizontally from the main boom. Lattice Jib: Made of a lattice structure to provide strength and reduce weight. 4.1.3.3 Counterweights: Counterweights are used to balance the crane and prevent tipping when lifting heavy loads. They are placed on the opposite side of the load. Types: Fixed Counterweights: Permanent weights that are part of the crane’s design. Adjustable Counterweights: Weights that can be added or removed based on the load. CEPC0502 ADVANCED CONSTRUCTION METHODS & EQUIPMENT 04 Lifting and Hoisting Equipment | Page 8 of 21 4.1.3.4 Hoist: The hoist is the mechanism that raises and lowers the load. It includes the winch, drum, and lifting ropes or chains. Components: Winch: The drum that holds and winds the lifting rope or chain. Hoisting Gear: The gear mechanism that provides the power for lifting. 4.1.3.5 Trolley: The trolley moves along the boom or mast to position the load horizontally. It can be mounted on the crane’s track or rail system. Types: Bridge Trolley: Moves along the rails of an overhead crane. Lattice Trolley: Moves along the lattice structure of a lattice boom crane. 4.1.3.6 Rotation Mechanism: This mechanism allows the crane to rotate horizontally, providing 360-degree movement around its base. Components: Slewing Gear: The gear system that controls the rotation of the crane. Turntable: The platform that rotates to change the crane’s direction. 4.1.3.7 Outriggers: Outriggers are extendable supports that stabilize the crane and prevent tipping during operation. They are deployed outward from the crane’s base. Types: Manual Outriggers: Requires manual deployment and adjustment. Hydraulic Outriggers: Automatically extend and retract using hydraulic systems. CEPC0502 ADVANCED CONSTRUCTION METHODS & EQUIPMENT 04 Lifting and Hoisting Equipment | Page 9 of 21 4.1.3.8 Cab: The cab is the enclosed area where the crane operator controls the crane. It houses the controls and instruments. Features: Control Panel: Contains switches, levers, and displays for operating the crane. Visibility: Designed for clear visibility of the work area and load. 4.1.3.9 Base or Chassis: The base or chassis provides the support and stability for the crane. It can be fixed or mobile, depending on the crane type. Types: Fixed Base: Found in tower cranes, providing a stable foundation. Mobile Chassis: Includes wheels or tracks for movement, as seen in mobile and crawler cranes. 4.1.3.10 Electrical and Hydraulic Systems: These systems power various crane components and functions, including lifting, rotating, and extending the boom. Components: Hydraulic Pump: Provides power for hydraulic systems. Electrical Motors: Drive the crane’s movement and lifting functions. The key components and features of cranes are designed to work together to lift, lower, and move heavy loads efficiently and safely. Understanding these components helps in selecting the appropriate crane for specific tasks, operating it effectively, and ensuring proper maintenance. Each component plays a crucial role in the crane's overall performance, stability, and safety. 4.2 Safety Protocols for Lifting Equipment Safety protocols for lifting equipment are crucial for preventing accidents and ensuring the safe operation of cranes, hoists, and other lifting devices used in construction and CEPC0502 ADVANCED CONSTRUCTION METHODS & EQUIPMENT 04 Lifting and Hoisting Equipment | Page 10 of 21 industrial environments. These protocols are designed to protect workers, equipment, and the integrity of the construction project by mitigating risks associated with lifting operations. Importance of Safety Protocols: Preventing Accidents: Lifting equipment, due to its size, weight, and complexity, poses significant risks. Implementing safety protocols helps prevent accidents such as collapses, falls, and equipment failures. Ensuring Compliance: Adhering to safety protocols ensures compliance with legal and regulatory requirements. This includes meeting standards set by organizations such as OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration) and other local safety authorities. Protecting Personnel: Safety protocols are designed to safeguard workers from injury or fatality caused by unsafe lifting practices. Proper procedures ensure that equipment is operated safely and that personnel are aware of potential hazards. Maintaining Equipment Integrity: Regular maintenance and safety checks prevent equipment malfunctions and extend the lifespan of lifting machinery, reducing the likelihood of costly repairs and downtime. 