Cranial Nerves Functions PDF

12/19/23 Learning outcomes Functions of Cranial Nerves • Explain the functions of cranial nerves. • List the classification of cranial nerves 3 • List each cranial nerves responsible function. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cenk SerhanÖZVEREL [email protected] Cranial Nerves • 12 nerves • Each h...

12/19/23 Learning outcomes Functions of Cranial Nerves • Explain the functions of cranial nerves. • List the classification of cranial nerves 3 • List each cranial nerves responsible function. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cenk SerhanÖZVEREL [email protected] Cranial Nerves • 12 nerves • Each has a different function for sense or movement. • Function à Sensory &Motor • Sensory cranial nerves help a person to see, smell and hear • Motor cranial nerves help control muscle movements in the head and neck. • Each nerve has a name that reflects its function and a number based on its position in the brain. 1 12/19/23 Summary of Function of Cranial Nerves 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Olfactory nerve Optic nerve Oculomotor nerve Trochlear nerve Trigeminal nerve Abducent nerve Facial nerve Vestibulocochlear nerve 9. 10. 11. 12. Glossopharyngeal nerve Vagus nerve Accessory nerve Hypoglossal nerve Classification of cranial nerves • Sensory cranial nerves: contain only afferent (sensory) fibers • ⅠOlfactory nerve • ⅡOptic nerve • Ⅷ Vestibulocochlear nerve • Motor cranial nerves: contain only efferent (motor) fibers • Ⅲ Oculomotor nerve • Ⅳ Trochlear nerve • ⅥAbducent nerve • Ⅺ Accessory nerv • Ⅻ Hypoglossal nerve • Mixed nerves: contain both sensory and motor fibers--• ⅤTrigeminal nerve, • Ⅶ Facial nerve, • ⅨGlossopharyngeal nerve • ⅩVagus nerve 2 12/19/23 Cranial Nerve I: Olfactory Cranial Nerve I: Olfactory • Arises from the olfactory epithelium • Passes through the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone • Fibers run through the olfactory bulb and terminate in the primary olfactory cortex • Functions solely by carrying afferent impulses for the sense of smell Figure I from Table 13.2 Cranial Nerve II: Optic Cranial Nerve II: Optic • Arises from the retina of the eye • Optic nerves pass through the optic canals and converge at the optic chiasm • They continue to the thalamus where they synapse • From there, the optic radiation fibers run to the visual cortex • Functions solely by carrying afferent impulses for vision Figure II Table 13.2 3 12/19/23 Cranial Nerve III: Oculomotor Cranial Nerve III: Oculomotor • Fibers extend from the ventral midbrain, pass through the superior orbital fissure, and go to the extrinsic eye muscles • Functions in raising the eyelid, directing the eyeball, constricting the iris, and controlling lens shape • The latter 2 functions are parasympathetically controlled • Parasympathetic cell bodies are in the ciliary ganglia Figure III from Table 13.2 Ocularmotor paralysis Cranial Nerve IV: Trochlear • Fibers emerge from the dorsal midbrain and enter the orbits via the superior orbital fissures; innervate the superior oblique muscle • Primarily a motor nerve that directs the eyeball 4 12/19/23 Cranial Nerve V: Trigeminal Cranial Nerve IV: Trochlear • Composed of three divisions: ophthalmic (V1), maxillary (V2), and mandibular (V3) • Fibers run from the face to the pons via the superior orbital fissure (V1), the foramen rotundum (V2), and the foramen ovale (V3) • Conveys sensory impulses from various areas of the face (V1) and (V2), and supplies motor fibers (V3) for mastication Figure IV from Table 13.2 Cranial Nerve VI: Abducens Cranial Nerve V: Trigeminal • Fibers leave the inferior pons and enter the orbit via the superior orbital fissure • Primarily a motor nerve innervating the lateral rectus muscle (abducts the eye; thus the name abducens) Figure V from Table 13.2 Figure VI from Table 13.2 5 12/19/23 Abducens nerve injury Cranial Nerve VII: Facial • Fibers leave the pons, travel through the internal acoustic meatus, and emerge through the stylomastoid foramen to the lateral aspect of the face • Motor functions include facial expression, and the transmittal of autonomic impulses to lacrimal and salivary glands • Sensory function is taste from the anterior twothirds of the tongue Cranial Nerve VII: Facial Facial nerve injury +/- Bells Palsy Figure VII from Table 13.2 6 12/19/23 Cranial Nerve VIII: Vestibulocochlear Cranial Nerve VIII: Vestibulocochlear • Fibers arise from the hearing and equilibrium apparatus of the inner ear, pass through the internal acoustic meatus, and enter the brainstem at the pons-medulla border • Two divisions – cochlear (hearing) and vestibular (balance) • Functions are solely sensory – equilibrium and hearing Figure VIII from Table 13.2 Cranial Nerve IX: Glossopharyngeal Cranial Nerve IX: Glossopharyngeal • Fibers emerge from the medulla, leave the skull via the jugular foramen, and run to the throat • Nerve IX is a mixed nerve with motor and sensory functions • Motor – innervates part of the tongue and pharynx, and provides motor fibers to the parotid salivary gland • Sensory – fibers conduct taste and general sensory impulses from the tongue and pharynx Figure IX from Table 13.2 7 12/19/23 Cranial Nerve X: Vagus Cranial Nerve X: Vagus The only cranial nerve that extends beyond the head and neck Fibers emerge from the medulla via the jugular foramen The vagus is a mixed nerve Most motor fibers are parasympathetic fibers to the heart, lungs, and visceral organs • Its sensory function is in taste • • • • Figure X from Table 13.2 Cranial Nerve XI: Accessory Cranial Nerve XI: Accessory • Formed from a cranial root emerging from the medulla and a spinal root arising from the superior region of the spinal cord • The spinal root passes upward into the cranium via the foramen magnum • The accessory nerve leaves the cranium via the jugular foramen • Primarily a motor nerve • Supplies fibers to the larynx, pharynx, and soft palate • Innervates the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid, which move the head and neck 8 12/19/23 Cranial Nerve XII: Hypoglossal Cranial Nerve XI: Accessory • Fibers arise from the medulla and exit the skull via the hypoglossal canal • Innervates both extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the tongue, which contribute to swallowing and speech Figure XI from Table 13.2 Cranial Nerve XII: Hypoglossal Reference Book • Guyton and Hall Medical Physiology. Elsevier. Figure XII from Table 13.2 9 12/19/23 The End 10