Grade 10 Photosynthesis Notes PDF

‭ UARTER‬‭2‬ Q ‭Photosynthesis‬ ‭‬ P ‭ hotosynthesis‬‭is‬‭the‬‭process‬‭by‬‭which‬‭plants‬‭prepare‬‭organic‬‭food‬ ‭(carbohydrates)‬‭from‬‭c arbon‬‭dioxide‬‭and‬‭water‬‭using‬‭s unlight‬‭and‬‭c hlorophyll.‬‭It‬ ‭produces‬‭glucose,‬‭which‬‭is‬‭s tored‬‭as‬‭starch‬‭and‬‭s...

‭ UARTER‬‭2‬ Q ‭Photosynthesis‬ ‭‬ P ‭ hotosynthesis‬‭is‬‭the‬‭process‬‭by‬‭which‬‭plants‬‭prepare‬‭organic‬‭food‬ ‭(carbohydrates)‬‭from‬‭c arbon‬‭dioxide‬‭and‬‭water‬‭using‬‭s unlight‬‭and‬‭c hlorophyll.‬‭It‬ ‭produces‬‭glucose,‬‭which‬‭is‬‭s tored‬‭as‬‭starch‬‭and‬‭s erves‬‭as‬‭a‬‭s ource‬‭of‬‭internal‬ ‭energy‬‭for‬‭the‬‭plant.‬ ‭Equation‬‭for‬‭Photosynthesis‬ ‭ arbon‬‭dioxide‬‭+‬‭Water‬‭→‬‭G lucose‬‭+‬‭O xygen‬ C ‭Requirements‬‭for‬‭Photosynthesis‬ ‭-‬ ‭Sunlight‬ ‭-‬ ‭Chlorophyll‬‭(Photosynthetic‬‭pigment)‬ ‭-‬ ‭Carbon‬‭dioxide‬‭(CO2)‬ ‭-‬ ‭Water‬‭(H2O)‬ ‭Importance‬‭of‬‭Autotrophs‬ ‭-‬ ‭Autotrophs‬‭are‬‭important‬‭because‬‭they‬‭form‬‭the‬‭base‬‭of‬‭food‬‭c hains,‬ ‭s upporting‬‭herbivores‬‭and‬‭c arnivores.‬ ‭-‬ ‭Photosynthesis‬‭stores‬‭s olar‬‭energy‬‭in‬‭c arbohydrates,‬‭which‬‭heterotrophs‬ ‭break‬‭down‬‭to‬‭produce‬‭ATP,‬‭the‬‭energy‬‭needed‬‭for‬‭life.‬ ‭Photosynthetic‬‭and‬‭Chemosynthetic‬‭O rganisms‬‭–‬‭Photoautotrophs‬‭are‬ ‭organisms‬‭that‬‭s ynthesize‬‭their‬‭food‬‭(organic‬‭c ompounds)‬‭v ia‬‭photosynthesis,‬ ‭including‬‭plants,‬‭algae,‬‭phytoplankton,‬‭k elp,‬‭and‬‭c yanobacteria.‬ ‭Leaf‬‭Structure’s‬ ‭‬ ‭Photosynthesis‬‭occurs‬‭in‬‭the‬‭chloroplasts‬‭within‬‭the‬‭leaf‬‭cells‬‭.‬ ‭‬ ‭Stomata‬‭allow‬‭the‬‭CO2‬‭and‬‭O 2‬‭to‬‭enter‬‭and‬‭exit‬‭the‬‭leaf.‬ ‭Water‬‭movement‬‭in‬‭the‬‭leaf‬ ‭‬ W ‭ ater‬‭m oves‬‭from‬‭the‬‭x ylem‬‭into‬‭the‬‭leaf‬‭tissues,‬‭and‬‭gasses‬‭like‬‭CO2‬‭and‬‭O 2‬ ‭m ove‬‭in‬‭and‬‭out‬‭through‬‭s tomata,‬‭regulated‬‭by‬‭the‬‭guard‬‭c ells.