Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms PDF

# Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms ## Vehicles * **Water as a Vehicle** * Potable H2O not permitted for pharmaceutical dosage forms. * Purified H2O → aqueous oral * H2O for inj (WFI) → Topical dosage form * Parental use will be **sterile** * Sterile H2O for inj (USP) → Parent...

# Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms ## Vehicles * **Water as a Vehicle** * Potable H2O not permitted for pharmaceutical dosage forms. * Purified H2O → aqueous oral * H2O for inj (WFI) → Topical dosage form * Parental use will be **sterile** * Sterile H2O for inj (USP) → Parentral preparation * Preparation should be free from dissolved gases. * H2O for inj (Free from dissolved gases) → ex. Aminophylline inj * Bacteriostatic Water for inj → For multiple use. ex. Benzyl alcohol. * **Aromatic H2O** → Flavor for children. * **Non Aqueous Soln** * Ethanol, Glycerol, Propylene Glycol → Internal use * Preservative & sweetening * **Fixed Oils** * For Parentral Use * For Topical Use * Almond Oil (Oily Phenol inj) * Arachis Oil (Dimer Caprol inj) * Ethyl Oleate (Ergo calciferol inj) & (Testosterone Propionate inj) * Otic Use → Castor Oil * Oral Use → Coconut Oil * **Volatile Oil** * Wintergreen Oil (Perfume & Flavouring) * Turpentine Oil * Peppermint Oil * **Alcohol** * Ethyl Alcohol → External soln. Ex. Keratolytic in Psoriasis or Warts * Polyhydric Alcohol → Internal & External. Ex. Diazepam inj * Propylene Glycol * Glycerol → Preservative & Sweetening * ## Excipients 1. **Buffer** → Control pH 2. **Density Modifier** → Spinal anesthetics 3. **Isotonicity** → Osmotic pressure * Parentral, ophthalmic, nasal 4. **Viscosity Enhancer** → ↑ viscosity 5. **Preservative** → Kill, slow down bacteria 6. **Antioxidant** * Antioxygen → Unstable * Reducing agent → Chelating agent 7. **Sweetening Agent** 8. **Flavors & Perfumes** 9. **Coloring Agent** ## Added in Formulation 1. **Buffer** * Acetate, Citrate, Phosphate, Carbonate * Borate (External only) 2. **Density Modifier** * Isobaric, Hypobaric, Hyperbaric 3. **Isotonicity** * Sodium chloride & Dextrose 4. **Viscosity** * Povidone (PVP), Cellulose 5. **Preservative** * Jalcohol: Ethanol or Propylene Glycol * Acid: Benzoic acid & Sorbic acid * Ester: Paraben ("para hydroxy benzoic acid") * 4/4 amm cmp: Bentaltonvim Chloride (Banc) * Phenol & Cresols: (Cannot be used in eye drops or oral) 6. **Flavor, Perfume**: Fruit & Butterscotch 7. **Coloring Agent** * FDE (external) * Natural colors * Carotenoid * Chlorophyll * Caramel * Synthetic * Coal tar dyes ## Antioxidant | Antioxidant (free radical) | Reducing agent (readily oxidized) | Chelating agent (enhance eff. of antioxidant) | |---|---|---| | - BHT (acid) | - Ascorbic (vit C) | - EDTA | | - BHA | - Na metabisulphite | - Citric acid | | - alpha tocopherol (vit E) | - Na sulphite | | * **Oily soln** for base * **Aq soln** *BHT→ Butylated hydroxy toluene* ## Sweetening Agent ### **Natural** * Sucrose (cariogenic) → Child * Glucose * Honey * Sorbitol * Mannitol * Glycerol * Xylitol → Diabetes * Stevia < → Diabetes & Children ### **Synthetic** * Saccharine → NO caloric * Aspartame * Cyclamate * Sucralose → 10:1 world ## Suspension * **Wetting agent** → (hydrophobic drugs only) * **Suspending agent** → **must** * **Flocculating agent** → **must** * **Wetting agent** → With hydrophobic drugs only. * Surface Active agent * Tween 80 (Internal) * SLS (External) * **Hydrophilic colloid**: Acacia, tragacanth, bentonite, Na CMC * **Solvents (levigating)**: Alcohol, Glyceral, Propylene glycol * **Structural vehicle (suspending or thickening agent)** * Ex: Na CMC, tragacanth, acacia, carboxy methyl cellulose * **Using flocculating agent** * Electrolyte: NaCl , Sulphate , citrate, phosphate * **Polymers**: Alginates, starch, xanthan gum, cellulose derivatives. * XSAA: Ionic, non-ionic ## Liq * **Oral Liq** * Syrup: Medicated: Phenergan Syrup * Flavored: Cherry Syrup * Elixir (No need to add preservative): * Dexamethasone elixir * Phenobarbital elixer * Linctuses: Glycerin (sweet taste) (For cancer) * Dry powder: Penicillin V or Cloxacillin * **Cutaneous Lig** * Lotion: Ex: Salicylic * Liniments: Methyl saliglate * Paints (small amount with brush): Ex: Salivek * **Topical oral dental**: * Benzocaine topical anesthetic * Eugenol dental analgesic ## Miscellaneous * **Spirit** → As flavoring agent ## Soln in Body Cavities * **Rectal Soln enema** * Oily * Aq * **Retention Enema** * ex: Hydrocortisone enema * **Diagnostic enema** * ex: Barium Sulphate * Aminophylline enema * **Evacuation enema** * ex: Magnesium Sulphate.