Cell Cycle & Cell Division PDF

 cell cycle & cell division. > - Growth "mitosis > - DNA Replication - meiosis >...

 cell cycle & cell division. > - Growth "mitosis > - DNA Replication - meiosis > - Division > - Amitosis. s cel growth > charactersitic of cell ~ Reproduction > - Mode of Cell division' - cell Reproduction Iste generation · parent cell Mother Cell a Growth. Y · BDNA Replication c Division ↓ Y and generation D C< ⑳ :. A Growth. Y · B DNA-Replication c Division Y Y V 3rd 9 eneration G ⑧ > D. C o (  Modern theory modified it cell theory principle of cell cell virchow in 1855 theory By Rudolf > -. Y "Omnis Cellula e Cellula" -Y cell are divided & New cell arise from pre-existing cel Division > ⑨ > - New Cell J pre-existinga 1 By Stransburger it K K.. (Kamyokinesis Division of Nucleus > Came of mitosisit 2. A Kernplasm theory Explain by Hertwig it. > Disturbing of K I.. (Karyoplasmic indexof Y Nucleoplasmic index Cell are divided K - I. = volume of Nucleus volume cytoplasm of. or · Un K. I. = v = volume of Nucleus Vc - un Ve = volume of Cel Ve-Un = volume of Cytoplan  volume ratio :- B. Surface-area Balance - cell are not divided. > - Imbalance > - cell are divided Note it> A New Cell > K I.. = ↑, Cytoplan + = > A small Cell > K I -. = ↑, Cytoplasm = ↑ 1 A Large cell > k I. = Y , Cytoplasm = · A Dividing Cell > K F.. = Y , Cytoplasm = * I small cl are metabolically active. Cell Cycle 2-phase. - ↓ T -terphase. M-phase. ↓ ↓ Total = > 95 % part < 5 % part. mitosis phase Non-dividing phase > ↓ > - Invisible phase. Division dividing Resting phase > -. Phase > - metabolic phase. > Energic phase. - 191-phase Interphase > S-phase. ~ G2-phase. G write sequence of cel cycle.?MEET 2019 Ansi- 4 > S : G2 > M-Phase  A Bacterial Cell = 20-30 min. Ex = > - cell gomin 1 5hr 1Ehr. yeast A : =. A Human Cell (Skin cell = 24hri > - Interphase = 23hr > - M-phase = of hr Note :f (A ). Some cell are present in life time Enterphase Stage = Nerve Cell Of Neuron (B ). In Heart Cell Stop division after a particular stage. · Ist Gap phase => - Ist check point 11, ~ G , 5 transition # Major zone. S Synthesis phase ↓ DNA Replication andGap phase ·Y > - G1-phase + First Growth phase Interphase > - S-phase : - Synthesis phase Second Growth phase G2-phane +. : ~  Est Gap-phase First Growth Phase Gi-phase :. & > pre-sephase post-M-phane. - > most of Cell organelle deplication in - G-phase. [NEET-2019] > - Formation of require material for S-phase. > - & AmP EX : &GMP - > Nucleotide - - T > & IMP - > ATP- > & TMP Energy - source > - RNA > - protein > - Amino acid > Enzyme. - > Longest Part of Enterphase. S-phase it Synthesis phase. > - post-41-phase · > - pre-G2-phase. > - Synthesis duplication Replication ofDNA > DNA amount double , but chromosome number remain Jame. I chromatid duplication. one chromatid > One DNA two chromatid TWO > DNA > centriole formation in animal cell during cell division. > - Formation of Histon protein > - Euchromatin formed in early s-phase. late s-phase > - Heterochromatin formed in. E2-phase it and gap-phase second growth phase. > post-s-phase - > - pre-m-phase. > - Final preparation of Interphase. SizeareIncrease > - Cell & Cell organelle. > - Duplication of Mitochondria , Chloroplast & G. B. ↓ (Semiautonomous organelle > Formation of require material for M-phase. - Ex : > - Tubulin proteins formation of microtubule > - Formation of Most of RNA & protein Formation of CdKS & Cyclin protein > - Cyclin dependent Kinare Enzyme. Note : - Formation of Non-Histon protein in ↓ G , 52 G2-phase. Go-phase is Quiscent phase - Some time Inactive phase if Nutrient Content low metabolically active phase > - Growth & differentiation. in dead & Intured cell (permanent risue). 