bio exam answer 1 .pdf

NCEA Level 3 Biology (91606) 2022 — page 1 of 3 Assessment Schedule – 2022 Biology: Demonstrate understanding of trends in human evolution (91606) Evidence Statement Question One Evidenc...

NCEA Level 3 Biology (91606) 2022 — page 1 of 3 Assessment Schedule – 2022 Biology: Demonstrate understanding of trends in human evolution (91606) Evidence Statement Question One Evidence Achievement Merit Excellence Describes hominin. Explains Out of Africa Discusses the OOA Hominins refers to living and fossil species belonging to the human lineage / Describes endocranium / endocranial theory. theory in relation to ancestors since divergence / bipedal human ancestors capacity. Explains how mtDNA (or named DNA and also The endocranial region is interior to the skull, and the capacity is the size of the discusses how the Describes OOA hypothesis as explains nuclear) mutation brain / within the skull / the inner lining of the skull skeletal features of H.sapiens evolving in Africa rate is rather constant The Out of Africa theory states that there were two great migrations out of allowing us to date Bodo offer advantage Africa, one being Homo erectus who then evolved into Neanderthal and a Describes mtDNA as maternal, no over early hominins. specimens (molecular clock) second one about 60 000 years ago of Homo sapiens. recombination (aka it stays the same) showing common ancestor Discusses the OOA DNA samples can be compared. DNA accumulates mutations / SNPs over time. Describes how mtDNA can be used is in Africa (OOA) / nuclear theory as two The fewer the differences, the closer the relationship and therefore the less time to date specimens by counting DNA: look at genes for migrations in relation to from a common ancestor. DNA samples can be used to construct a tree of mutations number of SNPs. named DNA use for hominin evolution. Mitochondrial DNA is particularly useful, as it is not subject Describes how nDNA can be used to Explains how increased common ancestor (may to selection pressure, and therefore accumulates mutations at a constant rate find similar genes / mutations. cranial capacity leads to link to the date of 500 (molecular clock). Nuclear DNA gives gene similarities. These support the Describes how fewer DNA increased brain size and 000 ya) while also theory as the finds are in Africa and so show Homo sapiens are from Africa and differences mean species are more cognitive capacity linked to discussing how the we could work out when this was. closely related / less time from advantage, e.g. skeletal features of By having a larger cranial capacity Homo bodoensis would have had more divergence (common ancestor) communication in the group Bodo offer an advantage developed important centres such as memory, communication, creativity. This for hunts. over early named Describes a change to cranium (other could bring lifestyle benefits, such as better tools for food collection, better hominins. than size) Explains how named bonds in group, better movement of group. changes in the hand enabled Describes an advantage of a larger The H. bodoensis hand may have had short and straight fingers and a more brain, e.g can think of better tools / bodoensis to have an opposable thumb which would be more mobile and muscular – also the wrist area for speech or memory better etc. advantage eg to make tools / would be rotatable – enabling precision and power grip, meaning they could gather efficiently / other. Describes a suspected shape change potentially make tools in a precise manner, as they would have both strength for to Bodos hand. the power grip and the dexterity for finer work to make the tool specific. Not Achieved Achievement Merit Excellence NØ = no response or 1a 2a 3a 4a 2m 3m 1st bullet point. BOTH bullet points. no relevant evidence.  NCEA Level 3 Biology (91606) 2022 — page 2 of 3 Question Two Evidence Achievement Merit Excellence In an ice age, water is trapped at the poles. It is Describes idea of hominin migration, Explains advantage of caring for Discusses the movement of populations easier for migration as there are land bridges. idea of moving as a group to obtain injured group members. in ice age conditions alongside the cost Migration can be initiated by climate change, as resources. Explains disadvantage of caring for and benefit of caring in their society conditions and food sources may change, leading Describes an advantage of caring for injured group members. linked to named reasons for demise even to group fragmentation or restricted gene flow group members. though they had a good tool making Explains benefit of / knowledge of when conditions change. society (with technique / tools Describes a disadvantage of caring for Levallois technique. described). Caring for group members gives advantages such group members. Explains how climatic changes can as not losing group knowledge, e.g toolmaking / Discusses the movement of populations Describes how migration can fragment lead to