Biochemistry Prelims PDF

BIOCHEMISTRY CLASS CODE 1st SEMESTER – DOC. WELYN CO Density: 1.000g/mL Surface Tension: attraction toward the center W1: Introduction...

BIOCHEMISTRY CLASS CODE 1st SEMESTER – DOC. WELYN CO Density: 1.000g/mL Surface Tension: attraction toward the center W1: Introduction to BIOCHEMISTRY High heat of evaporation: 539cal/g Hight heat of fusiom: 82 cal/g Capillary Action A Introduction to Biochemistry o Movement of water within the space of porous material due to forces o Adhesion: attraction of molecules to different kind of molecules. A1 Significance and Relation of o Cohesion: attraction of molecules to Biochemistry to other Fields of same kind of molecules. Sciences o Surface Tension: attraction toward the center Biochemistry is the science concerned with Universal Solvent chemical basis of life - Water can dissolve organic and inorganic The Chemistry of life. substances. Biochemistry is the study of chemical reactions Importance 0f water in living tissue 1. Serves as good lubricant Scope of Biochemistry 2. regulates body temperature Cell Biology 3. Removes harmful toxins from the body ○ Structural Chemistry 4. transport valuable nutrients in the body Molecular Biology Health benefits of water ○ Metabolism 1. Maintain body's fluid balance Molecular Genetics 2. Helps to consume fewer calories ○ Store and transmit biological info. 3. Works as muscles’ Fuel Other Fields of Sciences related to 4. Makes the skin wrinkle free & can reduce risk of pimple biochemistry 5. Helps Kidney function Physiology 6. Helps People concentrate, stay refreshed and Pathology alert. Genetics 7. remove tiredness Botany 8. helps a hangover, hydrate body and stop Zoology pounding headache Nutrition 9 removed pain in aching joint, muscle cramps & Agriculture strains Environmental Science 10. Keep things flowing 11. Help fight against sickness Importance of Biochemisty 12. promotes Clearer thinking & work as brain Understand molecular terms booster A3 Chemical Reaction in the Cell A2 Water Oxidation increase in oxidation number Physical Properties addition of oxygen Color: Colorless removal of hydrogen Odor: Odorless Reduction Taste: Tasteless decrease in oxidation number Form of matter: liquid addition of hydrogen Chemical Properties removal of oxygen High melting point: 0° C High boiling point: 100°C PAGE 1 James Ampoloquio – BSMT2G  BIOCHEMISTRY CLASS CODE 1st SEMESTER – DOC. WELYN CO Hydrolysis Monosaccharides, the simplest carbohydrates, – Making complex molecules into simpler molecule generally have 3 to 6 C atoms in a chain with using water. an aldehyde or ketone ending and many –OH Tautomerism groups - interconversion of aldehyde/ketone to alcohol. Aldose= 1st carbon Condensation Ketones= 2nd carbon - reaction of 2 or more molecules with removal of Simplest aldose= glyceraldehyde water molecules. Simplest Ketose= dihydroxyacetone Equation important for buffer & pH computations A monosaccharide is characterized by the pH = -log [H+] number of C atoms in its chain: *[H+] = inv. log –pH A triose has 3 C’s. *pH = pKw – pOH A tetrose has 4 C’s. *pH = 14 – pOH A pentose has 5 C’s. *[H+] = Kw/[OH-] A hexose has 6 C’s. *[H+] = 1 x 10-14/ [OH-] Monosaccharides are sweet tasting, polae [OH-] = 1x10-14/[H+] compounds with high melting points, very water soluble. [OH-] = Kw/[H+] pOH = 14 – pH B2 Classifications of Carbohydrates pOH = pKw – pH pOH = - log [OH-] [OH-] = inv. log – pOH Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation: pH = pKa + log A-/HA pH scale Acid: pH7 B Carbohydrates Common Monosaccharides Glucose(dextrose) TABLE TITLE o Excess glucose is stored as the polysaccharide glycogen or as fat o Blood sugar and most abundant. KEY TERM Definition Example Galactose o One of the components of lactose. KEY TERM Definition Example o Galactosemia- lack of enzyme to metabolize galactose. Fructose B1 Definition, Sources, Properties