9 = Go-phases exit of G , -phase. Suspend C o ell Cycle (NEET 2019 & is a ? > end of G , -phane (NEET 2020 / Note : (Regulate of Check point cell cycle. - - Ist- checkpoint and-check point ↓ ↓ Major Check point minor check point ↓ ↓ G = s Transition G2-M Transition => s cyclin protein Regulate of cell cycle by ~ coks-Enzyme. Note if DNA Content = Picogram (Pg) 10- 1Pg = am. DNA value = C chromosome number = n Frnitosis : - Equational division ↓ Identical progeny are genetically to parent cell. (In mitosisx222 mitosis D C.. + D. C.. 24 , 2u ↑ ul ↑ ↓ M M Gi > 2C n Gr Gr > 24 42 uc < S S - 44 "In  different to In meiosis + progeny are genetically parent cel. 2 each other. meiosis ↓ ↓ meiosis - I meiosis - I ↓ Reductional division Equational divisio like ↓ Just mitosis chromosome are reduced ↓ > - chromosome 70. chromosome number ↓ Half. are same ↓ Each chromosome Each chromosome double chromatid single chromatid. - I 1 ME > n (2(m 4 D C & 4D C -gamets - ↑ > M-F.. - -. of & of 324 ul M m-E se & 4-gamete 2n M > 2C ↑ M Gi > 24 Gi G2 S Ga UCS S zu4 nc - 2n ques : - NEET-2023 in Manipur  2C. 9 1. In G -Phase value of DNA = , In S-phase = 46 In G2-phase = 4C After mitosis = 2C each cell After meiosis - 1 = 2 c each. cell After meiosis- I = < each cel 0. 2 In 62-phase amount of DNA 20 Pg. =. In Sphale Pg - = 20. In Si-phase 10 Pg > =. - > After meiosis- I Pg 5 - = After meiosis F + each lopg = > - - Cell. After mitosis lopg - = 0 3 In G , -phase number of chromosome In.. : > In G2-phase = 2n -> In s-phase. = 2u > - After mitosis = 2u > - After meiosis - I = M - Each Cell > - After meiosis - - I = N 9 4.. In G2-phase Chromosome number = 20 In G1-phan = 20 After meiosis - E = 10 20 En S-phase = After mosis - # = 10 After mitosis = 20. 9 5. In pollen grain microspore sperm = gamet or In megaspore egg ora =+ gamete => DNA value = < & chromosome = n > In 6,-phane = 2) &In - En S - phase = 462 In > - In G2-phase = 42 & In > - After mitosis = 21 & Zu > - After meiosis-1 = 2 c & n > - Each # & cell. > - After meiosis - = C Y - i-phase it mitosis-phase 5 % part ↓ division phase Dividing. I shortest period of cell cycle I most dramatic period of cell cycle. mitosis discovered > - Stransburger in plant all > o > - flamming in Animal all Plant Cell (Diploid (2n) ~ mitosis are present in C Haplo'd (n) bothe > - Animal cell ↓, (2n) Diplied cell only but except in HapliedDrone. A male bee  mechanism mitosis of - In somatic ceus. Parent cell. In > - G 1 Growth A Interphase > - StDNA Replication Y > - 42 2n K K Karyokinesis * >. : = 4-phases B M-phase ↓ - mitosis Y prophase Anaphase metaphase - L S Telophane & & 2n 24) C k : : = Cytokinesis Y D C.. ↓, in plant cel In Animal progeny are genetically ↓ ↓ cell cell plate cellfurrow Identical to parent cell method ↓ method chromosome number same ↓ centrifugal ↓ centripetal Equational division Manner Manner M-phase Metosis-phase :+ 2. Step A K. K. Karyokinesis) it Division of Nucleus > - division of nucleus in mitosis & meiosis : Indirect > - In mitosis = Karyokinesis - > 4-phases da Y prophase MetaphaphoreTelophane. B. C K.. (Cytokinesis) if Division of Cytoplasm. Mitosis (mitotic division) - Equational division Identical > progeny are genetically to parent cell - ↓, Chromosome number > - Same. I prophase K. K. > 4-phane = PMAT > - Metaphase > - Anaphall > - Telophale 1 prophale - Ist phase of K Ko. > - Longest phase of K. K. P P Centricle ↳ 8 ↑ - ⑧ - ji > N ·. Mr im · ⑧ /Centriole ↓ > Nucleoly : L ⑧ p : centriole Early prophase Late prophal 1 N M.. 2 Nucleolus Size = ↑ > - No Mo > - chromosome are Sprime Stage. > - Nucleolve > - Terminal end are not visible. - E R C G B..... Y > - chromosome condensation - start. Disappeare > - Centridle move to opposite poles. in Animal Cell. Note :+ 1. Formation of Astral ray's a Spindal fibre start in prophase : ii. formation of spindl fibre by microtubules iii In Animal Celli-Amphiastral mitosis +ut ↓ Centriole + ↓ Formation astral ray's of Arrangement of Spindal fibre. in. In plant cell:+ Anastral mitosis that ht > - Centide - > - arrangement of Spindal fibre by an astral wayts. v Transition to metaphase. 