Lecture 1: Brief Introduction to Translation (definition, medium, history) (PDF)

Lecture 1: Brief Introduction to Translation (definition, medium, history) Definitions of Translation ⃝Newmark (1988: 5) defines translation as “rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text”. ⃝Hatim and Munday (2004: 6) define translation as “the...

Lecture 1: Brief Introduction to Translation (definition, medium, history) Definitions of Translation ⃝Newmark (1988: 5) defines translation as “rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text”. ⃝Hatim and Munday (2004: 6) define translation as “the process of transferring a written text from source language (SL) to target language (TL)” ‫صدر الى لغة الهدف‬+‫يعرف حاتم ومنادي الترجمه على انها نقل النص من اللغه ا‬ ⃝Catford defines translation as, “the replacement of textual material in one language SL by equivalent textual material in another language TL” (1965). ‫صدر بمكونات نصيه تقابلها في اللغه الهدف‬+‫يعرف كاتفورد الترجمه استبدال مكونات النص في لغة ما اللغة ا‬ ⃝Vermeer, who rejects translation as a two-stage process of decoding and recoding, sees translation as, “information about the source text in another language” (1982). ‫ص معنى نص ما واعادة صياغته في لغة اخرى‬U‫ اولها استخ‬W‫ ان فيرميك الذي يرفض ان يرى الترجمة كعملية ذات مرحلت‬W‫في ح‬ ⃝Nida and Taber (1982: 12) state that “translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message”. ☜ This is the most comprehensive definition of the three definitions as it relates translation to the problems of languages, meaning, and equivalence. It is based on the approach that stresses the importance of preserving the effect of the original text ‫يعرف نايدا وتايلر الترجمه على انها‬ ‫اعادة انتاج نص ما في اللغة‬ ‫ستقبلة بأقرب شكل له في اللغة‬+‫ا‬ ‫صدر‬+‫ا‬ ‫نه اكثر شموليه‬d ‫*انجح تعريف‬ Definitions of Translation ⃝ Nida and Taber (1982: 12) state that “translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message”. This is the most comprehensive definition of the three definitions as it relates translation to the problems of languages, meaning, and equivalence. It is based on the approach that stresses the importance of preserving the effect of the original text. What does translation include? Since translation involves: two different languages which are carriers of their respective cultures, the process is not only a transfer between languages, but also a communication between cultures. Translation bridges the gap and enables understanding across these boundaries. ‫ اللغات والثقافات مما يساعد‬W‫الترجمة تبني جسور التواصل ب‬ ‫على تخطي الحواجز‬ Definition of Basic Terms : Source Text (ST): The text to be translated. ‫صدر‬+‫النص ا‬ Target Text (TT): The final product. ‫النص الهدف‬ Target Language (TL) : The language that it is to be translated into. ‫اللغة الهدف‬ ‫قابل اللغوي‬+‫ا‬ Equivalence :The relationship of the sameness of meaning that exists between the source text and the target text. Translation Process : is concerned with all related activities utilized in the act of translation. It is a halfway operation between the final output and the theoretical foundations. Translation Theory : refers to the set of methods and strategies used in explaining how translation is or should be done. (See P.13) Translation Studies : is a term used to describe any scholarly work on translation that is not as a fixed theory such as a descriptive analysis of translated works. ‫دراسات الترجمة‬ ‫مفاهيم خاطئة حول الترجمة‬ Misconceptions about Translation: 1. There is a one-to-one relationship between word and meaning. A common misconception is that there exists a simple word-for-word correspondence between any two languages, and that translation is a straightforward mechanical process; such a word-for-word translation, however, cannot take into account context, grammar, conventions, and idioms. Also, If you consider a word such as rebuild, you will note that there are two distinct elements of meaning in it: re and build, i.e. ‘to build again'. Elements of meaning which are represented by several words in one language, say English, may be represented by one word in another, and vice versa. This suggests that there is no one-to-one correspondence between orthographic words and elements of meaning within or across languages. Misconceptions about Translation: 2. Anyone who can speak a second language will make a good translator. In the translation community, many bilinguals may not have the same in-depth knowledge of colloquialisms, slang, and dialect that the born bilingual has. As well, the acquired bilingual will not be able to translate as readily in both directions (from B to A language and A to B language). It is generally accepted that the best translations are produced by persons who are translating into their own native languages, as it is rare for someone who has learned a second language to have total fluency in that language. A brief history of the discipline - First, the word "translation" was derived from a Latin phrase that means "to bring or