Introduction to Air Pollution PDF

INTRODUCTION TO AIR POLLUTION  Composition of Air Major : Nitrogen (N2), Oxygen (O2) Minor : Argon (Ar), Carbon dioxide (CO2) Trace: Neon(Ne),Helium, Methane etc. Density of air is 1.54 gm/cc; Argon Constituent...

INTRODUCTION TO AIR POLLUTION  Composition of Air Major : Nitrogen (N2), Oxygen (O2) Minor : Argon (Ar), Carbon dioxide (CO2) Trace: Neon(Ne),Helium, Methane etc. Density of air is 1.54 gm/cc; Argon Constituent Mole Percent(%) Carbon dioxide Other Oxygen Nitrogen 78 Oxygen 20.9 Nitrogen Argon 0.9 Carbon dioxide 0.03 Other 0.17 Air Pollutant?  What is air pollution? Air pollution may be defined as the presence of impurities in excess quantity (concentrations) and duration in the atmosphere to cause adverse effects on plants, animals, human beings and materials.  Sources of Air Pollutants  NATURAL SOURCES: Volcanic eruptions, forest fires, sand storms, cosmic dust, pollen, fungal spores, bacteria and viruses from waste, etc.  ANTHROPOGENIC: Burning of fossil fuels, agricultural activities, industries, automobile exhausts, domestic wastes, etc.  Stationary sources Mobile sources Point source Area source Highways Railroads Industries Agriculture Power plants Biomass burning Fuel combustion Rail yards Incineration Ports Forests Types of Air Pollutants Air pollutants are generally grouped into the following two types: 1) Particulate pollutants 2) Gaseous pollutants Gaseous Pollutants CO NOx (NO+NO2) Ozone Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) Particulate pollutants The term “particulate” refers to all atmospheric substances which are not gases. They can be suspended droplets or solid particles or mixture of the two-Aerosols Particulates can be composed of materials ranging in different sizes. Eg. Dust, smoke.  Dust  Dust contains particles of size ranging from 1 to 200μm.  These are formed by the disintegration of rock and soil or by the mechanical processes of grinding and spraying  Examples Magnesium, Aluminium, Silica.  Smoke  Smoke is formed from incomplete combustion of organic matter.  Smoke may have different colors depending on the nature of material burnt.  It contains fine particles of size ranging from 0.01 μm to 1 μm.  SMOKEFOG  Sulfurous smog or London smog  Photochemical smog or Los Angeles smog  The London Smog Disaster of 1952. Days of toxic darkness. Early on 5th of December 1952 the London sky was clear, the weather was considerably colder than usual, as it had been for some weeks. As a result the people of London were burning large amounts of coal and smoke bellowed from the chimneys.The winds were ligh t and the air near the ground was moist, conditions ideal for formation of smog. During the day of 5th December the fog was not particularly dense, it possessed a dry smoky character, however when nightfall came the fog thickened and visibility dropped to a few meters. In central London the visibility remained below 500 meters continuously for 114 hours and below 50 meters continuously for 48 hours. At Heathrow airport visibility remained below 10 for almost 48 hours from the morning of 6 December. Road, rail and air transport were brought to a standstill. Theatres had to be suspended when fog in the auditorium made conditions intolerable. But, most importantly the smoke laden fog that shrouded the capital brought the premature death of an estimated 12,000 people and illness to many others. This smog stayed stewing away for five days from the 5 to the 10 December as more and more pollution entered it before winds from the west blew it down the Thames Estuary and out into the North