and o One of the components of sucrose Functions of Carbohydrates o Ketohexose, twice as sweet Disaccharides Carbohydrates, called sugars and starches, are Compose of 2 monosaccharides polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones, or Link by acetal compounds that can be hydrolyzed to them. Bonded by glycosidic linkage. Disaccharides are composed of 2 ○ Alpha glycosidic linkage when down monosaccharide units. (straight chain) Polysaccharides are composed of 3 or more ○ Beta glycosidic linkage when up (rising monosaccharides. chain) PAGE 2 James Ampoloquio – BSMT2G  BIOCHEMISTRY CLASS CODE 1st SEMESTER – DOC. WELYN CO The design and content of this template are Type A blood contains a fourth unique to my work, and any resemblance to monosaccharide: other templates is unintentional. Type B contains an additional D-galactose unit. Common Monosaccharides Type AB has both type A and type B Sucrose carbohydrates o Glucose + Fructose Type O is universal donors, Type AB is o Table sugar universal recipients. Lactose o Galactose + glucose Maltose o Glucose + Glucose Polysaccharides Contain 3 or more monosaccharides. Common Monosaccharides Cellulose o Repeating glucose joined by 1-4 beta glycosidic linkages o Support and rigidity o Cannot be digested o Made up of insoluble fiber o Makes up the insoluble fiber in our diets Starch o Repeating glucose joined by alpha glycosidic linkages. o Corn, rice, wheat and potatoes o Amylose, unbranched polymer linked by 1-4--glycosidic linkages o Amylopectin, branched polymer linked C Lipids by 1-4- and 1-6--glycosidic linkages o Digested through amylase enzyme. C1 Introduction to Lipids: Properties, Glycogen Functions and Reactions o Polysaccharide storage in animals Lipids are biomolecules that are soluble in o Same structure with amylopectin organic solvents and insoluble in water. o Stored in liver and muscles. They are not defined and have variety. o Highly branched They are lighter than water Functions B3 Chemical Reactions of major source of energy for the body Monosaccharides Reactions in Lipids: 1. Hydrolysis Reduction and Oxidation 2. Hydrogenation The carbonyl group of an aldose is reduced to 3. Oxidation a 1° alcohol using H2 with Pd The aldehyde group is easily oxidized to a C2 Classification of Lipids carboxylic acid using Benedict’s reagent. Aldoses can be oxidized, while ketones cannot Based on their reaction with water: Hydrolyzable B4 Focus on Human Body o can be converted into smaller molecules by hydrolysis There are four blood types—A, B, AB, and O ▪ Waxes Blood type is based on 3 or 4 monosaccharides ▪ Triacylglycerol attached PAGE 3 James Ampoloquio – BSMT2G  BIOCHEMISTRY CLASS CODE 1st SEMESTER – DOC. WELYN CO ▪ Phospholipids ▪ Polyunsaturated fatty acids Non-hydrolyzable Two or more than o cannot be cleaved into smaller double bonds molecules by hydrolysis Essential Fatty Acids ▪ Steroids fatty acids that cannot be produced by the ▪ Fat-soluble vitamins body. ▪ Eicosanoids The 2 essential fatty acids are: Based on their structure: o alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) Simple ▪ omega-3 acid, because o Esters of fatty acids with various of the position of the first C=C alcohols in the nonpolar chain ▪ Fats o linoleic acid (LA). ▪ Oils ▪ omega-6 acid, because ▪ Waxes of the position of the first C=C Complex in the nonpolar chain o Lipids containing parts other than fatty Cis or Trans acids and alcohol. cis Fatty acids have two hydrogen atoms on ▪ Phospholipids the same side of the double bond, which creates ▪ Lipoproteins a kink in the structure ▪ Amino acids trans Fatty acids have two hydrogen atoms ▪ Glycolipids on the opposite side of the double bond, which ▪ Sulfolipids results in a similar structure to that of saturated Derived fatty acid. o These compounds are products of hydrolysis of simple and complex lipids o Formed by metabolic