Art in Early Civilization (Prehistoric Period) PDF

ARTA111 hunting though it is also important to remember how ART IN EARLY CIVILIZATION little we actually know about these people. (Prehistoric Period) Anot...

ARTA111 hunting though it is also important to remember how ART IN EARLY CIVILIZATION little we actually know about these people. (Prehistoric Period) Another theory suggests that the images communicate narratives (stories). Prehistoric - Written language did not yet exist Mesolithic Art: - Stone artifacts present a special problem since Venus of Willendorf we are interested in the date that the stone was - Willendorf, Austria carved, not the date of the material itself. - 28,000 – 25,000 BCE - Limestone; 4 ¼ in high Stone age - No eyes, nose, ears, or mouth remain - a term used to describe a period of history when visible. Instead, our attention is drawn to seven stones were used to make tools for survival. horizontal bands that wrap in concentric circles - The term “conjures an image of men and women from the crown of her head. dressed in skin, huddling before a fire in a cave.” - 11.1 cm/ 4-3/8 inches - Stone roughly span the 14,000 – 2,000 BCE - This figure is a highly abstracted woman from Three period of Stone Age: highlighted body parts associated with fertility. 1. Paleolithic – the late years of the old stone age. - The representation may show the importance of 2. Mesolithic - middle stone age taking care of these body parts for procreation and 3. Neolithic – new stone age consequently the survival of species. Paleolithic Art Neolithic Architecture: 10,000 BC – 3001 BC - A product of climate change. Stonehenge - As the climate got colder, part of the early humans’ - Salisury Plain, Wiltshire, instinct is to look for shelters that would provide England them will warmth. - 2,650 - 1,600 B.C.E. - Caves became protective havens for the early - Sarsen and bluestone humans and these caves paved the way for the birth - The purpose of this fascinating edifice remains a of their first attempt to create art. mystery up to this day age. - Some regard it as a temple while others see it as Halls of bulls complex calendar the tracked the movements of - Found in a cave in both the Sun and Moon. Lascaux, France - Others ascribe some magical element to it by - Discovered by four boys associating it with Merlin the Magician from King in 1940. Arthurs's story. - Caves are filled with pictographs and petroglyphs of hundreds of animals. - There are almost 600 pictures of animals, mostly Egyptian art horses. - The Egyptian civilization can be divided into - Other animals painted are stags, bulls, bison and ibex. three periods: Old, Middle, and New Kingdom. - Only one man is painted. - Looking at the three periods, it can be noticed that for the Egyptians, art should be something Breuil believed that the images played a role in "hunting religious and spiritual. magic." - There may have been differences in the The theory suggests that the prehistoric people who techniques used and style emphasized, but there used the cave may have believed that a way to are common denominators among the artworks overpower their prey involved creating images of it created during their respective time periods. during rituals designed to ensure a successful hunt. This seems plausible when we remember that survival was entirely dependent on successful foraging and 5|Page  ARTA111 Narmer Palette Canopic Jar - It was a palette that utilized and - Thebes, Egyp applied dark colors around King - ca. 1,349-1,336 B.C.E. Narmer's eyes. - alabaster with stone and glass - The palette was also a symbol that inlay 20 l /2 in. high commemorates the unification of - The heart was left inside the body because the Upper and Lower Egypt. Egyptians believed that in the afterlife it would be weighed to see whether the person had led a good Thutmose Nefertiti life. - Tell el-Amarna, Egypt - The Canopic Jars were decorated with the heads of - 1,353 – 1,335 BCE the four sons of Horus. Each canopic jar guarded a - Painted limestone different organ. - 20 in high Four jars: - “the beautiful woman has come.” - lmsety had a human head and carried and - Queen Nefertiti protected the liver. - There is emphasis to life-like features of the face - Qebehsenuf had a falcon's head and carried and like an elongate jaw and thick-lidded eyes. protected the intestines. - Most artists created artworks that are natural and - Hapy had the head of a baboon and carried and seemingly real, highlighting the features of their protected the lungs. subjects. - Duamatef had the head of a jackal and carried - Naturalism was not only used to depict the pharaoh and protected the stomach. but also was used for members of the royal family. - The bust of Queen Nefertiti has a long and sensuous