2) h&PI C Astral ray's ⑧ & & > Centriole & spindle fibre attach * with Kinetochore X chromatio & X all ach - WI th X Centromere. · · -Centriole S & > SPI S S  2. Metaphore if Best Study condition for Morphology of chromosome. I Short > chromosome I Thick Astral ray's P spindl fibre ⑧ I. 28 > - Equator line of metaphasian plate ⑧ P > All chromosome more at equatorline. > - formation of one metaphasian plate. - Al chromosome in Centre - Congression Stage. > - Formation of Spindle fibre s - formation of Centromere > - Complete in + formation of Kinetochore metaphase. - Condensation Chromosome. 3 Anaphase :- Smallest Phase of K. K. for behaviour -> Best study condition of chromosome > - change of Chromosome ↓, Shape ! ↓, = shape chromosome Shape Best study of. Note Stage to :-  Po ↳ S pindle , S Fibre chromatio 24 0DDD EU n A 11 wu vv ----- X Centromere 7 a i D DO O D I T enterzond Fibre Split. Repulsion ↳ ⑨ P Force Early Anaphase Late Anaphare - splitting of centromere. > - separate chromatic => chromatid Separation - Start more to opposite poles > - spindle fibre -s Short long - Feterzonal Fibre + 4. Telophane if Last Phase of K.. K > Recovery Phase Reverse of prophase. - P · NN A A Chromosome 8 ↑ * cluster 2n Y Binucleate X 24 D Do Do G P Late Telophase Early Telophane > - all chromosome > N. Mo more at opposite poles. > - Nucleoly > Re-appeare to - E R & G B.... chromatid is Cluster stage > - chromosome decondensation  chromosome inspireme 2 sen 24 44 S tage ↓ Terminal end 2C 2n are not visible. & N M.. Nucleolus 2441 E R CG B... 1/ 2( > zu dis appeare 2C san Chromosome 24 UC Cluster zu" NEET = 2023 > Manipur.1 9 Doubling of the number of chromosome can be achieved mitotic cell division soon ? by disrupting after (1) prophase 2) Metaphase (35 Anaphase (4) Telophane. Doubling of in 9 the number of chromosome 2.. mitotic division ? (1) prophase (2) metaphase (3) Anaphase (4) Telophane.  & tokinesis it After Karyokinesis , C. K. Start in Late Anaphase Telophane Cytokinesis in plant cell it cell plate method ↓, Centrifugal Manner ↓ Centre to periphery P-C > P Cytokinesis in Animal Cell it Cell furrow method or clearage division ↓ Centripetal Manner ↓ Periphery to Centre ~ P > P Note 1. Free nuclear divisions without C. K. only K K.. K K.. & K K.. O K K.. 3 Y · · > · g multinucleate. g ↓ Coconut coenocytic-stage Ex : -Liquid of or Syncytium Nuclear Endosperm (3n)  without Note 2. Endomitosis polyploidy it Nucleus division (k) only chromosome duplication > - In plant cell polyploidy Induced by Colchicine. Note. 3 mitogens :- promoting factor for mitosis Exit Auxin > - Grtz 1 PGR + cytokinine > - Insuline : Animal Hormon > - EGF) Epidermal Factor growth Note 4. mitotic posions it Inhibitor factor EX : > - Ribonuclease + Guide. - colchicine > - Azide mustard - gas mitosis Note. 5 Formation of cell require = 1-1 Formation require mitosis 9 1 ofby cells ? %. Sol n - 1 n = No. of Cell 64-1 = 63 time mitosis Formation 100 cells require mitosis of G.. 2 So n 1 = time mitosis 100 1 = 99 - - Notes Generation = 2" n = generation.. 9 formation of by calls require generation ! Sur gn-generation n = 6 Total cell = 64. 