transformation C4 Simple and Complex Lipids of fatty acids. Simple Lipids o Cannot hydolized 1. Waxes ▪ Eicosanoids esters formed from a fatty acid and a ▪ Steroids high molecular weight alcohol Lipid soluble vitamins spermaceti wax Hormones hydrophobic C3 Fatty Acids they form protective coatings hydrolyzed with water Hydrolyzable lipids are derived from fatty acids 2. Triacylglycerols (triglycerides) Fatty acids are carboxylic acids with long chains formed from glycerol and three molecules of of 12-20 C atoms fatty acids Naturally have even number of C Simple triacylglycerols have three identical Saturated Fatty Acids fatty NO double bonds in their long hydrocarbon acid side chains chains. Mixed triacylglycerols have two or three o Stearic Acid different Unsaturated Fatty Acids fatty acids Have 1 or more double bonds in their long formed from omega-3 fatty acids are hydrocarbon chains. very helpful in lowering the risk of heart attack. o Example: Oleic acid Triacylglycerols are hydrolyzed with water in o Types of unsatuated fatty acids: the ▪ Monounsaturated fatty acids presence of acid, base, or enzymes One double bond the esters are hydrolyzed by enzymes called lipases PAGE 4 James Ampoloquio – BSMT2G  BIOCHEMISTRY CLASS CODE 1st SEMESTER – DOC. WELYN CO Stored under skin, breast are and surrounding Types of Phospholipids: internal organs o Phosphoacylglycerols Complete metabolism tields CO2, H2O and ▪ Main component of most cell energy. membrane Saturated triacylglycerols contain only ▪ Same structure with saturated triacylglycerol but the third fatty acids fatty acid is replaced with Unsaturated triacylglycerols contain at least phosphodiester bonded to one alcohol unsaturated fatty acid ▪ Types of phosphoacylglycerol: o Monounsaturated triacylglycerols have Cephalin 1 C=C bond Lecithin o Polyunsaturated triacylglycerols have ▪ This has 2 nonpolar tails and a many C=C bonds polar head a. Fats o Sphingomyelins Higher melting point ▪ do not contain a glycerol Solid backbone, sphingosine used to build cell membranes, insulate backbone the body, and store energy for later use ▪ do not contain ester should no more than 20-35% ▪ fatty acid is bonded by amide bond A mixture of triglycerides containing a high ▪ Example: Myelin Sheath proportion of long-chain, saturated fatty acids ▪ Demyelinating Disease: a From animals condition that affects the Few double bonds protective cover (myelin sheath) around nerve cells b. oils Structure of Cell Membrane: A mixture of triglycerides containing a high o Proteins and cholesterol molecules are proportion of long-chain, unsaturated fatty embedded in the lipid bilayer acids, or short-chain, saturated fatty acid membrane Lower melting point o Peripheral proteins- attached to one Liquid side of membrane From plants and fish o Integral proteins- attached to whole More double bonds bilayer Hydrolysis of Triacylglycerols o carbohydrates are attached to the Soap Synthesis exterior of the cell forming glycolipids o Soaps are metal salts of fatty acids and glyco- proteins prepared by basic hydrolysis o Small molecule can pass through the (saponification) membrane o Tails dissolve oil o Large molecules need facilitated o Heads soluble in water transport o Made of lard, tallow, coconut oil/palm o Ions travel through integral protein oil channels Complex Lipids o Other ions travel through active 1. Phospholipids Transport lipids that contain a Phosphate atom 2. Lipoproteins Long-chain fatty acids on a glycerol backbone Lipoproteins are the primary means of attached to a phosphoric acid molecule transport of cholesterol among tissues containing an alcohol substituent. Secreted by the small intestine and liver into essential components of cell membranes and the circulating blood are found in small concentrations in other parts Composed of lipids and special proteins of the cell (apolipoproteins) PAGE 5 James