Body System Part 2 PDF

‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم‬ ‫)سبحانك ال علم لنا اال ما علمتنا انك انت العليم الحكيم(‬ ‫صدق هللا العظيم‬ ‫البقرة االية(‪)32‬‬  Human anatomy D.r Omer Mahmoud Abubaker lecture NO:3 Human Anatomy and Body Systems Part 2  5)The Endocrine...

‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم‬ ‫)سبحانك ال علم لنا اال ما علمتنا انك انت العليم الحكيم(‬ ‫صدق هللا العظيم‬ ‫البقرة االية(‪)32‬‬  Human anatomy D.r Omer Mahmoud Abubaker lecture NO:3 Human Anatomy and Body Systems Part 2  5)The Endocrine System *Purpose: to control growth, development, metabolism and reproduction through the production and secretion of hormones. *Major Organs : -- hypothalamus -- pituitary gland -- thyroid -- parathyroid -- adrenal glands -- pancreas -- testes -- ovaries *Cell type - epithelial  Endocrine System *Controls all the metabolic activities of the body. * Made up of a series of glands – organs which produce and release chemical messengers, generally into the bloodstream. * The chemical messengers are called hormones and they affect the behaviour of cells. * Only cells with receptors respond to hormones.  Glands of the Endocrine System *The major gland is the : (1)pituitary gland –produces many of the hormones that regulate the endocrine glands. (2)The hypothalamus --controls the pituitary gland. (3) Thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, ovaries and testes.  Examples of Hormones Endocrine Hormone Effect on target cells Thyroid Thyroxine Regulates metabolic Adrenal medulla Adrenaline and noradrenaline Prepare the body ‘’fight or flight ‘’by increasing body activities Pancreas – islets of Langerhans Insulin Regulates the amount of sugar in bloodstream Posterior pituitary Oxytocin Stimulates contraction of uterus during childbirth  Location : on top of the kidney. Structure Capsule Cortex Medulla  Organ system Interactions *You name it – it interacts with it for regulation especially in conjunction with the nervous system and circulatory system.  6)The Excretory System *Purpose: to rid the body of wastes, including excess water and salts. *Cell Type: epithelial. *Major Organs and Their Functions: *Kidneys – the main organs of the excretory system; -- waste-laden blood enters the kidney and the kidney filters out urea, excess water and other waste products, which eventually travel out of the kidney as urine. -- eventually they travel through the ureter to the urinary bladder. *Rectum – solid (food) waste travels out of the body through the rectum (discus in the digestive system).  Renal system Functions: 1. remove excess water & salts & and wastes of the protein metabolism from the blood. 2. Regulates fluid balance, maintains homeostasis by returning nutrients and chemicals to the blood. 3. They convey the waste products from the blood. Structures:  2 kidneys - filter blood, produce urine  2 ureters - transport urine (kidneys to bladder)  bladder - reservoir for urine  urethra - transport of urine Urine flows from each kidney, down its ureter to the bladder and to the outside via the urethra Filter the blood and return most of water and solutes to the bloodstream.  Blood supply to the kidney: Renal arteries from abdominal aorta at L2 / enter hilum and branches in to: 1. Interlobar arteries - pass through renal columns and reach junction between medulla and cortex. 2. Arcuate arteries run parallel with the base of the pyramids. 3. Interlobular arteries move up into the cortex and branch to form the afferent arteriole. Based on it is blood supply each kidney possesses five segment.  Ureters Musculsr duct that transport urine from renal pelvis to bladder. 25-30 cm long with narrow lumen. 5-8 mm diameter. Whitish non pulsatile – peristaltic activity. Retroperitoneal. pressure in the bladder compresses ureter, helps prevent backflow of urine. physiological valve which prevent back flow of urine. Female Male  Organ system Interaction Circulatory system – filters blood Digestive system – removes undigested food Nervous system – response & regulation Endocrine system – response regulation  7)Reproductive system *Produces, matures, nourishes, and stores gametes. – For the first 6 weeks of development, male and female embryos are identical. – At the 7th week, if a Y chromosome is present, the testes develop and begin to produce androgens (hormones) that cause male physical characteristics and reproductive structures to develop. * Cell type – epithelial.  