carry across." Second, another explaining phrase is "metaphrasis," which was derived from Ancient Greek, the word metaphrase was derived to mean "word for word translation". A Brief History of the Discipline It is said that the first known significant translation was of the Hebrew Bible, dated back to the 3rd century. The need for more translation continued to increase with the expansion of spiritual theories and religious texts. The result of religion brought the drive to spread religion and strengthen faith, which means there was the need to translate religious content into multiple languages. A Brief History of the Discipline Throughout history, written and spoken translations have played a crucial role in communication, not least in providing access to important texts for scholarships and religious purposes. Yet the study of translation as an academic subject has only begun in the past fifty years. Up until the second half of the 20th century, translators often differed considerably in the meaning they gave to terms such as 'faithfulness', 'accuracy' and even the word 'translation' itself. The distinction between 'wordfor-word' (i.e. 'literal') and 'sense-for-sense' (i.e. 'free') translation goes back to Cicero (1st Century BC) and St. Jerome (4th Century) that formed the basis of key writings on translation in centuries near our own. A brief history of the discipline While most translators were hidden characters, several people paved the way for translation that allowed some of the greatest contributions to disseminating knowledge and ideas throughout the ages. Some translators were unnamed because translation work was dangerous at the time. Some lost lives because of translating, for instance, William Tyndale, who translated the Bible into the English language. He was executed in 1536 in Holland. A brief history of the discipline In the pre-linguistics period of writing on translation, which may be said to date from Cicero though St. Jerome, Dryden, Tayler, opinion swung between literal and, free faithful and beautiful, exact and natural translation, depending on whether the bias was to be in favour of the author or the reader, the source or the target language of the text. Up to the nineteenth century, literal translation represented a philological academic exercise from which the cultural reformers were trying to rescue literature. Later, Dryden (17th Century) reduced all translation to three categories; 'metaphrase', 'paraphrase' and 'imitation'. He promoted enabling the translator to surpass the original; that is to permit the 'spirit' of the ST to be best reproduced. Dryden's writing on translation was very prescriptive, setting out what has to be done in order for successful translation to take place. Other writers on translation also began to state their 'principles' in similarly prescriptive fashion. In English, the first systematic study of translation after Dryden is Tayler's "Essay on the Principles of Translation" in the 18th Century. A brief history of the discipline In the nineteenth century, a more scientific approach was brought to bear on translation, suggesting that certain types of texts must be accurately translated, whilst others should and could not be translated at all! Since the rise of modern and anticipated by Tytler in the late 18th Century, the general emphasis, supported by communication-theorists as well as by non-literary translators, has been placed on the reader – on informing the reader effectively and appropriately, notably in Nida, Firth, and the Leipzig School. Impact of Printing on Translation and Language Before the introduction of the printing press, when few people could read, most written texts were in Latin. The printing press, though, had a profound impact on language use and people's literacy. The use of Latin declined as texts could now be translated and even published in different local languages, with more people getting a chance to learn and read. Translation Studies in the Academic Discipline - Studying translation in the academic discipline became a concept around the 1950s, when institutions were introduced. The institutions allowed cross-cultural interactions and knowledge sharing where people from different languages gathered to learn how to translate. - Now, machine translation (MT) has been widely adopted to enhance and ease translation, with translators worldwide being aided by computers. It involves the application of language science and computers to the development of translation. It is the computerized system responsible for attaining translations either with or without human assistance. Translation and the Globalization of the Economy - Due to the industrial revolution, the rapid development of the economy evolved into new machinery that allowed swifter and easier production of texts, creating the need for companies to translate and enter into foreign markets. Tracing back to the 18th century, translation helped globalize the economy, with many businesses benefitting from