CAIE AS Level Physics Practical Notes PDF

ZNOTES.ORG UPDATED TO 2023-2025 SYLLABUS CAIE AS LEVEL PHYSICS SUMMARIZED NOTES ON THE THEORY SYLLABUS Prepared for Saad for personal use only. CAIE AS LEVEL PHYSICS 1. General Tips If range given e.g. $0$ to $20$, try to get a measurement from a large spread of the range. Record all me...

ZNOTES.ORG UPDATED TO 2023-2025 SYLLABUS CAIE AS LEVEL PHYSICS SUMMARIZED NOTES ON THE THEORY SYLLABUS Prepared for Saad for personal use only. CAIE AS LEVEL PHYSICS 1. General Tips If range given e.g. $0$ to $20$, try to get a measurement from a large spread of the range. Record all measurements needed to obtain final value including intermediary steps For example, if a length $l$ is derived from $l\ = \ l_{2}\ - \ l_{1}$ then $l_{1}$ and $l_{2}$ should appear in the table. Column labelled with the name of symbol and units 2. Micrometre Screw Gauge Measures objects up to $0.1mm$ Place object on the rule Push the slide scale to the edge of object. The sliding scale is $0.9mm$ long & is divided into $10$ equal divisions. Check which line division on sliding scale matches with a line division on the rule Subtract the value from the sliding scale ($0.09 \times Divisions)$ by the value from the rule. 4. Systematic and Random Errors Systematic error: Constant error in one direction; too big or too small Cannot be eliminated by repeating or averaging If systematic error is small, measurement accurate Accuracy: refers to the degree of agreement between the result of a measurement and the true value of quantity. Random error: Measures objects up to $0.01mm$ Random fluctuations or scatter about a true value Can be reduced by repeating and averaging Place object between anvil & spindle When random error is small, measurement precise Rotate thimble until object firmly held by jaws Precision: refers to the degree of agreement of Add together value from the main scale and rotating repeated measurements of the same quantity scale (regardless of whether it is correct or not) 3. Vernier Scale 5. Uncertainties 5.1. Uncertainties in Measurement For a quantity $x = \left( 2.0 \pm 0.1 \right)\text{mm}$ WWW.ZNOTES.ORG Copyright © 2024 ZNotes Education & Foundation. All Rights Reserved. This document is authorised for personal use only by Saad at ABQ Sohar International School on 02/12/24. CAIE AS LEVEL PHYSICS Absolute uncertainty $\mathbf{=}\mathrm{\Delta}x = \pm 0.1mm$ Fractional uncertainty $\mathbf{=}\frac{\mathrm{\Delta}x}{x} = 0.05$ Percentage uncertainty $= \ \frac{\mathrm{\Delta}x}{x} \times 100% = 5%$ Combining errors: When values are added or subtracted, add absolute error If $p = \frac{2x + y}{3}$ or $p = \frac{2x - y}{3}$, then $\mathrm{\Delta}p = \frac{2\mathrm{\Delta}x + \mathrm{\Delta}y}{3}$ When values are multiplied or divided, add % errors When values are powered (e.g. squared), multiply the percentage error with the power If $r = 2xy^{3}$ or $r = \frac{2x}{y^{3}}$, then $\frac{\mathrm{\Delta}r}{r} = \frac{\mathrm{\Delta}x} {x} + \frac{3\mathrm{\Delta}y}{y}$ | Instrument | Uncertainty | |----|----| | Ruler | ‎0.1 cm | | Protractor | ‎2o | | Stopwatch | ‎(Max-Min) / 2 ‎| | Ammeter | 0.05 A | 6. Treatment of Significant Figures Actual error: recorded only $1$ significant figure The number of decimal places for a calculated quantity is equal to the number of decimal places in the actual error | Quantity | Justification | |----|----| | s.f. of the calculated quantity | To s.f. of measure value | | s.f. of measure value | To the precision of the instrument | Always give calculated quantity s.f. equal or one more than the measured value 7. Errors in Experiments 8. Errors in Apparatus General: Error: two readings are not enough Improvement: take several readings and plot a graph WWW.ZNOTES.ORG Copyright © 2024 ZNotes Education & Foundation. All Rights Reserved. This document is authorised for personal use only by Saad at ABQ Sohar International School on 02/12/24. CAIE AS Level Physics © ZNotes Education Ltd. & ZNotes Foundation 2024. All rights reserved. This version was created by Saad on Mon Dec 02 2024 for strictly personal use only. These notes have been created by Pugazharasu for the 2022-2024 syllabus. The document contains images and excerpts of text from educational resources available on the internet and printed books. If you are the owner of such media, test or visual, utilized in this document and do not accept its usage then we urge you to contact us and we would immediately replace said media. No part of this document may be copied or re-uploaded to another website. Under no conditions may this document be distributed under the name of false author(s) or sold for financial gain. "ZNotes" and the ZNotes logo are trademarks of ZNotes Education Limited (registration UK00003478331).