Introduction Primary Sex Organs Gonads Testes – male Produce sperm – male gamete (sex cell) Produce testosterone – male hormone Ovaries – female Produce Ova/egg – female gamete (sex cell) Produce estrogen, progesterone – female hormone Accessory Sex Organs Remaining sex organs Male Reproductive System  Testes – Male Gonads -Enclosed in the scrotum; suspended outside of the body -Sperm need to be cooler than body temperature Appearance Olive-size Covered by capsule – tunica albuginea Capsule extends in dividing testis into lobules Lobules contain tightly coiled seminiferous tubules Sperm producing factories Empty sperm into rete testis which empty into the epididymis  Interstitial Cells Surrounding the seminiferous tubules Produce testosterone – male reproductive hormone Duct System Accessory male organs Transports sperm from the testes through the penis Epididymis, ductus (vas) deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra Epididymis Appearance Tightly coiled threadlike tube; 20 feet long Location On top of the testis, descends along the posterior surface Epididymis becomes the ductus/vas deferens as it turns up towards the body  Function of Epididymis Passageway for sperm to the ductus/vas deferens 20 day journey Immature sperm – non-motile when entering the epididymis Allows time for sperm to mature Develop flagella During sexual stimulation the epididymis ejects sperm to ductus deferens Ductus (Vas) Deferens Appearance Long, winding tube Location Passes thru the inguinal canal into the abdominal cavity Arches over the urinary bladder Empties into the ejaculatory duct which passes through the prostate gland  Function Transport of stored sperm from epididymis by peristalsis Vasectomy Small incision into the scrotum cutting through the part of the vas deferens in the scrotum Sperm are still produced but can no long be expelled out of the body Spermatic Cord Consists of the ductus deferens blood vessels and nerves passing through the inguinal canal into the abdominopelvic cavity. Urethra  Location  Extends from the base of the urinary bladder to the tip of the penis  Last part of the duct system  Regions  Prostatic urethra  Passes through the prostrate gland  Contains the external urethral sphincter  Membranous urethra  Passes through the muscles of the pelvic floor  Contains internal urethral sphincter  Penile urethra  Passes through the length of the penis Urethra  Function  Carries both urine and semen  Semen  Sperm and fluids from the accessory glands  Semen and urine never pass at the same time  During ejaculation, the internal urinary sphincter contracts preventing passage of sperm to bladder and passage of urine to urethra Seminal Vesicle  Paired sac-like structures  Attach to the vas deferens  Secretes the major portion of the semen - seminal fluid  Thick, yellowish  Fructose - sugar - energy for the sperm  Other secretions which nourish and activate the sperm  Secretion empties into the ejaculatory ducts Prostate Gland  Bulbourethral Glands Location - Inferior to the prostate gland Appearance Very small pea-sized Function Secretes a clear mucous fluid in response to sexual stimulation First secretion to pass down the urethra Lubricates the end of the penis for sexual intercourse Cleanse the urethra of traces of acidic urine External Genitalia Scrotum Pouch of skin posterior to the penis containing the testes Surrounded by muscles (cremaster muscle) to move the testes closer or further from the body Sperm development requires a temperature of 3 degrees lower than body temperature In cold weather the muscles pull the scrotum closer to the body In warm weather, the muscles relax and move the scrotum further away from body Penis Erectile tissue To deliver the sperm to the female vagina Spongy tissue that fills with blood causing the penis to enlarge and become rigid Erection Shaft with an enlarged tip – glans penis Glans penis is covered by loose skin called the prepuce (foreskin) Prepuce removed by circumcision Contains the external urinary orifice Female Reproductive System  Functions  Produce the female gametes (ova)  Nurture and protect the developing fetus  Produce female sex hormones  Primary reproductive organ – Gonad  Ovaries -Exocrine function – produce eggs/ova -Endocrine function – produce hormones Estrogens, progesterone