formalized translation services. The development of machine translation and the internet has completely revolutionized the ability to translate, access, and understand documents worldwide. ✓ Today, translators now have several tools, such as the internet and laptops at their disposal to aid in the translation process. Translation services have also become of massive importance in society, as the world becomes increasingly interconnected through the economy, education, sharing of knowledge, and trade. Translation in Society Today ✓ Seeing how far translation has come through the years, we can gain an appreciation for the strenuous translation work done by the early translators in history. In addition, we're glad for the more accurate and widely available translations that we have today. We thank all the translators that work hard to keep the world moving forward. TRANSLATION TYPES AND CATEGORIES *  Category 1: (By The Approach \ Method )  Category 2 : (By The Medium)  Category 3 :( By The Translator )  Category 4 : (By The Text Type) Based on Elewa’s Levels of Translation (2020) Unit One: pp. 14-54 Translation Division Can Be Based On Three Categories (P.14) Categories of Translation By the medium Written Oral Consecuti ve By the translator AudioVi sual Simultane ous Whispered Human By the translation approach By the type of text MT CAT General Special ized Medical Literary Legal Political Intralin gual Interlin gual Intersemioti c Econo mic Political Technic al CATEGORY 1: BY THE MEDIUM Written Translation Oral Translation Audiovisual Sight Subtitling Consecutive Voice-over Simultaneous Surtitling Whispered Video game translation CATEGORY 11: BY THE MEDIUM  1. Written Translation:  It is the translation of a written material form a source language to a target language in writing.  This is where the translator reads a given text in the source language, then, reproduces it, in writing, into the target language, such as books, articles… etc. CATEGORY II: BY THE MEDIUM 2. Oral interpretation: o It is the translation of a spoken text from a source language to a target language orally. o The interpreter listens to a given discourse by a certain speaker in the source language, and then reproduces it orally in the target language. o This type is usually common in conferences, speeches, and meetings. o It has two types:  simultaneous  consecutive. CATEGORY II: BY THE MEDIUM 2. ORAL INTERPRETATION: Sight Translation: It is a kind of oral translation of a written text where translators have to scan the text and present an oral translation while reading. Consecutive Translation: It is an oral interpretation where interpreters wait until a full sentence of paragraph has been spoken and then start interpreting. So, we have only one speaker at a time. CATEGORY II: BY THE MEDIUM 2. ORAL INTERPRETATION: Simultaneous Translation : It is an oral interpretation where both speakers and their interpreters speak at the same time but the interpreter’s voice is only heard through headsets. Whispered interpreting: It is a form of interpreting, also called "chuchotage", where an interpreter sits next to the person who does not understand the language of an event and starts interpreting to him/her what is being said in the event silently. EXERCISE 1: WATCH THE CLIP, THEN DECIDE WHICH TYPE OF ORAL INTERPRETATION IS BEING USED  Is the interpreter performing:  Sight translation,  Simultaneous interpretation,  Consecutive interpretation, or  Whispered interpretation? Play the video to watch and example.  3. Audiovisual Translation (AVT)  It is sometimes referred to as Multimedia translation or screen translation, is a specialized branch of translation which deals with the transfer of multimodal and multimedial texts into another language and/or culture. It implies the use of a multimedia electronic system in the translation or in the transmission process. Audiovisual Translation CATEGORY II: BY THE MEDIUM Subtitling dubbing Voice-over Surtitling Video game translation CATEGORY II: BY THE MEDIUM 3. AUDIOVISUAL TRANSLATION (AVT)  Subtitling: It can be defined as providing synchronized translation for video or screen dialogues. CATEGORY II: BY THE MEDIUM 3. AUDIOVISUAL TRANSLATION (AVT)  Dubbing: it is also called lip-synchrony, "the foreign dialogue is adjusted to the mouth movements of the actor in the film" (Dries 1995: 9). Play the video to watch and example. CATEGORY II: BY THE MEDIUM 3. AUDIOVISUAL TRANSLATION (AVT)  Voice-over: It involves dubbing but it keeps the original soundtrack operating simultaneously. In other words, the original soundtrack can be heard but in a lower sound than the translated version. Play the video to watch and example. CATEGORY II: BY THE MEDIUM 3. AUDIOVISUAL TRANSLATION (AVT)  Surtitling: It refers to subtitling a live performance on the stage or the backs of seats at opera houses or theatres. CATEGORY II: BY THE MEDIUM 3. AUDIOVISUAL TRANSLATION (AVT)  Video game translation: It is a mixture of subtitling and software localization, where subtitling