World Death Rates and Population Growth

DEATH RATE: The death rate / crude death rate / mortality rate refers to the number of people who die per 1000 of the population per year. 32  Current Warld Drath Rare 235 ftan: □45 □C·8 10 1 V N:: 1 4663p-ce- Yen 9u,20f1m 今...

DEATH RATE: The death rate / crude death rate / mortality rate refers to the number of people who die per 1000 of the population per year. 32  Current Warld Drath Rare 235 ftan: □45 □C·8 10 1 V N:: 1 4663p-ce- Yen 9u,20f1m 今ハー0A ンレー The map above shows that in 2012 South Africa had a high death rate of more than 14deaths / 1000 people. This means that more than 14 out of every 1000 people in the population died that year. The USA in the same year had a death rate of 8-10 people/ 1000 and Australia had adeath rate of G-8 people/1000. We will be looking at the factors that affect death rates later on in this section. POPULATION GROWTH RATE: This refers to the rate at which the population increases in a year. Therefore, the birth and death rates are important factors when calculating population growth rates e.g.a country with a birth rate of 18 and a death rate of 14 means that the population of that country is growing.However,the population growth rate is also affected by emigration and Immigration. Therefore the formula to work out the Population Growth Rate is: Population Growth Rate = (Births-Deaths)+(Immigrants-Emigrants) natural growth of population mechanical growth of population (This isaffected by social and economic factors e.g.availability of health services and how fast the economy is growing) A positive population growth rate means that the population is increasing, while a negative growth rate shows that population is decreasing. If a country has azero growth rate this means that the number of people in a population over a given period (i.e. year) has not changed. Below is South Africa's population statistics: The current population of South Africa is 60,650,628 as of Tuesday, November 21,2023,based on Worldometer elaboration of the latest United Nations data'. South Africa 2023 population is estimated at 60,414,495 people at mld year. South Africa population is equivalent to 0.75% of the total world population. South Africa ranks number 24 in the list of countries (and dependencies) by population. The population density in South Africa is 50 per Km2 (129 people per mi2). 33 The total land area is 1,213,090 Km2 (468,376 sq.miles) 69.0 % of the population is urban (41.711,727 people in 2023) The median age in South Africa is 27.6 years. South Africa Population 60,651,685 The map below shows the average annual rate of population change. As you can see,certain countries in Eastern Europe have a negative population growth i.e. their populations are getting smaller. Whereas some country's population is increasing by more than 3% per annum (year). South Africa's population is increasing between 0-1% according to this map. Remember, this information changes from year to year,but the general trend around the world is that population growth is slowing down. This teils us how many young children per year die. This is the rate of children under the age of one that die par year and is described per 1 000 live births. In some countries the infant mortality rate is very high (170 babies per 1 000 live births). This is mainly due to malnutrition and diarrthoea. However, in some countries the infant mortality rate is very low (less than 10 babies per 1 000 live births). In these countries, there is good medical care and people have access to clean water and good food to eat. 34  Map showing infant mortality rates across the world Ranking of the 20 countries with the lowest Infant mortality rate in 2021 (child deaths in the first year of lifeper 1,000 live births) Addtional Informalon Wingrde CIA South Africa: Infant mortality rate from 2011 to 2021 (in deaths per 1,000 live births) 40 35 Source Addrional Information: South Anica: Word Bank. 2011 to 2021 Statieta 2023  LIFE EXPECTANCY: This refers to the average age that a person can expect to live in a particular country. In the 1400s the average life expectancy in Europe was 37 years as many people died of diseases,sanitation was poor, they did not have access to clean water, medical treatment was not effective and people did not eat healthily. Today in developed countries such as the USA people can expect to live over 70 years on average. However, in many poor or developing countries life expectancy remains low. Many diseases such as HIV/ AIDS and COVID-19 are lowering the life expectancy of many countries. In what countries people live the longest? Below 60 NA Coprright o 2018 www.msptofwerldcom Life expectancy in South Africa shown per province from 2001 to 2021(predicted) FACTORS AFFECTING BIRTH AND DEATH RATES 36 Before the Industrial Revolution in the 18th and 19th Centuries, there were many pandemics e.g.The Black Death. Since that time, there have been some pandemics but they have not