Ovary Suspended by ligaments 1.Broad ligament 2.Ovarian ligament Function: *Development of egg cells to maturation *Ovulation of mature egg cell *Secrete sex hormones  Ovary Paired, almond shaped organs Contain follicles where the egg develops Each follicle contains an immature egg Oocyte Graafian follicle is the mature follicle Ovulation – mature egg expelled from the follicle  Uterine Tubes Location Extend from the ovaries to the uterus Appearance Muscular tube lined with cilia Expands near ovaries to form funnel shaped structure called the fimbriae forms currents to sweep egg in Does not make physical contact with the ovaries  Function Receive the ovulated egg Depends on movements of the fimbriae to guide an ovulated egg into the tube Some eggs are lost in the peritoneal cavity and might even be fertilized there Carry egg (zygote if fertilization occurred) to the uterus Muscular walls for peristalsis of egg into the uterus Rhythmic beating of cilia in uterine tubes Uterus Hollow, muscular organ Shape of an inverted pear Fundus, body, cervix Cervix - Lower 1/3 of the uterus projecting into the vagina Layers  Endometrium - mucus  Embryo burrows into this lining – implantation  Sloughs off about every 28 days if fertilization does not occur  Myometrium - muscle  Contracts during childbirth  Perimetrium  Outer layer  Visceral peritoneum Vagina *Muscular tube; 3-4 inches long *Opening is the vaginal orifice covered by the hymen External Genitalia Female reproductive structures external to the vagina Also called the Vulva Mon pubis, labia, clitoris, vestibular glands Mons pubis Fatty rounded area over the pubic symphysis Covered with pubic hair after puberty  Labia  Labia majora  Hair covered skin folds  Labia minora  Located between the labia majora  Hairless Vestibular glands Proddistaluce mucus Lubricates end of vagina during intercourse Mammary Glands *Modified sweat glands *Areola around the nipple *Alveolar glands producing milk into the lactiferous ducts  Organ system Interaction Endocrine – hormones for gamete production & reproductive cycle Nervous system Circulatory system  8)Integumentary System Purpose: temperature regulation, waste removal, sensory info, and protection Largest organ of the body = skin which has two layers (epidermis and dermis.) Skin, Hair, Nails Cell type – epithelial Hair Functions Absorbs radiation from the sun that maybe harmful Reduces loss of heat Filters out dust and dirt Shows gender Sensitive to movement Nail Functions Protects tips of fingers or toes Helps pick up small objects Enhances sensation of the finger by acting as a counterforce Scratching The Epidermis Outermost layer of skin. Made of layers of epithelial cells. Outermost layer of cells are flattened, dead, and keratin filled. Keratin makes skin tough and waterproof. Skin is continually damaged, but replaces cells instead of repairing them. Layer of actively dividing cells at base of epidermis make new cells that move up to replace old ones on surface, producing keratin as they go. Epidermal cells contain melanin, a pigment that absorbs UV radiation. Melanin ranges from reddish brown to black  Epidermis Outermost Layer: – keratin - tough, flexible protein; found in hair and fingernails – melanocytes - cells that produce melanin Dermis Dermis - supports epidermis. Contains nerve endings, blood vessel, and smooth muscles. Two types of glands: A) sweat glands - controlled by nervous system B) sebaceous glands - produce oily secretions that helps keep the epidermis flexible and waterproof. Subcutaneous Tissue Located beneath the Dermis. It’s a layer of connective tissue made of fat. It’s a shock absorber, insulator, and energy storage. Anchors skin to underlying organs. Thickness varies throughout the body. Organ system Interactions Immune system - first line of defense Circulatory system - brings nutrients and water Excretory system – sweat Nervous system – touch Endocrine – thermoregulation  9)The Lymphatic/Immune System Purpose: to remove infectious diseases and other pathogens from the human body. Cell type - Epithelial Major Organs and Their Functions 1.Skin – also called the integumentary system, the skins the body’s first line of defence 2.White Blood Cells – recognize disease agents (antigens) and create antibodies to tag and remove these antigens -- phagocytes are the white blood cell type that actually eats and destroys these antigens 3.Lymph Nodes – help restore fluid lost by the blood and return it to the circulatory system. 