CE 772 Lecture # 2 F .pdf

CE 772 Intelligent Civil Engineering Transportation Department System Fall,2024 Lecture # 2  Topics ITS Development (Timeline) ITS Architecture Types of ITS Arc...

CE 772 Intelligent Civil Engineering Transportation Department System Fall,2024 Lecture # 2  Topics ITS Development (Timeline) ITS Architecture Types of ITS Architecture ITS Technological Concepts ITS Planning Smart Transportation Review of Global ITS ITS Development (Timeline) ITS This six-decade timeline illustrates the significant evolution of Intelligent Transportation Systems and the growing integration Development of technology in transportation to enhance safety, efficiency, Timeline and user experience. 1960s - 1970s: Conceptual Development 1980s: Initial Implementation and Public Awareness 1990s: Formalization and Legislation 2000s: Expansion and Innovation 2010s: Connected Vehicles and Smart Technologies 2020s: Smart Cities and Future Innovations Future Trends 1980s: Initial Implementation and Public Awareness 1982: The first traffic signal control systems using computer technology were deployed in various cities. 1986: The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) initiated the IVHS (Intelligent Vehicle- Highway Systems) program, laying the groundwork for ITS development in the U.S. 1988: The National Intelligent Transportation Systems Program was established to support the research and development of ITS technologies. Timeline by Decades 1990s: Formalization and Legislation 1991: The Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA) was endorsed, providing federal funding for ITS projects and promoting new technologies. 1992: The first Intelligent Transportation Systems Strategic Plan was developed, outlining a national vision for ITS deployment. Timeline by Decades 1990s: Formalization and Legislation 1994: The establishment of ITS America, a non-profit organization to advocate for ITS deployment. 1996: The National ITS Architecture was developed to standardize ITS systems across regions in the U.S. 1997: Advanced Traveler Information Systems (ATIS) deployment has begun to improve traveler awareness of traffic conditions. Timeline by Decades 2000s: Expansion and Innovation 2000: The Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century (TEA-21) provided continued funding for ITS applications. 2001: The first U.S. deployment of an advanced traffic management system (ATMS) in Los Angeles to monitor real-time traffic conditions. 2005: Legislation was passed to mandate Vehicle-Infrastructure Integration (VII), promoting V2I communication to improve safety and mobility. Timeline by Decades 2000s: Expansion and Innovation 2006: The use of GPS technology for traffic monitoring and fleet management systems increased, providing real-time tracking and routing. 2007: Deployment of automated toll collection systems began to reduce congestion at toll plazas. Timeline by Decades 2010s: Connected Vehicles and Smart Technologies 2012: The USDOT launched the Connected Vehicle program focusing on V2V and V2I communications to enhance safety and mobility. 2014: The Connected Vehicle Pilot Deployment Program was initiated with multiple test sites across the U.S. to demonstrate V2V technology. Timeline by Decades 2010s: Connected Vehicles and Smart Technologies 2016: Federal guidelines for autonomous vehicles were published, promoting the safe development and testing of self-driving cars. 2017: The advent of Transportation Network Companies (TNCs) like Uber and Lyft integrated ITS components into ridesharing, enhancing urban mobility. Timeline by Decades 2010s: Connected Vehicles and Smart Technologies 2019: The “Smart City Challenge” by USDOT encouraged cities to develop comprehensive smart transportation plans, leading to the integration of ITS in various urban settings. Timeline by Decades 2020s: Smart Cities and Future Innovations 2020: The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated the need for contactless payment systems, enhancing ITS infrastructure for public transportation and mobility. 2021: Expansion of high-definition mapping and real-time data analytics to improve traffic flow and vehicle navigation systems. Timeline by Decades 2020s: Smart Cities and Future Innovations 2022: Increased emphasis on cybersecurity for connected and automated vehicle systems to protect against potential threats. 2023: The development of Mobility as a Service (MaaS) models that integrate various transportation modes into a single accessible service platform. Timeline by Decades Future Trends The integration of electric vehicles (EVs) with ITS for charging infrastructure optimization and integration into public transit systems. Growth in the use of AI and machine learning for predictive analytics in traffic management. Timeline by Decades Future Trends Development of cooperative automated transportation systems that enhance traffic efficiency and safety through communication between vehicles and infrastructure. Increased focus on sustainability and green technologies in transportation systems. Timeline by Decades ITS Architecture  ITS Architecture o Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) Architecture refers to a framework that outlines the components, technologies, and processes involved in the development and implementation of intelligent transportation systems. o ITS integrates advanced technologies into transportation systems to improve safety, efficiency, and mobility while minimizing environmental impact.  