been as devastating as The Black Death.However, there are still many widespread illnesses that affect the birth rate such as smallpox, HIV and AIDS, TB, malaria,diarrhoea,Covid- 19etc. THE BLACK DEATH/PLAGUE: This is now known as the bubonic plague. It started in the 14th century in central Asia and China and spread rapidly through Europe. It was spread by the fleas on rats. It reached England in 1348 and it is thought to have killed 30-60% of Europe's population over 10 years. The world's population was reduced from 450 million to 350 million by 1400. People did not know how the disease was spread. They thought that it was a punishment from God for being wicked.Outbreaks of this disease continued for about 200 years. The cause of this disease was not discovered until the 20th century, and fortunately we now have a vaccine for this disease should an outbreak ever occur again. SSSSSSNNNSNSS Fulma 以いめい A doctor in medieval Europe. A beaked mask was worn as it held spices that were thought to purify the air.A wand was held to avoid touching patients. SMALLPOX AT THE CAPE: Last year in History,you learnt about the deadly disease called smallpox. Smallpox is the only human disease ever to have been eradicated via a massive vaccination campaign in the 1960s and 70s. You know that smallpox is a very contagious disease, the symptoms of which are high fever and pustules that leave very bad scars. The death rate of those people who contracted smallpox was about 30%, but this was higher among babies. if you survived, you would be very badly scarred and possibly blind. In February 1712, a Dutch ship coming from the east landed at the refreshment station in the Cape.The crew on board had the smallpox disease. They sent their clothes to be asined at the Dutch East India Company slave lodge. The disease spread rapidly and within a few weeks about 8slaves were dying from the disease every day. By May that year, te disease had reached pandemic proportions at the Cape. In June that year the pandemic was under control in the Cape Peninsula, however it had spread into the interior.About 25% of the white farmers were killed by the pandemic and by the end of 1713;the pandemic was no longer a threat to them. However, the Khoisan people were not so fortunate.They had no natural immunity and less resistance to the disease.About 90% of the Khoisan population was killed by this pandemic. There were further large outbreaks of smallpox at the Cape in 1755 and 1767. 37 Pustules cause by the deadly smallpox disease 1918 SPANISH FLU: This pandemic was caused by the H1N1 virus that has avian (bird) origins. It was first noted in US military personnel in the spring of 1918.It is estimated that about 500 million people or one-third of the world's population became infected with this virus. The number of deaths was estimated to be at least 50 million worldwide with about 675,000 occurring in the United States. Mortality was high in people younger than 5 years old, 20-40 years old, and 65 years and older.The high mortality in healthy people, including those in the 20-40-year age group,was a unique feature of this pandemic. Red Cross volunteers in St Louis tending to those infected with the 1918 Spanish Flu. HIV AND AIDS: This disease affects our immune system. Our immune system helps us to fight off disease. The HI virus, which comes before AIDS, destroys people's immune systems and allows many other diseases such as malaria and TB to infect the body. Death rates have increased especially in Africa where HIV infection rates are high. By 2005, more than 25 million people had died from an Aids related disease.Life expectancy is decreasing in many countries where HIV and Aids infections are increasing. People estimated to be living with HIV In milions People estimated to be living with HIV /AIDS in the world (in millions) in 2018. South Africa (2019) 7.5m people livingwith HIV 19% adult HIV prevalence (ages 15-49) 200,000 new HIV infections 72,000 AIDS-related deaths 38  71% adults on antiretroviral treatment 47% children on antiretroviral treatment ·All adults/children living with HIV Source UNAIDS Data 2020 Estimates of the impact of HIV / AIDS in South Africa in 2019 TUBERCULOSIS (TB): TB is an infectious airborne disease caused by a bacterium called Mycobacterium tuberculosis that affects the lungs. It is spread when people who have active TB cough or sneeze. Most cases of TB occur in developing countries.There are 22 countries that are called high burden TB countries. South Africa is one of these countries, along with India and China. It is one of the biggest killers in the world and in South Africa. People who live in overcrowded conditions with poor nutrition are most likely to get TB because their resistance to disease is low. Thirty years ago, it was thought that TB was under control, as people could easily be cured with antibiotics. However, there is now XDR TB that is resistant to these drugs. In addition, many people who have HIV/AIDS also get TB as their body cannot fight infection due to their immune system being compromised. ·Alrica ·Amerkas L.MediteRanesn -Curnpe ·Suuth East Asia ·Western Pactc A chart that shows that Africa has the most TB cases in the world. MALARIA: This is a parasitic disease that is transmitted by the bite of an infected mosquito.The World Health Organisation estimates that half of the world's population is at risk from malaria. Most deaths from malaria are in the tropical regions of Africa and Asia where mosquitoes thrive in the hot, moist climate.It is estimated that there are 3000 child deaths per day in Africa (especially in sub Saharan Africa) from malaria. 