Ampoloquio – BSMT2G  BIOCHEMISTRY CLASS CODE 1st SEMESTER – DOC. WELYN CO Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) transport ▪ Deficiency causes neurological cholesterol from the liver to the tissues. (Bad problems but it’s rare cholesterol) o Vitamin K High-density lipoproteins (HDLs) transport ▪ Regulates clotting proteins cholesterol from tissues back to the liver and ▪ Deficiency causes excessive they are scavengers for cholesterol from bleeding peripheral tissues. (Good Cholesterol) stored in adipose cells 5. Hormones C5 Derived Lipids synthesized in one part of an organism, which 1. Steroids then elicits a response at a different site. are a group of lipids whose carbon Type of steroid hormones skeletons contain several fused rings o Sex hormones 2. Sterols ▪ Female: Estrogen and progestins Steroid alcohol o Estrogens: estradiol and Natural in plants, animals and fungi estrone control development of secondary sex Cholesterol, the most prominent sterols and characteristics, menstrual can be found in all body tissues cycle and made in ovaries. o Cholesterol is insoluble in the aqueous o Progestin: progesterone is medium called the “pregnancy of blood hormone”, responsible for o Precursor for vitamins and hormone preparing uterus or 3. Bile Salts implantation of fertilized oxidation products of cholesterol eggs. detergents ▪ Male: androgens Responsible for fat emulsification o Testosterone and 4. Fat Soluble Vitamins androsterone organic compounds required for normal o control the development of metabolism secondary sex characteristics must be obtained from diet in males water soluble and fat soluble ▪ Anabolic Steroids four fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K) o Synthetic androgen o Vitamin A analogues ▪ Found in liver, fish and dairy o promote muscle growth products o same effect as testosterone ▪ Made from beta-carotene but more stable ▪ Need for vision o used by athletes and body ▪ Deficiency causes night builders blindness and dry eyes and o can cause physical and skin. psychological problems. o Vitamin D o Examples: ▪ Synthesize by cholesterol ▪ Tetrahydrogestrinone ▪ Obtained from many foods ▪ Stanozolol especially milk ▪ Nandrolone ▪ Regulates Ca and K o Adrenal Cortical Steroids metabolism ▪ Prolonged use of these steroids can ▪ Deficiency causes rickets (bone have undesired side effects, malformation including bone loss and high blood o Vitamin E pressure ▪ Antioxidant, protect ▪ Example of Adrenal Cortical unsaturated side chain in fatty Steroids acids PAGE 6 James Ampoloquio – BSMT2G  BIOCHEMISTRY CLASS CODE 1st SEMESTER – DOC. WELYN CO Aldosterone o regulates blood pressure and concentration of Na+ and K+ Cortisone o Serves as anti-inflammatory agent Cortisol o Serves as anti-inflammatory agent Prednisone o Synthetic alternative, anti- inflammatory 6. Eicosanoids metabolites of arachidonic acid Responsible for inflammatory responses, on the intensity and duration of pain and fever, and on reproductive function Inhibits gastric acid secretion Types of Eicosanoids a. Prostaglandins i. carboxylic acids that contain a five-membered ring ii. responsible for inflammation iii. two different cylcooxygenase enzymes 1. COX-1 a. usual production of prostaglandins 2. COX-2 a. additional prostaglandins in inflammatory diseases like arthritis iv. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) inactivate COX-1 & COX-2 and cause stomach ulcer b. Leukotrienes i. molecules that contribute to the asthmatic response ii. New asthma drugs act by blocking the synthesis of leukotriene C4, treats disease instead inflammation. c. Thromboxanes d. Lipoxins 6. Ketone Bodies serve as an energy source for the heart, kidney, and skeletal muscles Produced by the liver from the breakdown of fatty acids during periods of low food intake preserve the limited glucose for use by the brain. PAGE 7 James Ampoloquio – BSMT2G