ITS Architecture o Key components of ITS Architecture typically include: Subsystems Communication Data Management User Interfaces Standards and Protocols Stakeholder Involvement ITS Architecture These are the functional areas within ITS, such as traffic management, public Subsystems transportation management, traveler information systems, incident management, and freight management. This encompasses the data exchange between various systems using wireless, cellular, Communication and other communication technologies to share real-time information. ITS Architecture The architecture includes methods for collecting, processing, and Data Management storing data from various sources (e.g., sensors, GPS, cameras) to support decision-making. These are the means through which users interact with the system, which includes mobile applications User Interfaces for travelers, dashboard displays for traffic management centers, and information systems for public transport. ITS Architecture ITS architecture often adheres to Standards and specific standards to ensure Protocols interoperability among different systems and components. Interoperability is the ability of different systems, devices, or software to work together and exchange information effectively. Effective ITS planning considers the Stakeholder input of a range of stakeholders, including government agencies, Involvement transportation authorities, private sector participants, and the public. Types of ITS Architecture Logical Architecture Physical Architecture Institutional Architecture  ITS Logical Architecture o The logical architecture of an Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) refers to the conceptual framework that defines the system's components, their relationships, and how information flows among them, without being concerned about the physical implementation and specific technologies. o This architecture provides a high-level view of how the various subsystems interact and function together to achieve the overall goals of the ITS. ITS Physical Architecture o The physical architecture of an Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) refers to the tangible components, technologies, and infrastructure that make up the system. o Unlike logical architecture, which outlines the abstract relationships and data flows among components, physical architecture accurately represents how these components are organized and integrated in the real world. ITS Institutional Architecture o The institutional architecture addresses the organizational and governance structures that support the ITS. o It focuses on institutional roles, responsibilities, and collaboration among stakeholders involved in transportation systems. Summary of Differences Logical Physical Institutional Aspect Architecture Architecture Architecture Tangible Organizational Functional components and roles and Focus relationships and physical stakeholder data flow implementation collaboration Subsystems, data Hardware, Stakeholder management, infrastructure, frameworks, Components communication communication policies, resource protocols networks allocation  Summary of Differences Logical Institutional Aspect Physical Architecture Architecture Architecture Diagrams, flowcharts, Schematics, site plans, Charts, organizational Representation and conceptual and technical diagrams models specifications Ensure reliable and Facilitate coordination Guide system design Purpose effective deployment in and governance and functionality the field among stakeholders ITS Technological Concepts ITS Technological Concepts Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) rely heavily on two core technology concepts INFORMATION CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES TECHNOLOGIES Information Technologies (IT) It refers to the use of computers, software, networks, and other tools to collect, store, process, and communicate information. In the context of ITS, IT encompasses the systems and applications that enable the gathering and dissemination of transportation-related data to inform decision-making and improve operational efficiency  Traffic Management Information Systems - These systems focus on collecting, processing, and disseminating information related to traffic conditions, travel times, and transportation network Traveler Information Systems performance. These systems focus on There are two broad - They are aimed at improving the delivering timely and relevant flow of traffic, enhancing public information to travelers and technologies safety, and providing travelers withusers of transportation timely information. services, enhancing the overall travel experience and facilitating informed decision- making. Control Technologies It involves the systems and processes used to manage and direct transportation operations. These technologies focus on optimizing traffic flow, managing incidents, and coordinating transportation services.  