population fragmentation. benefit gained through looking after friends and to named areas in ice age (why harder / groups of Neanderthals. Explains a reason for demise of family. easier) alongside the explained costs and Describes the tool making of Neanderthal. benefits of caring in society linked to A disadvantage is there is less food to go round, Neanderthal / advantage of the Explains that during the ice age, reasons for demise 39 000 ya even expending energy and time to move / care for technique. though they had a good tool making water is trapped at the poles, injured people. Describes that during the ice age, water lowering water levels and allowing society (through explaining why that The Levallois technique is a method of creating is trapped at the poles, lowering water ease of travel which changes when technique was good). Gives reasons for stone tools by first striking flakes off the stone, or levels and allowing ease of travel. ice age over. demise, e.g. inbreeding, loss of ‘fitness core, along the edges to create the prepared core of population / competition with H. Describes a reason for the demise of and then striking the prepared core in such a way sapiens / decreased territory, different Neanderthal. that the intended tool is flaked off with all of its selection pressures. edges pre-sharpened. The demise of the Neanderthal could be climate change might have resulted in tools becoming less effective for the food now available / Neanderthals may have also declined due to competition from Homo sapiens moving up from Africa. There would also be a reduction in access to raw stone materials to make tools due to sea level rise cutting off land bridges. Climate change would also have led to fragmented populations, which would have reduced the Neanderthal gene flow. This would have led to inbreeding reducing the overall fitness of the population. Not Achieved Achievement Merit Excellence NØ = no response or 1a 2a 3a 4a 2m 3m 1st bullet point. BOTH bullet points. no relevant evidence..  NCEA Level 3 Biology (91606) 2022 — page 3 of 3 Question Three Evidence Achievement Merit Excellence Cooler and drier climate meant that forests became savannah. Describes change from forest to Explains that savannah means Discusses how bipedalism, then changes: This led to selection pressure towards bipedalism. Food savannah linked to bipedalism resources are further apart, arboreal E.g teeth and brain led to better resources were further apart, which meant bipedalism was a selection due to sparse trees. lifestyle no longer efficient, technology / abstract thought and how more successful evolutionary strategy. Describes an advantage to being selection pressure for bipedalism. domestication allowed Homo sapiens to Teeth show diet, and with fire to soften food, large teeth were bipedal in savannah. Explains link of smaller teeth to migrate to Europe and Pacific. no longer selected for / less fibrous material. The ability to diet / fire. Describes smaller teeth means Discusses how bipedalism, then changes, use fire meant food could be softer, and this meant teeth could softer diet / no need to chew / less Explains link between increased E.g teeth and specific named areas and be smaller. plant matter in diet. Prob don’t brain capacity and improvements in functions of the brain led to better The complex brain meant we had : get fibrous or plant material. technology. technology / domestication of pigs and Successful use of tools and fire which may have created a positive feedback loop, further enhancing cranial capacity. Complex brain meant use of fire / Explains advantages of dogs, e.g dogs allowed Homo sapiens to migrate Tools and fire would mean that human beings could exploit a tools / curiosity / speech. using sense of smell to help successfully to Europe and Pacific, e.g wider range of environments, e.g the Pacific. Describes advantages of hunting / protection. rafts. Discusses the positive feedback Develop speech and comprehension centres / memory / domestication of dog. Explains advantage of pigs’ loop of brain size / improved technology forethought Describes advantage of renewable source of protein meat. / increased survival / increased brain size. Dogs were domesticated, and this enabled humans to hunt domestication of pig. Explains movement / methods of more effectively, increasing their success; the dogs also eat migration into Europe and down to scraps and stop disease / protection Describes methods of traversing into the Pacific region, e.g. the Pacific region. Pigs can provide protein for a long time, necessary on sea voyages, also eat bugs around the house, therefore keeping it following coast or mention of water craft. clean. They also eat scraps, and can be traded. Not Achieved Achievement Merit Excellence NØ = no response or 1a 2a 3a 4a 2m 3m 1st bullet point. BOTH bullet points. no relevant evidence. Cut Scores Not Achieved Achievement Achievement with Merit Achievement with Excellence 0–7 8 – 13 14 – 18 19 – 24