sea. http://www.portfolio.mvm.ed.ac.uk/studentwebs/session4/27/greatsmog52.htm http://www.portfolio.mvm.ed.ac.uk/studentwebs/session4/27/greatsmog52.htm  Indian Air Quality Standards Species Time average Ecologically Others sensitive area SO2 (µg/m3) Annual 20 50 24 hours 80 80 NO2(µg/m3) Annual 30 40 24 hours 80 80 PM10 (µg/m3) Annual 60 60 24 hours 100 100 PM2.5 (µg/m3) Annual 40 40 24 hours 60 60 Ozone(µg/m3) 8 hours 100 100 1 hours 180 180 CO(µg/m3) 8 hours 2000 2000 1 hours 4000 4000 Lead(µg/m3) Annual 0.5 0.5 24 hours 1 1  Indian Air Quality Standards Species Time average Ecologically Others sensitive area NH3(µg/m3) Annual 100 100 24 hours 400 400 C6H6(µg/m3) Annual 5 5 BaP (ng/m3) Annual 1 1 Ni (ng/m3) Annual 20 20 As (ng/m3) Annual 6 20 What does 10 and 2.5 in PM10 and PM2.5 signify? Why PM 10 and 2.5 are of prime importance?  PM toxicity tends to increase as particles’ size decreases.  During 1970’s major scientific advances took place and identified that not all forms of total suspended particles (TSP). penetrates the lower areas of respiratory system unlike the ‘inhalable fraction’ of TSP i.e. PM10.  Particles especially PM2.5 penetrate deep into the lungs and in the alveoli, provoking inflammation, producing upper respiratory and mucous membrane irritation, and causing neuropsychological effects. PM sizes and their health-effects 2.5 µm 0.1 µm CLASSIFICATION OF AIR POLLUTANTS  On the basis of origin, air pollutants can be divided into Primary air pollutants and Secondary air pollutants.  PRIMARY AIR POLLUTANTS They are directly emitted to the atmosphere, and are found there in the form in which they are emitted.  SECONDARY AIR POLLUTANTS There are produced in air by interaction among two or more primary pollutants or by reaction with normal atmospheric constituents (Chemical or Photochemical reactions)  Ozone, formaldehyde (HCHO), PAN (Peroxy Acetyl Nitrate).  Photochemical smog  Formation of Acid mist (H2SO4 )due to reaction of sulphur dioxide and dissolved oxygen, when water droplets are present in the atmosphere.  Sources and Impacts of Air Pollutants Activities Pollutants Immediate effects Impacts Transport Human health PM concentration Power Production Acidic deposits Environment Residences Εutrophication Materials deterioration Agriculture Agricultural Industry Ozone concentration cultivation Sources Pollutants Power Plants  Thermal Power Plants Smoke, CO, CO2, SOx, dust.  Nuclear Power Plants Argon, Sr , CS, C etc  Hydro Power Plants Methane from water logged area  Diesel generators HC, CO, NOx Noise. Industries  Non-Ferrous Metallurgical SOx, smoke, COx ,fluorides, (Rotating , smelting) H2S ,Organic Vapors.  Non-Metallic Minerals Mineral and Organic Particulates. (Ceramic Manufacture, glass)  Transportation Automobiles HC, CO, CO2, NOx, VOCs, Lead, Olefins, (Bike, cars, trucks, trains, aircrafts) Paraffin, PM, H2S, SO2  Agriculture Spraying Pesticides, fungicides Organic phosphates, chlorinated hydrocarbons, lead PM2.5 in Indian cities  PM2.5 in Indian cities Delhi Winter Pre-Monsoon Monsoon Post-Monsoon 209.49 112 65.88 148.57 206.19 100 29.70 127.66 Lucknow Patna 233.13 81.12 50.4 172.2 Kolkata 135.4 49.44 17.23 68.7 Mumbai 61.68 30.93 37.80 53 Hyderabad 58.44 45.78 31.93 59.94 Chennai 39.46 32.80 51.64 31.93 Bangalore 69.15 53.07 21.75 32 Effects of Air Pollutants  Effect on Humans On An average man breathes 22,000 times a day and takes in 16Kg of air each day. Eye, Nose, throat, respiratory tract irritation Co(g) is a poisonous gas (hemoglobin + CO→Carboxyhaemoglobin) Illness and death Hydrogen fluoride –causes florosis, and mottling of teeth. Dust - silicosis (associated with silica