Infrastructure-based detection It includes inductive loop detectors, non-intrusive detectors (such as microwave, infrared, ultrasonic, and acoustic sensors), environmental sensors, and closed-circuit TV cameras (CCTV) – some with Video Image Processing There are two broad (VIP) (See Roadway Sensors and technologies CCTV) Vehicle-based detection It includes vehicle probes, police patrols, mobile safety patrols, and citizens’ reporting (See Mobile Reports) ITS Planning  ITS Planning Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) Planning refers to the strategic process of designing, implementing, and managing transportation systems that utilize advanced technologies and data-driven methodologies to improve transportation networks' efficiency, safety, and sustainability. This process involves not only the technological aspects but also the integration of various stakeholders, policies, and infrastructure to create a cohesive and effective transportation system.  ITS Planning 01 02 03 By focusing on these Collaborating across The goal is to enhance components, disciplines and engaging the overall travel transportation agencies stakeholders throughout experience, improve can significantly enhance the planning process is safety, and promote the performance of key to overcoming sustainable transportation networks, challenges and realizing transportation practices. leading to improved safety, the full benefits of ITS. efficiency, sustainability, and overall user  Objective Setting Stakeholder Engagement Objective Setting Stakeholder Engagement Data Collection and Analysis Technology Assessment Monitoring and Evaluation Key Features of ITS Planning  Objective Setting o Establishing clear goals for the ITS, such as reducing traffic congestion, improving road safety, enhancing public transport efficiency, promoting sustainable transportation options, and increasing user satisfaction. Stakeholder Engagement o Involving various stakeholders, including transportation agencies, government bodies, private sector entities, and the public, to gather input, encourage collaboration, and ensure that the system Key Features of meets the needs of all users. ITS Planning  Data Collection and Analysis o Gathering data from numerous sources, including traffic sensors, GPS devices, and historical transportation records. o This data is analyzed to understand current conditions, make informed decisions, and forecast future transportation needs. Technology Assessment o Identifying and evaluating existing and emerging technologies that could be integrated into the transportation system, such as smart traffic signals, vehicle-to- Key Features of everything (V2X) communication, advanced traveler information systems, and ITS Planning automated vehicles.  System Design and Architecture o Developing a logical and physical architecture that outlines how different components of the ITS will interact. o This includes specifying communication protocols, data management strategies, and operational processes. Implementation Strategy o Creating a roadmap for deploying the ITS. o This includes phased implementation Key Features of plans, budget considerations, resource ITS Planning allocation, and timelines for completing projects.  Monitoring and Evaluation o Establishing metrics and frameworks for measuring the performance of the ITS after implementation. o Continuous monitoring helps identify areas for improvement and Key Features of informs future planning efforts. ITS Planning Smart Transportation  Smart Transportation Smart Transportation refers to integrating advanced technologies, data analytics, and communication systems into transportation networks to enhance efficiency, safety, and user experience. It involves using smart technologies to improve various aspects of transportation, including traffic management, public transit, and infrastructure maintenance. These technologies aim to provide innovative services relating to different modes of transportation and enable users to be better informed and make safer and ‘smarter’ use of transport networks  Features of Smart Transportation Connectivity Data Utilization Automation Real-Time Information Sustainability  Connectivity Vehicles, infrastructure, and users are connected through networks that facilitate data exchange in real time. Features of Data Utilization Smart The collection and analysis of large volumes Transportation of data from various sources (e.g., sensors, cameras, GPS) to inform decision-making and optimize operations. Automation Implementation of automated systems for traffic signals, parking management, and even autonomous vehicles to improve efficiency and reduce human error.  Real-Time Information Providing travelers with up-to-date Features of information regarding traffic conditions, Smart public transit schedules, and available Transportation services through mobile apps and digital displays. Sustainability Incorporating environmentally friendly practices and technologies to reduce emissions and promote alternative transportation modes.  