4.2.1 Safety regulations and standards Safety regulations and standards for lifting equipment are essential for ensuring safe operation and preventing accidents. These regulations and standards are established by various organizations and regulatory bodies to guide the design, maintenance, and use of lifting equipment. Here’s an overview of some key regulations and standards: 4.2.1.1 Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Standards (U.S.): OSHA Standard 29 CFR 1926.1400 - Cranes and Derricks in Construction: Scope: This standard provides comprehensive regulations for the use of cranes and derricks in construction. It covers requirements for crane operation, maintenance, and safety, including operator qualifications, load handling, and site conditions. Key Requirements: Operator certification, regular inspections, load charts, and safety protocols. CEPC0502 ADVANCED CONSTRUCTION METHODS & EQUIPMENT 04 Lifting and Hoisting Equipment | Page 11 of 21 OSHA Standard 29 CFR 1910.179 - Overhead and Gantry Cranes: Scope: This standard addresses the safety requirements for overhead and gantry cranes used in industrial environments. Key Requirements: Regular maintenance, operator training, and safety measures for load handling and equipment inspections. 4.2.1.2 American National Standards Institute (ANSI): ANSI/ASME B30 Series - Safety Standards for Cranes and Hoists: Scope: The B30 series includes various standards for different types of cranes and hoisting equipment. It covers general requirements for safe operation, design, and maintenance. Key Standards: o B30.2: Overhead and Gantry Cranes o B30.5: Mobile and Locomotive Cranes o B30.16: Overhead Hoists (Underhung) ANSI/ASME HST Series - Hoisting Standards: Scope: Provides guidelines for the safe operation and maintenance of hoisting equipment. Key Standards: o HST-1: Hoists o HST-3: Powered Hoists 4.2.1.3 European Standards (EN): EN 14439 - Cranes - Large Building Construction Works: Scope: This standard specifies safety requirements for large cranes used in building construction. Key Requirements: Design, operation, and maintenance of cranes used in construction. EN 13001 - Cranes - General Design Principles and Requirements: Scope: Provides design principles and safety requirements for cranes and lifting equipment. Key Requirements: Design, testing, and safety considerations for crane systems. CEPC0502 ADVANCED CONSTRUCTION METHODS & EQUIPMENT 04 Lifting and Hoisting Equipment | Page 12 of 21 4.2.1.4 International Organization for Standardization (ISO): ISO 4301 - Cranes - Classification: Scope: Classifies cranes based on their intended use, operational conditions, and design criteria. Key Requirements: Classification criteria for different types of cranes, including overhead, mobile, and tower cranes. ISO 9001 - Quality Management Systems: Scope: While not specific to lifting equipment, ISO 9001 sets requirements for quality management systems, including those related to equipment manufacturing and maintenance. Key Requirements: Ensuring quality in processes, including those related to lifting equipment. 4.2.1.5 Health and Safety Executive (HSE) - UK: Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations (LOLER) 1998: Scope: Regulates the use of lifting equipment and lifting operations in the workplace. Key Requirements: Equipment inspection, operator training, and safe lifting practices. 4.2.1.6 Canadian Standards Association (CSA): CSA Z150 - Safety Code on Mobile Cranes: Scope: Provides safety requirements for mobile cranes, including operation, maintenance, and inspection. Key Requirements: Operator training, maintenance schedules, and safety procedures. CSA B167 - Overhead Cranes: Scope: Sets standards for the design, operation, and maintenance of overhead cranes. Key Requirements: Design specifications, safety features, and operational procedures. CEPC0502 ADVANCED CONSTRUCTION METHODS & EQUIPMENT 04 Lifting and Hoisting Equipment | Page 13 of 21 In the Philippines, safety regulations and standards for lifting equipment are governed by a combination of local regulations, national standards, and international guidelines. These regulations aim to ensure safe practices in the use and operation of cranes and other lifting equipment. Here’s an overview of the key regulations and standards: 4.2.1.7 Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE) - Occupational Safety and Health Standards (OSHS): Title: Implementing Rules and Regulations of the Labor Code of the Philippines, Book V: Occupational Safety and Health Scope: The OSHS sets forth the general safety and health requirements for various workplace conditions, including lifting equipment. Key Requirements: Includes provisions on safe working conditions, maintenance of equipment, and worker safety. 4.2.1.8 Bureau of Working Conditions (BWC): Role: The BWC, an agency under DOLE, is responsible for implementing and monitoring compliance with occupational safety and health standards. Regulations: The BWC enforces regulations related to the use and maintenance of lifting equipment, including cranes, hoists, and other machinery. 