dust) Asbestosis (associated with asbestos dust) Lead – (from vehicles) Its high concentration can damage, liver, Kidney and Can cause abnormality in fertility and pregnancy. Radio active Isotopes – causes anemia (iron deficiency) leukemia (RBC deficiency), cancer, genetic defects  Health effects of PM http://www.marlborough.govt.nz/Environment/Air-Quality/Smoke-and--Smog/Health-effects-of-PM10.aspx Effect on Vegetation : Necrosis : Killing of tissues Pigmented lesions: dark brown, black, purple, red spots on leaves Epinasty: Rapid growth of upper side of the leaves Chlorosis: Loss of green plant pigment chlorophyll (Yellow leaves) Abscission: Dropping of leaves  http://tbn0.google.com/images?q=tbn:ik1XBo-WPONtPM:http://www.joellesteele.com/images/ClipArt/Disease-Epinast Necrosis Epinasty http://tbn0.google.com/images?q=tbn:k5Mu_zuqxyFC5M:http://www.regannursery.com/resources/leda/090804/lay http://tbn0.google.com/images?q=tbn:bzuhJCApUJ69qM:http://www.rhs.org.uk/advice/profiles0705/images/chlorosis.jpg Chlorosis Abscission Dieback of trees Increase in algal production in surface water Tufa degradation  Effect on Materials Corrosion of metals Eroding of building surfaces Fading of dyed materials Rubber cracking  Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs)  US EPA identifies 187 HAPs  Persistent Organic Pollutants  Dirty Dozen Stockholm convention  Practice Using hourly concentrations, show hourly, monthly and seasonal trends of PM2.5 and PM10 measured at your corresponding stations. Clearly show all your calculations and interpretations.  Period: 1st January -31st December 2019  Pollutants: PM2.5, PM10  Stations : ITO CPCB data can be downloaded from https://app.cpcbccr.com/ccr/#/caaqm-dashboard-all/caaqm- landing/data  Seasons: Winter (December to February), Pre-monsoon (March to May), Monsoon (June to August) and Post-monsoon (September to November)  Is PM10 Air Quality Index (AQI) concentration of 100 µg/m3 bad for human health?? AQI simplifies understanding of health effects of pollutants  AQI and it’s applications AQI is defined as an overall scheme that transforms weighted values of individual air pollutants (SO2, CO etc.) into a single number or set of numbers. Applications: 1. Resource allocation 2. Ranking of locations 3. Enforcement of standards 4. Trend analysis 5. Public information 6. Scientific research  Structure of an Index Typically I and X Formation of Sub- relationship is represented Indices using Sub- as Index Functions I = αX + β Ii= [{(IHI - ILO)/ (BHI - BLO)} * (Cp-BLO)] +ILO α =slope of the line, β = intercept at X=0 BHI= Breakpoint concentration greater or equal to given concentration BLO= Breakpoint concentration smaller or equal to given concentration IHI = AQI value corresponding to BHI ILO = AQI value corresponding to BLO Cp= Concentration of pollutant  Aggregation of Sub-Indices to obtain overall AQI Weighted Additive Form Root-Sum-Power Form Root-Mean-Square Form Min or Max Operator Aggregated Index = ∑wiIi Aggregated Index Aggregated Index ={1/k Index =Min or Max(I1, (For i= 1, …..,n) =[∑Iip]1/p (I12 + I22 + …… + Ik2}0.5 I2, I3,..., In) ∑wi = 1 Ii= sub-index for pollutant i n = number of pollutant variables wi= weightage of the pollutant p is the positive real number >1 Index calculation Method in different Countries Countries Index calculation Method USA Min or Max operator China Min or Max operator India Min or Max operator Canada Root-Sum-Power Form  Indian AQI Calculation Pollutant concentration Ip= [{(IHI - ILO)/ (BHI -BLO)} * (Cp-BLO)] +ILO AQI=Max(Ip) Included pollutants: Carbon monoxide (CO), Nitrogen dioxide (NO2), Sulphur dioxide (SO2) , PM2.5, PM10, Ozone (O3), Lead (Pb) , Ammonia (NH3), Benzo(a)Pyrene (BaP), Benzene(C6H6), Arsenic (As), Nickel (Ni) Calculation of AQI requires availability of data for minimum three pollutants of which one should necessarily be PM10 or PM2.5 Breakpoints for AQI Scale 0-500 (units: µg/m3 unless mentioned otherwise) AQI PM10 PM2.5 NO2 O3 CO SO2 NH3 Pb Category 24-hr 24-hr 24-hr 8-hr 8-hr 24-hr 24-hr 24-hr (Range) (µg/m3) (µg/m3) (µg/m3) (µg/m3) (mg/m3) (µg/m3) (µg/m3) (µg/m3) Good 0-50 0-30 0-40 0-50 0-1.0 0-40 0-200 0-0.5 (0-50) Satisfactory 51-100 31-60 41-80 51-100 1.1-2.0 41-80 201-400 0.6-1.0 (51-100) Moderate 101-250 61-90 81-180 101-168 2.1-10 81-380 401-800 1.1-2.0 (101-200) Poor 251-350 91-120 181-280 169-208 10.1-17 381-800 801-1200 2.1-3.0 (201-300) Very poor 351-430 121-250 281-400 209-748* 17.1-34 801-1600 1201-1800 3.1-3.5 (301-400) Severe 430+ 250+ 400+ 748+* 34+ 1600+ 1800+ 3.5+ (401-500) *One hourly monitoring (for mathematical calculation only)  Health Statements for AQI Categories AQI Associated Health Impacts Good Minimal Impact (0–50) Satisfactory May cause minor breathing discomfort to sensitive people (51–100) Moderate May cause breathing discomfort to the people with lung disease (101–200) such as asthma and discomfort to people with heart disease, children and older adults Poor May cause breathing discomfort to people on prolonged exposure (201–300) and discomfort to people with heart disease with short exposure Very Poor May cause respiratory illness to the people on prolonged exposure. (301–400) Effect may be more pronounced in people with lung and heart diseases Severe May cause respiratory effects even on healthy people and serious (401-500) health impacts on people with lung/heart diseases. The health impacts may be experienced even during light physical activity  AQI PM10 PM2.5 NO2 O3 CO SO2 NH3 Pb  PM2.5=135 Category (Range) 24-hr 24-hr 24-hr 8-hr 8-hr (mg/m3) 24-hr 24-hr 24-hr  PM10= 294 Good 0-50 0-30 0-40 0-50 0-1.0 0-40 0-200 0-0.5 (0-50)  SO2= 20 Satisfactory 51-100 31-60 41-80 51-100 1.1-2.0 41-80 201-400 0.6-1.0 (51-100)  NO2=45 Moderate 101-250 61-90 81-180 101-168 2.1-10 81-380 401-800 1.1-2.0 (101-200) Units: µg/m3 Poor 251-350 91-120 181-280 169-208 10.1-17 381-800 801-1200 2.1-3.0 (201-300) Note: Concentrations of Very poor 351-430 121-250 281-400 209-748* 17.1-34 801-1600 1201-1800 3.1-3.5 all these pollutants are (301-400) 24-hr averaged. Severe 430+ 250+ 400+ 748+* 34+ 1600+ 1800+ 3.5+ (401-500) PM2.5 PM10 SO2 NO2 Ip= [{(IHI - ILO )/ (BHI -BLO )} * (Cp-BLO )] +ILO CP 135 294 20 45 IHI 400 300 50 100 ILO 301 201 0 51 BHI 250 350 40 80 AQI=311.7 BLO 121 251 0 41 Dominant Species/Pollutant=PM2.5 IP 311.7 244 25 56 Yearly variation of AQI in New Delhi Weekday -Weekend variation of AQI in New Delhi  Practice Consider a day in Mumbai where the concentrations of PM2.5, PM10, SO2, NO2, CO, O3 be 100 µg/m3, 190 µg/m3, 35 µg/m3, 50 µg/m3, 3 mg/m3 and 18 µg/m3 respectively, calculate the AQI Consider a day in Bangalore wherein the concentrations of PM2.5, PM10, SO2, NO2, CO, O3 be 80 µg/m3, 135 µg/m3, 48 µg/m3, 35 µg/m3, 6 mg/m3 and 15 µg/m3 respectively, calculate the AQI  Practice Estimate AQI for each of the months using the data from your corresponding CPCB station. Clearly show all your calculations and interpretations.  Period: 1st January -31st December 2019  Pollutants: PM2.5, PM10, SO2 and NO2  Stations :  ITO CPCB data can be downloaded from https://app.cpcbccr.com/ccr/#/caaqm-dashboard-all/caaqm- landing/data  Seasons: Winter (December to February), Pre-monsoon (March to May), Monsoon (June to August) and Post-monsoon (September to November)