Egyptian Architecture (4000-2280 BC): neck. Mastaba - Egyptian art continued King Tutankhamen (TUT) unchanged despite - He became king at a very young age influences from Assyria, and died at the age of eighteen. Persia, Greece and Rome. - He became king when he was 9 years - Egyptian architecture is associated with religion old; he was very weak boy. - Pyramids and temples - Howard Carter discovered his tomb in 1922. They - Sphinxes, the mythical monster were astonished to find gold artworks and that the - Egyptian architecture maintained its traditions coffin was made out of solid gold. - Impressive solemnity and gloom and solidity - The body of the young king was covered in linen - A type of ancient Egyptian tomb in the form of a and a gold mask covered his face. flat-roofed, rectangular structure with outward - Carter's patron, Lord Carnarvon, died four months sloping sides that marked the burial site of many after first entering the tomb, leading journalists to eminent Egyptians of Egypt’s ancient period popularize a "Curse of the Pharaohs," claiming that - Were constructed out of mud-bricks or stone. hieroglyphs on the tomb walls promised swift death to those who disturbed King Tut. More than a dozen The Great Pyramid of Giza deaths have been attributed to the curse, but studies - During the old Kingdom, one have shown that those who entered the tomb on of the architectural wonders average lived just as long as their peers who didn't was also constructed. enter. - The pyramids in Giza served as tombs since their main purpose was to provide a resting place for the pharaohs. 6|Page  ARTA111 Differences of Pyramid and Mastaba: 2. Archaic Period 1. A mastaba is an ancient Egyptian tomb which is - Male – kouros (youth); Female made of mud bricks or stones while a pyramid is – kore (maiden) also an ancient Egyptian tomb which is made of - There was a growing emphasis stones or bricks. on the human figure, which 2. A mastaba is rectangular in shape while a replaced Geometric motifs. pyramid is triangular in shape. - As in Egyptian sculptures, the 3. Both were used as tombs for Egypt's elite. While arms lie close to the body, the the mastabas were later used for the common fists are clenched, and one leg people, the pyramids were exclusively for the advances slightly. Pharaohs and Egypt's rulers. - Kouroi were found in cemeteries, where they 4. Mastabas have flat roofs while pyramids have replaced large vases as grave markers. pointed roofs. Contrapposto 5. Because of the materials used, more pyramids - It is an Italian term that than mastabas survived. means "counterpoise". - It is used in the visual arts Summary: to describe a human figure - During the prehistoric period, the early humans had standing with most of its transitioned from a nomadic lifestyle to that of more weight on one foot, so that permanent one, which led to early civilizations. Some its shoulders and arms twist off-axis from of the works discovered from this period would give the hips and legs in the axial plane. modern society a glimpse of what was life like during that period. 3. Early Classical - One of the early civilizations where art flourished was - The change from the Archaic to the Classical the Egyptian civilization. Throughout the three period coincided with the Greek victory over the kingdoms all the way to the Amarna Revolution, art Persians at Salamis in 480 BCE. has been directly used particularly in religious and - The Greek mood was elevated after this feat, and spiritual activities. a new sense of unity among the city-states - Through these unearthed and discovered artworks, the prevailed, propelling the country into its "Golden modern world could have a better understanding of the Age." past and how it can affect the present. - The most significant development in Early Classical art was the introduction of implied GREEK AND ROMAN movement in figurative sculpture. Greek Period - Diskobolos or Discus Thrower, 1. Geometric period by Myron. The life-size statue - is so called because of the predominance of depicts an event from the Olympic geometric shapes and patterns in works of art. Games - the discus throw. - Time when Greece starting to get back from the - Olympic games start at the Greeks onslaught of what seemed to be their Dark Ages. because they love sports. Motto: - A period when geometric shapes and patterns have “Mens sana in corpore sano” - a taken spotlight in most of the artworks. healthy mind in a healthy body. Dipylon Vase Doryphoros or Spear Bearer - a large krater used as a grave - Polykleitos's most famous marker and found in the Dipylon sculpture cemetery in Athens, Greece. - The artist has "idealized" the - is an early example of the athletic figure-that is, made it Geometric style. more perfect and more beautiful 