6 2 = 2x2X2x2X2x2 = 64 Cell generation = 6. significance of mitosis : - Cell I Size Increase mitosis Shape by 1 - 11 cell number - Increase mitosis by iii progeny are genetically ↓ goentical to parent led is division mitosis a Equational. mitosis in cell repair & regeneration by In Infurd. Cell wound cell Y mitosis Y by in Dead Cell all repair - by mitosis cell regeneration mitosis V cell Increase growth by - O. NEET-2023 G NEET-2023 O NEET-2023 & NEET-2023 in Manipur  theiosis meiotic-division it Term Discover Farmer and 1 by. moore > meiosis is a reductional division > - chromosome areReduced > - chromosome number (Half. different > progeny are genetically to - parent cell &each other. - By meiosis genetic variation create. > - meiosis in generative cel Reproductive cl Gamete mother cell. Types meiosis of 2 - types. Y ↓ meiosis - I Meiosis - I ↓ Y Heterotypic division division ↓. Homotypic s Reductional division Equational division ↓ ↓ Chromosome ' Reduce Just like mitosis ↓ ↓ Chromosome number - Half. (n) chromosome number Jame - ↓ ↓ (n) but each chromosome. but each chromosome double. chromatid ↓o Single ↓. chromatid (2 - DNA) (1-DNA)  I > In Anaphare It "In Anaphase - - - ↓ > - Centromene are not split. - Centromere + Split ↓ > - chromatid - Separate chromatid are attach with centromere. Chromatid are not " After meiosis It - Separate ↓ - Formation of > - segragation of Homolog Chromos our Ome four D. C. gamete (n) Y genetically different > - After meiosis - I ↓ to cell parent formation of two Dyad Cl (n) ↓ partial divided cell Note : > - In meiosis Y -two time Cytokinesis - Karyokinesis > & : 1 DNA Replication & chromosome division it one time ↓, - (S-phase) (Anaphase II - , centriole duplication in meiosis=3 time & Nucleus division in meiosis > Indirect  Mechanism meiosist In of generative or cel Reproductive cell Gamete mother cell. 2n > - G , -phase Growth S-phase A T > - terphall :. M X > - Ge-phase. · 2n B. Re-phase (meiosis/ > - meiosis -I P-II PDD chromosome M-I > - > K -. K. - E > - A I L - Half Y - T - I * n two > C. K. If in - monocots and only g - n Byad cell ↑ Animal Cell - Interkinesis Chromosome - Gap periode blu number , Jame. meiosis. M-I & M - I > - I it > P-I - > - K K.. It - M - I Y L - / > - A - I L CT - It n - n n n > CK # : in - present - - - K 3 Monocots Dicots and Haplod (n) DoCo , 4- Animal Cell gamete ↓ different to and -Genetically each other. cell parent  meiosis - 1 > - Reductional division. 2 Step A. Karyokinesis-1 if Division of Nucleus > - 4-phase > - PMAT I > prophase - - > - Metaphan - I > Anaphase E - - > - Telophane. - I (1) prophase 1 it Longest & Complex Phase of - K. K -I. (meiosis If - -Sub-phase > LIPDD. 9 Leptotene if Formation of attachment point. attachment point > condensation of chromatin - M P ↓ · > N M.. formation of chromosome. Longest - > Nucleoly & animal > - thinest In - cell chromosome are Bruquilatestage material paternal 8 8 - go single chromatid ( Double chromatio (Homologan m) (H - C ).  Synapses it pairing of H C. - Zygotene. b : ~ Bivalents => n + No · o bivalents - Note it ↑ - 1 Bivalent => 2-Homologous Chromosome - > - Formation of Synaptonemal Complex smade of nucleoprotein Synapses Sister chromatid Bivalent formed but not visible. ↑ ↓ formation I start in I Tetrad zgotene. I 2 3 (So(o) Y S If IfS I 3 2 Al # > matern of paterna K ) Syneptonamal 2 Homologons - chromosome Complex ↓, Synap sig ↓ Bivalent ↓ Tetrad formation - start  C pachytene it Tetrad stage. 1 Tetrad formation Complete. > - Genetic m aterial exchange Chromatid > - 1 Y BD 2 3 O At M ⑧ ⑧A k Y Non-sister chromatid (C 0) Exchange of genetic Crossing > - over. if material blu two mon-sister chromatic of two H · Co > crossing over regulate by Recombinan engme - Note - : In meiosis - 1- division. - prophase - 1 > - Phase. ↓ Pachytene > sub-phase ↓, C. Or R