39 Organization #EndMalaria  DIARRHOEA: This is an infection of the stomach and intestines that causes severe dehydration andelectrolyte imbalances. The main causes of diarrhoea are unsafe water, inadequate sanitation and poor hygiene. Therefore, diarrhoea is very common in developing countries. Babies and young children can become dehydrated very quickly and are thus very susceptible to diarrhoea. Access to better sanitation is bringing down diarrhoea as a cause of death in India. 2) ECONOHIC STATUS: Economic status refers to how much money a person has. This affects how much food,ciothing,medical care ete they can afford. Therefore, your economic status refers to your standard of diving. Economic status affects the birth and death rate as: 40 People who enjoy a good standard of living are more likely to be well educated,eat heatthily, have access to good health care and look after their bodies by exercising regularly. This all means that they are less likely to die at a young age. Therefore, the death rates of people who enjoy a good standard of living are low. People with a lower standard of living de sie, nave access to good health care and cannot afford nutritious food. They live in poor conditions that are most likely associated with diseases like TB.Therefore,death rates among people with a lower standard of living tend to be higher. 41  Economic status also affects the birth rate, as when people are poor they may decide to have many children to help with farm work, to bring income to the family, or to look after parents when they are old. Many developing countries have high birth rates, high death rates and thus short life expectancy, When a country develops to a stage where its population is well educated and most people are employed, the birth rate usually falls. This is because people are enjoying a higher standard of living and many couples decide to have fewer children so they can provide them with a good education. 3)FAMILY NEEDS, ATTITUDES AND BELIEFS: There are many different reasons as to why people decide to have many children,few children or no children. All of these affect the birth rate. FAMILY NEEDS: Different families have different needs e.g. a farming family living in a developing country that relies on oxen pulling ploughing for their food production may need extra family members to take care of crop cultivation and harvesting of crops. Families may also need more children to take care of animals. In many developing countries, farmers cannot afford mechanised farming methods, this leads to an increase in the birth rate.However,it is expensive to raise children in developed countries and there is no need for families to have many children as in developing countries, so families have fewer children. FAMILY ATTITUDES: In some countries, it is seen as an asset/status symbol to have many children, as the family is seen as wealthy.Having many children in some communities is also a form of security as there will be many children to look after the parents when they get old. Also in some countries, there is a negative attitude towards birth control. High infant mortality can also lead to high birth rates in some communities, as people living in poorer communities may expect their children to die before they reach one year of age and thus have many children, hoping that some of them survive. Many of these children nowadays do survive due to improved medical care and the family ends up having many children. Some communities encourage that women are not educated and stay at home to look after the children. This can also encourage high birth rates. In contrast, women living in developed countries usuaily have smaller families,allowing them still to follow a career. In addition, women who work generally practise birth control and so have fewer children. Furthermore,people want to provide their children with the highest standard of living possible and for this reason, they decide only to have one or two children so that they can provide them with the best of everything. All these factors result in lower birth rates. FAMILY BELIEFS: Beliefs are often linked to religion. Some religions are against contraception and abortion. Therefore, if many families belong to a particular religion or church that does not allow contraception or abortion,