‬ ‭Chloroplasts‬ ‭‬ ‭Chloroplasts‬‭are‬‭the‬‭site‬‭of‬‭photosynthesis‬‭.‬  ‭‬ T ‭ hylakoid:‬‭The‬‭c oin‬‭s tructures‬‭where‬‭light-independent‬‭reactions‬‭occur.‬ ‭‬ ‭Stroma:‬‭Aqueous‬‭fluid‬‭s pace‬‭where‬‭the‬‭Calvin‬‭Cycle‬‭occurs.‬ ‭‬ ‭G ranum:‬‭Stacks‬‭of‬‭Thylakoids‬ ‭ hotosynthesis‬‭Stages‬ P ‭1.‬ ‭Light-Dependent‬‭Reactions‬ ‭‬ ‭Location:‬‭Thylakoid‬‭membrane‬ ‭‬ ‭Need‬‭lights‬ ‭‬ ‭Use‬‭light‬‭to‬‭s plit‬‭w ater‬‭molecules‬‭into‬‭hydrogen‬‭and‬‭oxygen.‬ ‭‬ ‭Creates:‬‭O 2,‬‭ATP,‬‭and‬‭NADPH‬ ‭.‬ ‭Light-Independent‬‭Reactions‬‭(Calvin‬‭Cycle)‬ 2 ‭‬ ‭Location:‬‭Stroma‬ ‭‬ ‭Use‬‭ATP‬‭(provide‬‭c hemical‬‭energy)‬ ‭and‬‭NADPH‬‭(provide‬‭the‬‭reducing‬‭energy:‬ ‭gain‬‭of‬‭electrons)‬‭to‬‭c onvert‬‭(fixing)‬‭c arbon‬‭dioxide‬‭into‬‭glucose.‬ ‭‬ ‭Creates:‬‭G lucose‬ ‭‬ ‭Rubisco‬‭enzymes‬‭c atalyze‬‭the‬‭reaction‬‭between‬‭CO2‬‭and‬‭RuBP,‬‭which‬‭forms‬‭a‬ ‭six-carbon‬‭compound‬‭that‬‭is‬‭immediately‬‭converted‬‭into‬‭two‬‭three-carbon‬ ‭compounds.‬‭This‬‭process‬‭is‬‭c alled‬‭carbon‬‭fixation‬‭because‬‭CO2‬‭is‬‭“fixed”‬ ‭from‬‭inorganic‬‭form‬‭into‬‭organic‬‭m olecules.‬ ‭Factor‬‭Effecting‬‭Photosynthesis‬ ‭a)‬ ‭Light‬‭Intensity:‬‭M ore‬‭light‬‭s peeds‬‭up‬‭the‬‭s plitting‬‭of‬‭water‬‭m olecules.‬ ‭b)‬ ‭Temperature:‬‭Affects‬‭the‬‭Calvin‬‭Cycle,‬‭with‬‭higher‬‭temperatures‬ ‭increasing‬‭the‬‭rate‬‭of‬‭c arbon‬‭fixation.‬ ‭Adaptation‬‭of‬‭Leaves‬‭for‬‭Photosynthesis‬ ‭‬ ‭Broad,‬‭flat‬‭shape‬‭:‬‭M aximizes‬‭light‬‭and‬‭CO2‬‭absorption.‬ ‭‬ ‭Thin‬‭structure‬‭:‬‭Facilitates‬‭diffusion‬‭of‬‭gases.‬ ‭‬ L ‭ arge‬‭air‬‭spaces‬‭:‬‭Ease‬‭of‬‭CO2‬‭diffusion.‬ ‭‬ ‭Stomata‬‭:‬‭Located‬‭m ainly‬‭on‬‭the‬‭lower‬‭leaf‬‭s urface‬‭for‬‭gas‬‭exchange.‬ ‭‬ ‭Chloroplast‬‭distribution‬‭:‬‭M ore‬‭in‬‭the‬‭upper‬‭c ells‬‭(palisade)‬‭for‬‭efficient‬‭light‬ ‭c apture.‬ ‭‬ ‭Veins‬‭:‬‭Ensure‬‭water‬‭s upply‬‭to‬‭photosynthesizing‬‭c ells.‬