Biology Exam 1 Prep.pdf

Define biology Identify the characteristics of life Identify what science is and is not Distinguish between scientific facts, hypotheses, theories, and laws Explain and be able to use the hypothetico-deductive approach to science What is genetics? Describe the Chromoso...

Define biology Identify the characteristics of life Identify what science is and is not Distinguish between scientific facts, hypotheses, theories, and laws Explain and be able to use the hypothetico-deductive approach to science What is genetics? Describe the Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance Differentiate between gametes and somatic cells – which is involved with inheritance? Distinguish between genotype and phenotype Identify the contributions of the following people to organismal biology: Gregor Mendel, Walter Sutton & Theodor Boveri, Rosalind Franklin, Francis Crick & James Watson Identify and use “Chargaff’s Rules” Distinguish between genotype and phenotype What is Francis Crick’s Central Dogma? Discuss and distinguish between transcription and translation What is the evidence for the evolution of the genetic code? Identify the contributions of the following people to organismal biology: Rosalind Franklin, Francis Crick & James Watson What is genetic expression? Discuss and distinguish between transcription and translation Identify and discuss different types of mutation What is the evidence for the evolution of the genetic code? Discuss the outcomes of comparative genomics (genome size in prokaryotes vs. eukaryote; genome size vs. number of genes) What is the evidence for the evolution of the genetic code? Discuss the outcomes of comparative genomics (genome size in prokaryotes vs. eukaryote; genome size vs. number of genes) Is evolution a fact or only a theory? Explain the significance of uniformitarianism Identify the contributions of the following people to organismal biology: Charles Lyell, Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, and Charles Darwin Define evolution in modern terms (incorporating genetics). What is natural selection? Identify and discuss adaptation. List and discuss Darwin’s “Postulates” with and without genetic information (i.e., how natural selection works) Differentiate among different mechanisms of evolution (mutation, migration, genetic drift, and natural selection) – which is most common?  What is a species (according to Biological Species Concept)? What is speciation? Distinguish between allopatric and sympatric speciation Distinguish between vicariance and dispersal What is taxonomy and why is it important? Recognize and employ binomial nomenclature Define taxon, clade, and sister taxa What is the difference between homology and homoplasy? Differentiate between monophyletic and paraphyletic groups Identify the contributions of Carl Linnaeus and Willi Hennig Define and identify a synapomorphy Interpret relationships using a cladogram Differentiate between monophyletic and paraphyletic groups Distinguish between prokaryotes based on shape (cocci, bacilli, spiral) What is an exaptation? What does it mean to be gram+ or gram-? Discuss prokaryote metabolism (aerobic anaerobic; chemotroph vs. phototroph; autotroph vs. heterotroph) Discuss symbiosis and ecological roles of prokaryotes