ITS / Smart Transportation Linkage Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) and Smart Transportation are interrelated concepts that together shape the future of transportation by using technology to create safer, more efficient, and user-friendly transportation networks. While ITS focuses more specifically on integrating technology into existing transport infrastructure, Smart Transportation has a broader scope, which includes innovations that extend beyond traditional forms of transport. Both concepts contribute to the overarching goal of creating sustainable urban mobility solutions that meet the needs of modern society. ITS / Smart Transportation Linkage Technological Foundation Data-Driven Decision Making User-Centric Approaches Integration of Systems Sustainability Goals Future Mobility Solutions ITS Smart Transportation Connection ITS Smart City Encompasses a wide Builds on the technologies range of technologies, and principles established by including sensors, ITS, often focusing on the Technological communication systems, integration of these Foundation and data analytics, to technologies into a cohesive improve transportation system that enhances overall operations and mobility. management. Relies heavily on real- Utilizes this data not only for time data collection and operational efficiency but Data-Driven analysis (e.g., traffic also for enhancing user Decision flow, vehicle speeds) to experiences through Making manage transportation applications like real-time systems effectively. traffic updates and navigation assistance. ITS Smart Transportation Connection ITS Smart City Aims to improve the Places a greater emphasis on overall functionality user experience, integrating User-Centric of transportation services that cater directly to Approaches systems, making them traveler needs, such as mobile safer and more apps for real-time information efficient for all users. and smart ticketing systems. Often focuses on Encompasses a broader vision of specific subsystems integrating various transportation Integration (e.g., traffic modes, including public transit, of Systems management, public shared mobility, and personal transit). vehicles, into a unified system that enhances connectivity. ITS Smart Transportation Connection ITS Smart City Promotes efficiency and Often explicitly includes safety, which can lead to sustainability as a core goal, reduced emissions and leveraging technology to Sustainability improved promote green practices, Goals environmental impacts. such as electric vehicles and public transit use. Lays the groundwork for Envisions the future of Future emerging technologies transportation as a seamless, Mobility such as autonomous interconnected network that Solutions vehicles and connected incorporates these advanced infrastructure. technologies for enhanced mobility. Review of Global ITS Review of Global ITS ITS Global Market Unit: million USD Unit: million USD 18,561 SOUTH KOREA 0.017% 442 (2%) 0.016% 17,019 15,591 OTHER 14,591 1,189 (6%) 13,014 CHINA 1,114 (6%) USA JAPAN 7,141 0.008% 3,009 (16%) (39%) EU 5,665 (31%) 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 SOUTH KOREA JAPAN USA ITS Market Worth Worldwide ITS Market Share by Country Investment in ITS (% of GDP) Source: Global Industry Analysts, Inc. Source: The Information Technology & Innovation Foundation  Intelligent Transport Systems FP=Framework Program Intelligent Transport Infrastructure IST 7th FP Cooperative Systems Safety Systems Moving to C-ITS IST 6th FP Services and Safety Systems IST 5th FP Moving to Field trials TAP 4th FP Deeping of the Topics Drive 2 Basic inputs to Standardization (GDT, ATT, Alert ….) Improving Traffic Systems Efficiency: Drive 1 Traffic Management: data-information-guidance Prometheus A Vision for the Future: (EUREKA) Basic function defined, but technology not available ~1987 1988~1991 1990~1994 1994~1998 1998~2002 2002~2006 2007~2013 2014~2020  ITS (Intelligent Transportation System) The common goal is to improve the safety, Method Advanced for Vehicle sharing trip information System ERGS Real-time traffic information sharing security and efficiency of the U.S. transportation (Electronic Route Guidance System) system via ITS. Traffic accidents and congestion System integration for automatic toll In the United States, government sponsored in- take a heavy toll in lives, lost productivity, and collection Automatic immigration toll vehicle navigation and route guidance system - wasted energy. ITS enables people and goods to system ERGS was the initial stage of a larger research move more safely and efficiently through a state- Utilization of space and military technology of-the-art, multi-modal transportation system. and development effort called the ITS 1980 1991 2000 2006 2015 1970 ~1991 ~1997 ~2005 ~2015 ~2020 ~1980 IVHS Strategic Plan 2015~2020 Trip Information and 5 goals: “Enable Safer Vehicles and Roadways”, (Intelligent Vehicle Highway Traffic “Enhance Mobility”, “Limit Environmental Impacts”, Promote Innovation”, “Support Systems) Management Transportation System Information Sharing” IVHS program was defined as an integral part, became law in order to develop “a System System verification projects: VII, VSC(Vehicle Safety Communication), VSC-A(Application) Field national intermodal transport system that Integrated ITS service for metropolitan and local test projects: ConnectedVehicle is economically sound, to provide the areas Information sharing, location tracking and Communication between vehicles (V2V), review travel guidance system (among others) for foundation for the nation to compete inthe commercial vehicleoperations regulations (Rule-making, NHTSA, from 2013) global economy, and to move people and Automatic toll collection goods in an energy- system Opportunity for private firms to efficient manner” enter themarket  1973 Traffic control center was established on Metropolitan Expressway 1980 Trial operation of HighwayAdvisory Information Radio System 1996 VICS (Vehicle Information and Communication System) began 1997 ETC (Electronic Toll Collection) 2011 ITS Spot Service began DSSS (Driving Safety Support Systems)