4.2.1.9 Philippine National Standards (PNS): PNS for Cranes: PNS ISO 4301: Classification of cranes based on intended use, operational conditions, and design. PNS ISO 9001: Quality management systems applicable to manufacturing and maintenance of lifting equipment. Scope: Provides guidelines on design, operation, and safety for cranes and other lifting equipment. 4.2.1.10 Philippine Electrical Code (PEC): Scope: Includes provisions for the electrical safety of equipment, including lifting equipment that may involve electrical components. CEPC0502 ADVANCED CONSTRUCTION METHODS & EQUIPMENT 04 Lifting and Hoisting Equipment | Page 14 of 21  Key Requirements: Electrical installations and maintenance must adhere to safety standards to prevent electrical hazards. 4.2.1.11 Safety Guidelines for Lifting Operations: General Guidelines: Inspection and Maintenance: Regular inspection and maintenance of lifting equipment to ensure safety and functionality. Operator Training: Ensuring operators are properly trained and certified to use lifting equipment safely. Load Handling: Proper procedures for calculating, handling, and securing loads to prevent accidents and equipment failure. 4.2.1.12 Local Government Units (LGUs): Role: LGUs may have additional safety requirements and regulations for lifting equipment used within their jurisdictions. Requirements: These may include specific permits, inspections, and compliance with local safety standards. 4.2.1.13 Compliance with International Standards: International Standards: The Philippines often aligns with international standards such as those from the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) to ensure best practices in safety and equipment standards. Application: Adherence to these international standards helps in maintaining global safety practices and operational efficiency. 4.2.2 Common hazards and prevention measures Lifting equipment, including cranes, hoists, and elevators, presents several potential hazards that can lead to accidents if not properly managed. Understanding these hazards and implementing appropriate prevention measures is crucial for ensuring safety on construction sites and in industrial environments. Here’s a detailed look at common hazards and their prevention measures: CEPC0502 ADVANCED CONSTRUCTION METHODS & EQUIPMENT 04 Lifting and Hoisting Equipment | Page 15 of 21 4.2.2.1 Overloading: Hazard: Exceeding the equipment’s maximum load capacity can lead to equipment failure, tipping, or collapse. Prevention Measures: o Load Testing: Regularly test equipment to verify load capacities. o Load Charts: Use load charts provided by the manufacturer to ensure loads are within safe limits. o Weight Calculation: Accurately calculate the weight of loads before lifting. 4.2.2.2 Equipment Malfunction: Hazard: Mechanical or electrical failures can cause sudden stoppages or loss of control. Prevention Measures: o Regular Maintenance: Conduct routine maintenance and inspections to identify and address potential issues. o Prompt Repairs: Address any malfunctions or wear-and-tear immediately to prevent further damage. o Training: Ensure operators are trained to recognize and report equipment problems. 4.2.2.3 Poor Visibility: Hazard: Limited visibility can result in misalignment of loads and collisions. Prevention Measures: o Use Spotters: Employ ground personnel to guide operators and enhance visibility. o Install Cameras: Equip cranes with cameras or mirrors to improve the operator’s view of the load and surroundings. o Clear Work Area: Ensure the work area is clear of obstructions and marked to indicate hazardous zones. CEPC0502 ADVANCED CONSTRUCTION METHODS & EQUIPMENT 04 Lifting and Hoisting Equipment | Page 16 of 21 4.2.2.4 Improper Use of Equipment: Hazard: Incorrect use of lifting equipment can lead to accidents or equipment damage. Prevention Measures: o Operator Training: Provide comprehensive training for operators on the correct use of equipment. o Follow Manufacturer’s Instructions: Adhere to the manufacturer’s guidelines and operating procedures. o Supervision: Ensure experienced personnel supervise operations, especially when using new or unfamiliar equipment. 4.2.2.5 Weather Conditions: Hazard: Adverse weather conditions, such as strong winds or heavy rain, can affect equipment stability and safety. Prevention Measures: o Weather Monitoring: Check weather forecasts before and during operations. o Postpone Operations: Suspend lifting operations in severe weather conditions to prevent accidents. o Equipment Adaptation: Use weather-resistant equipment or implement measures to secure equipment during adverse conditions. 