Animal Tissues - A Detailed Study PDF

**Animal Tissues -- What are they?** - They are made up of animal cells that have been **grouped together** - These cells have **similar structure and function** - They **function together** as a nit A diagram of organs and organs Description automatically generated - **Animal tissu...

**Animal Tissues -- What are they?** - They are made up of animal cells that have been **grouped together** - These cells have **similar structure and function** - They **function together** as a nit A diagram of organs and organs Description automatically generated - **Animal tissues** combine to form **organs -** like the skin or kidney -- that have specific, specialized functions within the body - **Organs** are organized into organ systems (perform functions; examples include the circulatory system) - **Organ systems** come together to create an entire organism **Types of Animal Tissues** - Multicellular, complex animals have four primary types of tissue - Those types are: Epithelial; Nervous; Muscle; Connective - Slovak translation: Epitelové; Nervové; Svalové; Spojivové  **Epithelial Tissues** - **they cover the outside** of organs and structures in the body - **lining** of your organs (výstelka) - tightly packed - the types of epithelial tissue are classified by the **shapes of cells** present and the **number of layers of cells** - **The cell membrane**: The cell membrane surrounds the cell and controls the substances that go in and out of the cell - **The nucleus** is a structure inside the cell that contains most of the cell's DNA (genetic material) - **The cytoplasm is** the fluid inside the cell. It contains other cell parts that have certain functions A diagram of a structure Description automatically generated **3 types of Epithelial tissue** 1. **Squamous epithelium** 2. **Cuboidal epithelium** 3. **Columnar epithelium** - **SQUAMOUS** -- flat, irregular round shape -- lung alveoli, skin, mouth, vagina - **CUBOIDAL** -- cube shaped, central nucleus -- glands, renal tubules - **COLUMNAR** -- tall, narrow, nucleus toward base -- digestive tract **Connective Tissue** - Is the tissue that connects, separates or supports all the other types of tissues in the body - cells are loose, rather than tightly packed **Types of Connective Tissue** 1. **Ligaments**  2. **Cartilage** A close-up of a group of white circles Description automatically generated 3. **Bone**  4. **Blood** A close-up of a black circle Description automatically generated 5. **Adipose**  **Ligaments** - Are made of connective tissue that have a lot of **strong collagen fibers** - It protects internal organs - Attaches muscles to bones (tendons) **Cartilage** - Resilient type of connective tissue - Strong and flexible - Cartilage is composed of specialized cells called **chondrocytes** that produce a large amount of **collagenous extracellular matrix** - As cartilage does not contain blood vessels or nerves, it is **insensitive** - Areas of the body: ends of the ribs; between the vertebrae in the spine; ears and nose **Bone** - Specialized form of connective tissue in which the **extracellular components are mineralized** - **Strengths and flexibility** are provided by collagen and elastic fibers - a bone is a rigid organ that constitutes part of the skeleton in most vertebrate animals **Blood** - it is considered a specialized connective tissue as **it connects all systems** of the body + transports oxygen, nutrients and wastes - like all connective tissues, it is made up of **cells that serve particular functions** **Blood consists of:** - plasma - red blood cells / erythrocytes - white blood cells / leucocyte - platelets / thrombocytes A diagram of blood cells Description automatically generated **Plasma** - consists of **water, salts and enzymes** - the main role is to take nutrients, hormones and proteins to the parts of the body that need it - the plasma helps **remove wastes** from the body **Blood Components and Functions** 1. **Red blood cells** -- they carry the protein hemoglobin, which transports oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body 2. **White blood cells** -- they are primarily responsible for protecting the body from an infection 3. **Platelets** -- they help the blood clotting process (or coagulation) by gathering at the site of an injury **Adipose Tissue** - Body fat - It is how the body stores excess energy from food - **Insulation** from cold and heat - areas in the body: between muscles; in breast tissue; around your heart; in bone marrow **Nervous Tissue** - found in the **brain, spinal cord and nerves** - responsible for **coordinating** and **controlling** many body activities - it stimulates **muscle contraction, plays a major role in emotions** **There are 2 main types of cells in nervous tissue:** - the actual nerve cell = **Neuron** - **Neuroglia** (glial cell)  **Neurons** are: - Nerve cells - The structural unit of the nervous system (main building block) - The "conducting" cells that transmit impulses **Neuroglia** are: - Nonconductive - Provide a support system for the neurons A close-up of a cell Description automatically generated **Soma = Cell Body** - Has a nucleus - Contains typical organelles **Dendrites** - Extensions, that project from the soma - It carries impulses away from the cell body **Axon** - Carries electrical impulses that are the means of communication between the brain and the rest of the body **Muscle Tissue** - Composed of cells that have the special ability to **shorten** or **contract** to produce movement - Contractability - There are 3 main types of muscles tissue 1. Skeletal Muscle 2. Smooth Muscle 3. Cardiac Muscle **Skeletal Muscle** - Striated muscle - **Voluntary** muscles (you control how and when they move & work) - Attached by tendons to bones - Skeletal muscle fibers are red and white **Smooth Muscle** - Muscle that shows **no cross stripes** under a microscope - It contracts **slowly** and **automatically** - **Involuntary** muscle - It constituents the walls of **internal organs and the digestive system** **Cardiac Muscle** - makes up the thick **middle layer of the heart** - responsible for the **contractility** of the heart (pumping action) - it supplies the body with blood - **involuntary** muscle - **appears striped**