7|Page  ARTA111 by imposing on it a set of laws relating part Sleeping Satyr (Barberini Faun) to part - Ca 230 – 200BCE - (for example, the entire body is equal in - Marble height to eight heads) - 85 in high 4. Late Classical Period Laocoon and his sons - brought a more humanistic and - C. 175 – 150 BC naturalistic style, with emphasis on - Vatican Museum the expression of emotion. - The Hermes and Dionysos of Praxiteles interestingly, is the only undisputed original work we have by the Greek Greek Architecture (1100 – 100 BC) masters of the Classical era. - characterized by low building of post-and-lintel - Hermes' facial expression as he teases the child is construction. one of pride and amusement. Dionysos, on the - Two upright pieces or posts are surmounted by a other hand, exhibits typical infant behavior-he is horizontal piece - the lintel, long enough to reach all hands and reaching impatiently for something from one to the other. to eat. - Examples: - All of the sculptures that we have seen so far have had a two- dimensional perspective. That is, the whole of the work can be viewed from a single point of view, standing in front of the sculpture. - This is not the case in works such as the Apoxyomenos by Lysippos. - This stance forces the viewer to walk around the sculpture to appreciate its details. Rather than adhere to a single plane, as even the S-curve figure of Hermes does,the Apoxyomenos seems Lintel of Temple to spiral around a vertical axis - Prinias, Greece - ca. 625 BCE 5. Hellenistic Period - limestone - under the reign of Alexander the - approximately 2ft. 9 in high Great. - Hellenistic art is characterized by excessive, Three columns types of Greek Architecture: almost theatrical emotion and the use of 1. Doric Order illusionistic effects to heighten realism. - Has no base; classical period - Hellenistic artists were often drawn to dramatic - The bottom of the column subjects. rests on the top step - The Dying Gaul illustrates the Hellenistic artist's - It can be identified by the preoccupation with high drama and unleashed cushion-like shape of part of passion. its capital - He has lost his battle and is now about to lose his - The frieze is divided into triglyphs and metopes life. Example: Parthenon Nike Samothrace A temple; top of the hill that located in the acropolis, - From Samothrace, Greece Athens. - Ca. 190 BCE The subsequent history of the Parthenon is interesting - Marble 97 in high and shocking. 8|Page  ARTA111 It was used as a Byzantine - The oldest known Corinthian column stands church, a Roman Catholic inside the 5th-century temple of Apollo church, and a mosque. Epicurius at Bassae. The Parthenon survived more Example: or less intact, although altered by these successive The Temple of Zeus and Athens (2nd c BC) functions, until the seventeenth century, when the National museum Turks used it as an ammunition dump in their war Supreme Court against the Venetians. Department of Tourism Venetian rockets hit the bull's-eye, and the center portion of the temple was blown out in Roman Art the explosion - It was fashionable for Romans to own-or at the The Goddess of wisdom: Athena very least, have copies of-Greek works of art. Parthenos (438 BCE; 38 ft. tall) - This tendency gave the Romans a reputation as mere imitators of Greek art, a simplistic view laid waste by scholars of Roman art history. 2. Ionic Order - It was believed that art should be created in the - Taller and slenderer than the service of the state Doric; classical period - It has a base, and the capital Roman Architecture (Arch) is ornamented with scrolls on - Rome’s greatest contribution lay in each side architecture, although the most - The frieze is continuous significant buildings, monuments instead of being divided and civic structures were - Below the frieze is stepped which is divided into constructed during the Empire three parts. period. Example: - Adopted the columnar and Temple of Athena Nike (427 trabeated style of the Greeks BCE) - Developed the arch and vault made Erechtheion (421 – 405 BCE) by the Etruscans - Combined the use of column, beam and arch - They also built the flat round dome that covers an 3. Corinthian Order entire building, the Pantheon - Base and shaft resemble the Ionic; Hellenistic period Colosseum - Tend to become slender - was built for entertainment and festivals, its most - The capital is much deeper than notorious events ranged from sadistic contests the Ionic; acanthus leaves between animals and men and grueling battles to - Have the same entablature like the the death between pairs of gladiators. Ionic - If one combatant emerged alive but badly - Leafy but not as popular wounded, survival might depend on whether the - named after the city of Corinth, where sculptor emperor (or the crowd) gave the 'thumbs-up" or Callimachus supposedly invented it by at the end the "thumbs-down." of the 5th century B.C. after he spotted a goblet surrounded by leaves. - similar to the Ionic order in its base, column, and entablature, but its capital is far more ornate, carved with two tiers of curly acanthus leaves. 