4.2.2.6 Load Shifting: Hazard: Loads that are not properly secured can shift during lifting, leading to instability or falls. Prevention Measures: o Secure Loads: Use appropriate slings, chains, and other securing devices to stabilize loads. o Load Inspection: Inspect loads before lifting to ensure they are properly secured and balanced. o Load Positioning: Ensure loads are centered and aligned with the lifting equipment’s lifting axis. CEPC0502 ADVANCED CONSTRUCTION METHODS & EQUIPMENT 04 Lifting and Hoisting Equipment | Page 17 of 21 4.2.2.7 Human Error: Hazard: Mistakes made by operators or ground personnel can result in accidents. Prevention Measures: o Training: Provide ongoing training and certification for operators and ground personnel. o Standard Operating Procedures: Develop and enforce clear procedures for lifting operations. o Communication: Establish effective communication protocols between operators and ground personnel. 4.2.2.8 Electrical Hazards: Hazard: Electrical faults or exposure can lead to shocks or fires. Prevention Measures: o Electrical Inspections: Regularly inspect electrical systems and connections for faults or wear. o Isolation: Ensure electrical equipment is properly isolated and protected from environmental hazards. o Qualified Personnel: Only qualified electricians should perform electrical maintenance or repairs. 4.2.2.9 Structural Instability: Hazard: The crane or lifting equipment may become unstable due to poor ground conditions or improper setup. Prevention Measures: o Ground Inspection: Assess and prepare the ground where the equipment will be set up to ensure stability. o Use Outriggers: Deploy outriggers and stabilizers as required to enhance stability. o Leveling: Ensure equipment is properly leveled and supported before use. CEPC0502 ADVANCED CONSTRUCTION METHODS & EQUIPMENT 04 Lifting and Hoisting Equipment | Page 18 of 21 4.2.2.10 Rigging Failures: Hazard: Failures in rigging equipment such as slings, hooks, or chains can lead to accidents. Prevention Measures: o Regular Inspections: Inspect rigging equipment for wear and damage before use. o Correct Rigging Techniques: Use proper rigging techniques and equipment for the load being lifted. o Replacement: Replace damaged or worn rigging equipment immediately. Addressing the common hazards associated with lifting equipment through preventive measures is essential for maintaining a safe working environment. Regular maintenance, proper training, adherence to safety protocols, and effective communication are key to minimizing risks and ensuring safe lifting operations. By implementing these measures, organizations can significantly reduce the likelihood of accidents and protect both personnel and equipment. CEPC0502 ADVANCED CONSTRUCTION METHODS & EQUIPMENT 04 Lifting and Hoisting Equipment | Page 19 of 21 References: Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). (n.d.). OSHA standards. Retrieved from https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs American National Standards Institute (ANSI). (n.d.). ANSI safety standards. Retrieved from https://www.ansi.org/standards European Committee for Standardization (CEN). (n.d.). European Standards (EN). Retrieved from https://www.cen.eu International Organization for Standardization (ISO). (n.d.). ISO standards. Retrieved from https://www.iso.org/standards.html Health and Safety Executive (HSE). (n.d.). Health and safety guidance. Retrieved from https://www.hse.gov.uk Canadian Standards Association (CSA). (n.d.). CSA standards. Retrieved from https://www.csagroup.org/standards Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE) - Philippines. (n.d.). Occupational Safety and Health Standards (OSHS). Retrieved from https://www.dole.gov.ph Bureau of Working Conditions (BWC) - Philippines. (n.d.). Safety regulations. Retrieved from https://www.bwc.dole.gov.ph Philippine National Standards (PNS). (n.d.). PNS standards. Retrieved from https://www.bps.dti.gov.ph National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). (n.d.). Philippine Electrical Code (PEC). Retrieved from https://www.nfpa.org Gransberg, D. D., Popescu, C. M., & Ryan, R. (2006). Construction equipment management for engineers, estimators, and owners. CRC Press. Peurifoy, R. L., Schexnayder, C. J., & Shapira, A. (2018). Construction planning, equipment, and methods (9th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education. CEPC0502 ADVANCED CONSTRUCTION METHODS & EQUIPMENT 04 Lifting and Hoisting Equipment | Page 20 of 21 Assessment: Scenario 1: A construction site requires the installation of heavy steel beams on the top floor of a high-rise building. The project manager must choose between using a tower crane or a mobile crane. Considering factors such as site conditions, load weight, and height requirements, which type of crane would be most suitable for this task, and why? Scenario 2: During a lifting operation, the project team notices that the load is swaying more than expected. Considering the principles of crane operation, identify the potential causes of this issue and propose strategies to mitigate the risk of load instability. CEPC0502 ADVANCED CONSTRUCTION METHODS & EQUIPMENT 04 Lifting and Hoisting Equipment | Page 21 of 21