Cell Biology Review Part 2 PDF

Cell Biology Review 2 UNITS VETS10018 Animal Systems and Professional Life 1 VETS10021 Principles and Practice of Veterinary Nursing VETS10022 Animal Health and the Veterinary Profession Dr Dominic Harrison BVSc MRCVS Lecturer in Veterinary Pathology, Veterinary Investigations...

Cell Biology Review 2 UNITS VETS10018 Animal Systems and Professional Life 1 VETS10021 Principles and Practice of Veterinary Nursing VETS10022 Animal Health and the Veterinary Profession Dr Dominic Harrison BVSc MRCVS Lecturer in Veterinary Pathology, Veterinary Investigations Officer Email: [email protected]  ILO: 2 Cell Replication and division - Mitosis Mitosis  ILO: 2 Prophase Prophase, Endosperm cell (Lily) Andrew S. Bajer, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR (2011) CIL:202 Microtubules in mitosis, kidney epithelial cell (Domestic Pig) Nasser Rusan, U Serder Tulu, Carey Fagerstrom, Patricia Wadsworth (2012) CIL:40270  ILO: 2 Prometaphase, Endosperm cell Metaphas Andrew (Lily) S. Bajer, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR (2011) CIL:205 e Metaphase, Endosperm cell Andrew (Lily) S. Bajer, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR (2011) CIL:206 Metaphase, Endosperm cell Metaphase and Anaphase, Tiger crane fly cell Andrew S. Bajer, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR (2011 James LaFountain, Rudolf Oldenbourg, 2011 Olympus BioScapes Digital Imaging Competition® (Lily) CIL:207 (2012) CIL:40983  ILO: 2 Anaphas Anaphase, Endosperm cell (Lily) e Andrew S. Bajer, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR (2011) CIL:208 Anaphase, Endosperm cell (Lily) Andrew S. Bajer, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR (2011) CIL:197 Anaphase and Telophase, Tiger crane fly cell Rudolf Oldenbourg, James R. LaFountain (2010) CIL:9062  ILO: 2 Telophase Telophase, Endosperm cell (Lily) Andrew S. Bajer, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR (2011 CIL:199 Telophase, Endosperm cell (Lily) Andrew S. Bajer, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR (2011) CIL:200 Anaphase and Telophase, Tiger crane fly cell Rudolf Oldenbourg, James R. LaFountain (2010) CIL:9062  ILO: 2 Cell Replication and division - Mitosis  Control of the cell ILO: 2 cycle Cyclins and cyclin dependent-kinases (CDKs) control cell cycle progression. Aberrant regulation of the cell cycle can lead to uncontrolled cell proliferation and neoplasia. Michael Cammer, Phyllis Novikoff Anne Weston (2011) CIL:38813, Mammary carcinoma (2011) CIL:35481, Homo sapiens, cell. neoplastic hepatocyte.  ILO: 2 Mitosis and meiosis Meiosis involves the exchange of genetic material via homologous recombination. Two rounds of cell division give rise to haploid gamete cells containing reassorted genetic information. Fertilisation of the egg by sperm reconstitutes a diploid cell with a unique genetic makeup or genotype.  ILO: 3 The plasma membrane and membrane transport  ILO: 3 The plasma membrane  ILO: 3 Lipids form continuous sheet-like bilayers These molecules exhibit a dual chemical nature (amphipathic) e.g. hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions. Hydrophilic Hydrophobic head tail c c Glycerol  ILO: 3 Membrane lipids arrange themselves such that their polar heads contact the aqueous environment  ILO: 3 Why did the molecule cross the lipid bilayer? Because it is small, nonpolar (hydrophobic) High Because it is helped by a channel or transporter proteins The bigger the molecule and the greater its charge, the lower its permeability coefficient permeability coefficient Low  ILO: 3 Movement across membranes Passive transport - a solute moves across a membrane down its concentration gradient Active transport - a solute moves against its concentration gradient (requires energy)  ILO: 3 Passive transport - Transporters vs Channels Transporter protein Channel protein Transporters specifically bind the solute and Channels weakly interact with solutes, forming undergo a conformational change to release pores in the membrane which allow the solutes the solute on the other side of the membrane (usually ions) to diffuse through them  ILO: 3 Active transport – Primary vs Secondary Primary active transporters use ATP Secondary active transporters use hydrolysis to drive transport e.g. the the ion gradients set up by primary Na+/K+ ATPase active transport processes.  ILO: 3 Membrane bound proteins  ILO: 3 Membrane bound proteins and signalling Cells in complex organisms need to communicate with the extracellular environment. Membrane bound proteins enable: Cell-to-cell adhesions Communication with the immune system Changes in gene regulation within a cell Identification (self vs non-self) Neutrophils (red) moving through Neutrophils (red) moving toward bacteria Mark Harding (2014) capillaries (blue)CIL:47678 Mark Harding (2014) CIL:47553 (green)  ILO: 3 Structural & functional relationships of cells  ILO: 3 Structural & functional relationships of cells - strength The relationship between the actin cytoskeleton (blue), adherens junctions (green). Ann Wheeler (2011) CIL:35618, Homo sapiens, keratinocyte. CIL. Dataset. https://doi.org/doi:10.7295/W9CIL35618  ILO: 3 Structural & functional relationships of cells – durability and barriers University of Bristol, Digital slidebox, V83 Footpad – Normal skin  ILO: 3 Structural & functional relationships of cells - Absorption Epithelial cell - Enterocyte showing microvilli and mucoid layer Susumu(Cat) Ito (2011) CIL:10932 Villi from the human small intestine. The finger-like shape increases the surface area of the intestine, improving the efficiency of food absorption. S. Schuller (2012) CIL:38903  ILO: 3 Structural-functional relationships of cells - Communication Purkinje cell (Mouse) Maryann Martone, Diana Price, Andrea Thor (2012) CIL:39954 CIL. Dataset. https://doi.org/doi:10.7295/W9CIL42754 hippocampus of a "Brainbow" mouse brain, with each neuron expressing a distinct Jean Livet,colour. 2007 Olympus BioScapes Digital Imaging Competition (2012) CIL:42753, Mus musculus, neuron. CIL. Dataset. https://doi.org/doi:10.7295/W9CIL42753 Summary Reviewed the structure of eukaryotic cells Discussed the function of organelles Cell division is a carefully coordinated event Reviewed the structure of cell membranes Active transport vs passive transport Cell structure relates to cell function Learning Objectives 1) Cell structure Describe the major structural components of the cell Outline the structure and function of the cytoplasm and its organelles Explain the structure and function of the cell nucleus 2) Cell division Outline the process of eukaryotic cell division and its regulation 3) Cell membrane structure and biology Describe the structure and function of the plasma membrane including how transport across the membrane is regulated Outline the structural-functional relationships of a number of different cell types Time for Questions Email: [email protected]