9|Page  ARTA111 Pantheon Western Architecture - Pan – many; Theo -God - The western styles follow the general type of the - Combines the simple Roman Basilica and Cathedral: a long rectangular geometric elements of a building divided by pillars into a central nave and circle and a rectangle. aisles - The entrance consists - 3 stages of development: Early Christian, of a rectangular portico, complete with Romanesque and Gothic Corinthian columns and pediment. - The 3 types developed out of another. - The main body of the building, to which the portico is attached is circular. Early Christian - Oculus - No longer compelled - The sole source of light in the to hide their beliefs and Pantheon practices-in catacombs - a circular opening in the top of or safe houses the dome, 30 feet in diameter. - Christians began to build churches, many of - The interior was lavishly which were erected on the land on top of the decorated with marble slabs and granite columns catacombs where the martyrs for their faith had that glistened in the spotlight of the sun as it been buried filtered through the opening, moving its focus at - In terms of design, it is not surprising that they different times of the day. turned to what they already knew – Roman architecture. RENAISSANCE TO MODERN Byzantine Architecture Romanesque Architecture - Characterized by a great central dome - Roman life - Group of small domes and semi-domes round the - It resembles the Roman style, central dome hence the name ''Romanesque.'' - The capital before and became Constantinople, - Have very heavy walls with now is Instant gold from turkey. small window openings and heavy stone arch or - It is fantastic structure that has served at one time vaulted roof inside. or other in its history as an Eastern Orthodox church, an Islamic mosque, and a museum but Gothic Architecture they change it to mosque - flourished during the high and late - Hagia Sophia medieval period. - It evolved from Romanesque architecture and was succeeded by Renaissance architecture. - Its characteristic features include - Taj Mahal at Agra and the pointed arch, the ribbed vault India - a mausoleum that and the flying buttress. was built by Shah Jahan - most familiar as the architecture of many of the in the seventeenth great cathedrals, abbeys and churches of Europe. century in memory of his a) Flying Buttresses wife. 10 | P a g e  ARTA111 - School of Athens by b) Notre Dame Cathedral (Paris, France) Raphael - Sistine Chapel April 15, 2019 (Notre Dame Cathedral) - Created by Michelangelo In the Philippines (Gothic style) David Marble by Michelangelo - San Sebastian Church St. Peter Basilica - Paoay Church (Ilocos) - The right side called Flying Buttresses Mannerism - Art that breaks the rules; elongated and twisted bodies - toward the end of the Renaissance and before the beginning of the seventeenth century, this rule was Renaissance Period suspended for a while, during a period of art that - Rebirth or revival of Roman and Greek art historians have named Mannerism. - While Columbus brought his ships to the New - Several characteristics separate Mannerist art from World in 1492, a 17-year-old Michelangelo the art of the Renaissance and the Baroque periods: Buonarroti was perfecting his skill at rendering distortion and elongation of figures; flattened, human features from blocks of marble almost two-dimensional space; lack of a defined - In 1564, the year that Shakespeare was born, focal point; and the use of discordant pastel hue. Michelangelo died. - these are two of the marker dates of the Renaissance. - by Leonardo Da Vinci 11 | P a g e  ARTA111 Baroque Period (1600 – 1750) The Third of May, 1808 (Francisco Goya) - Baroque – Portuguese barroco, meaning - The painting commemorates ''irregularly shaped pearl.'' the massacre of the peasant - The Baroque period was indeed irregular in its citizens of Madrid after the stylistic tendencies. city fell to the French. - The architecture of this time was called Baroque because it was considered to be very odd. Realism - It is characterized primarily as a period of elaborate - Realist artists rejected the sculptural ornamentation. content of Academic art and - The architectural framework remained close to that took to the subjects of life of the Renaissance, although often it was far more around them. spacious, but had a profusion of carved decoration. - The ''modern'' painters of the - Columns and entablatures were decorated with