4.Spleen – produces and stores white blood cells. 5.Thymus – site of white blood cell maturation.  Organ system Interactions Integumentary – first line of defence Respiratory – mucus membranes Circulatory – transport of antibodies & white blood cells Endocrine – chemical stimulus response Excretory & digestive – elimination of pathogens  10)The Skeletal System Purpose: to provide structure and support to the human body. Bones are where new blood cells are generated (in the bone marrow), and require the mineral calcium for strength. Major Bones of the Human Body -- femur (thigh bone) -- humeurs (upper arm) -- radius and ulna (forearm) -- cranium (skull) -- sternum (breastbone) -- clavicle (shoulder blade) -- fibula and tibia (calf) -- vertebrae (back) -- scapula (shoulder) -- pelvic bone -- coccyx (tail bone) -- phalanges (fingers/toes) Types of cells: - osteocytes - cells that build and maintain bones - bone marrow - produce white and red blood cells  Functions of Musculoskeletal System Support the body with a rigid structure for attachment of body parts Provide bodies shape Allow for body movement Provide protection for the vital organs Produce blood cells in the bone marrow Classification of Bones: By Shape Long bones. longer than they are wide. They have: - shaft (body)- diaphysis. - Two ends- epiphysis Ex., humerus, femur Classification of Bones: By Shape Short bones - Cuboids in shape. - Composed of cancellous –surround by thin plate of compact. *Ex: bones of the -wrist = 8 Carpal bones Ankle = 7 Tarsal bones Classification of Bones: By Shape Flat bones - thin, flattened. - Composed of cancellous surround by thin outer compact - Ex, sternum, and most skull bones Classification of Bones: By Shape Irregular bones bones with complicated shapes. Made up of thin outer compact-inner cancellous Ex, vertebrae and hip bones  Classification of Bones: By Shape Pneumatic bone. certain bone of skull. Irregular in shape Contain air spaces lined by epithelial cells Ex. Maxillary , sphenoid Classification of Bones: By Shape Sesamoid bones Bones that lies within tendons of muscles (e.g., patella =)‫(العظم المتحركه في راس الركبه (الرضفه‬ Their function. Reduce friction on the tendons They also alter the direction of muscles Maintain the local circulation  structure Classification Compact bones Dense in structures –so appear as a sold mass. Best developed in cortex of the long bones. Cancellous bones Made up of branching network of trabeculae or spaces – which contain bone marrow Ex: hip ,sternum, vertebrae Structures and parts of the long bones  Periosteum : --Membrane covering bone surfaces. -- double-layered protective membrane -Outer fibrous layer is – C.T -Inner cellular layer -osteogenic osteoblasts Richly supplied with nerve fibers, blood, and lymphatic vessels, -has Sharpey’s fibers Endosteum – delicate membrane covering internal surfaces of bone  Bone Markings The surfaces of bones shows various marking, that for : attachment of fascia, muscles , ligaments and tendons or for blood vessels and nerves passes ……. These roughening are not present at birth, they appears at puberty and becomes during the adult life. The marking are Bulges or elevations Depressions. Holes or perforations  Bone Markings: Trochanter – large, blunt, irregular surface Tuberosity – rounded projection Tubercle – small rounded projection Crest – narrow, prominent ridge of bone Line – narrow ridge of bone Epicondyle – raised area above a condyle Spine – sharp, slender projection Process – any bony prominence Fossa - large shallow depression Notch- small shallow depression area Foramen –Canal- long passage Groove – long line depression Fissure - long deep line depression What are joints, ligaments, tendons, and cartilage? Joints are where to bones meet and can withstand pressure. Ligaments are strong bands of connective tissue that hold joints together and prevent them from moving too far. Tendons are strips of dense connective tissue attached to bone. Cartilage is light weight, strong, flexible tissue. Organ system Interaction Nervous system – movement Muscle system – movement Circulatory system – oxygen & nutrients Digestive system – digestion (stomach & peristaltic activity Excretory - sweat  11)Muscle system *Will be in separate lecture