nineteenth century objected to garlands of flowers and fruits, shells, and waves. Academic art on two levels: The subject matter did not represent life as it really was, and the manner in which the subjects were rendered did not reflect reality as it was observed by the naked eye. Examples of Academism – Rococo - a term that derives from the French word 'rocaille' which means rock-work, referring to a style of interior decoration that swirls with arrangements of curves and scrolls. MODERN ARTS Romanticism - sought extremes of emotion enhanced by virtuoso Examples of Realism – brushwork and a brilliant palette. The Third-Class Carriage (c. 1862) - Honore Daumier Raft of Medusa (Theodore Gericault) - an illustration of a crowded - Based on a shipwreck off third-class compartment of a the coast of West Africa in French train. His caricaturist 1816, during which a style is evident in the makeshift raft laden with flowing dark outlines and Algerian immigrants exaggerated features and gestures, but it also underscores the artist's concern for the working class by advertising their ill fortune. 12 | P a g e  ARTA111 The Stone Breakers (1849) Pointillism (Neo-Impressionism) - Gustave Courbet - George Seurat - Courbet, who was quoted as - after his application saying that he couldn't paint of pigment in small an angel because he had dabs, or points, of never seen one, continued in pure color. this vein despite the art world's rejection. Expressionism - the distortion of nature – as opposed to the imitation Impressionism of nature – in order to achieve a desired emotional - They all reacted against the constraints of the effect or representation of inner feelings. Academic style and subject matter. They - We have already seen many examples of this type advocated painting out-of-doors and chose to of painting. The work of van Gogh and Gauguin render subjects found in nature. would be clearly expressionistic, as - They studied the dramatic effects of atmosphere would the paintings of the Fauves. and light on people and objects and, through a - The Scream by Edvard Munch varied palette, attempted to duplicate these (1893) effects on canvas. Examples: by Claude Monet The Water Lily Pod (upper right) Fauvism Rouen Cathedral (1894) (left) - Colors should be divorced from physical reality. Impression: Sunrise (1872) (right) Matisse summed it up in one line: When I put a green, it is not grass. When I put a blue, it is not the sky. - To the Fauves, Colors treated independently from their descriptive qualities meant artistic freedom. They believed colors should express the artist’s feelings. Post Impressionists - The main common Cubism characteristic among all - highlighted the two-dimensional surface of the the various picture plane - heavy outlines - Focusing on flat surface was a rejection of the dominant techniques like the use of perspective, foreshortening, and prevailing notion that art should imitate nature - emphasized that they are not in any way obliged to copy texture, form, color, and space - They presented a new depiction of reality that may appear fragmented objects for viewers 13 | P a g e  ARTA111 Examples: Surrealism Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque - Between 1907 and 1914 - have a huge influence on artist during 20th century Les Demoiselles d’Avignon - 1907 Dadaism - Pablo Picasso - Reacting against the rise of capitalist culture, the war, and Guernica (1937) the concurrent degradation of art, - Pablo Picasso artists in the early 1910s began to - When civil war gripped Spain, Picasso protested explore new art, or an ''anti-art'', its brutality and inhumanity through highly as described by Marcel emotional works. Duchamp. - It was broadcast to the world the carnage of the - The objectives is to shock the German bombing of civilians in the Basque town viewers. of Guernica. Futurism - early twentieth century - highlighted the speed, energy, dynamism, and power of machines - theme: restlessness and the past-space of modem life Sensya na anhaba ng reviewer hahaha kung gusto nyo - ''unceasingly and violently transformed by syang bawasan, iedit nyo nlng sa docx, nandyan lng sa victorious science." In practice, many of the drivee. taposs tingnan nyo din un ppt sa canvas, Week 5- works owed much to Cubism. 10. Pero inupload ko naman na sa drive naten kaya tingnan Examples: nyo nlng doon. Yun reviewer kasi neto, binase ko sa ppt ni sir. Pero halos lahat naman nun diniscuss ni sir, nandon din Filippo Tommaso Marinette sa canvas. May konti lng na d binanggit si sir. kekekeke - coined the term Goodluccck!!! - Aki “futurism to reflect his purpose of disregarding the traditional methods of art in the past - believes that art should embrace and embody change - Innovation, creativity, and originality. 14 | P a g e