and dubbing are used for the adaptation of games content to other languages and cultures. EXERCISE 2:  In which type of audiovisual translation can you still hear the speaker speaking in the background while the interpreter is heard clearly? ❑ Subtitling ❑ Dubbing ❑ Voice-over ❑ Surtitling ❑ Video game translation CATEGORY 3: BY THE TRANSLATOR Human Translation Machine Translation (MT) ComputerAssisted Translation (CAT) CATEGORY 3: BY THE TRANSLATOR 1-Human Translation The translation is done by the translator alone. CATEGORY 3: BY THE TRANSLATOR 2-Machine Translation (MT) It aims at assembling all the information required for translation in one program to have no human intervention afterwards. CATEGORY 3: BY THE TRANSLATOR 2-MACHINE TRANSLATION (MT)  At its basic level, MT performs simple substitution of words in one language for words in another. Although a lot of programs on MT have been introduced to the market but they can only be applicable to certain situations; MT has never been and cannot be perfect.  This type is usually common in scientific translation where the meaning is direct.  For example, the Canadian weather station uses MT due to limited vocabulary and structure of the forecast.  The need of MT is popular due to the following factors:  Fast result  Somewhat accurate  Users are satisfied with a general idea of the text and low accuracy 36- 35.‫ ص‬1999 ،‫ إربد‬،‫ دار الهالل للترجمة‬،‫ عبد هللا الشناق ومحمد فرغل‬،‫ دليل عملي‬،‫الترجمة بين اإلنكليزية والعربية‬ CATEGORY 3: BY THE TRANSLATOR 3-Computer-assisted Translation (CAT) The translator does the job from the beginning to end with the help of some tools that make the process of translation more quickly. EXERCISE 3:  Decide which of the following translations was done by MT?  Discuss your reasoning.  ST: ٌ ‫تشعر ّأنك مطحو‬ ْ َ ‫ ّكلما‬،‫البكاء‬ ْ ْ َ ‫ناولك أحده ْم‬ ُ ُ ّ ‫تشعر‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ رّبما‬ ‫في‬ ،‫ركن منس ٍي من هذا الكون‬ ‫غبة في‬ ‫نظير‬.‫عملك‬ ِ ‫بالر‬ ٍ  TT1: Perhaps you feel that you are crushed in a forgotten corner of this universe, you feel the urge to cry, whenever someone gives you for your work.  TT2:You might feel that you have been crushed and forgotten in the far corner of the galaxy; your tears well-up, every time you get paid pennies for your hard work. EXERCISE ANSWER  What is wrong with MT? CATEGORY 4: BY THE TYPE OF TEXT Literary  There are many types of translation depending on text genre (see picture).  Such genres could manifest specific styles and structures that should be considered in translation. Technical By the type of text General Scientific Specialized Medical Legal political ANSWERS:  Exercise (2) : slide 15  Exercise (1) : slide 8  Is the interpreter performing:  Sight translation,  In which type of audiovisual translation can you still Click to add text hear the speaker speaking in the background while the interpreter is heard clearly?  Simultaneous interpretation, ❑ Subtitling  Consecutive interpretation, or ❑ Dubbing  Whispered interpretation? ❑ Voice-over ❑ Surtitling ❑ Video game translation ANSWERS:  Exercise (3) : slide 21  TT2:  You might feel that you have been crushed and forgotten in the far corner of the galaxy; your tears well-up, every time you get paid pennies for your hard work. Discussion:  Punctuation is properly placed.  Delivers the meaning in natural language.  TT(1) has a word missing (payment)  Uses expressions that is native to TL:  “the far corner of the galaxy”  “tears well-up”  "paid pennies" Lecture # 4 By the type of text By the translator By the translation approach Types of Translation By the Medium The Functions of The Language Jacobson (1960) made some modifications of Buhler’s (1934) main functions of language. Main Functions The Expressive Or The Subjective The “I” form Autobiography Poetry Novels Short Stories Drama The Descriptive or Informative The Vocative, the Directive The Objective The Persuasive The “It” Form The “You” form Political Speeches, and letters Textbooks Newspaper Religious speeches and lectures Academic writing. Classification of the First Category Translation Methods (Approaches) 1.Intralingual Translation : The transfer of a certain message by interpreting verbal signs by employing other signs in the same language. For example, to explain something to a child , you can put it into a different form in the same language using synonyms. Intelligent=Smart ‫الريب=الشك‬ Beautiful=Pretty 2.Interlingual Translation (Translation Proper) This applies to the actual process of translation from one language to another. It involves the transfer of verbal signs by using signs of some other language. Examples: Book = ‫كتاب‬ man = ‫رجل‬ 3.Inter-semiotic Translation The transfer of verbal signs by means of non-verbal signs between two semiotic systems. (see P.16-17) Example : 4.Word-for-word Translation: The translator sticks to the source text word order overlooking the syntactical features of the TL. (The sentence is grammatically incorrect). Usage :useful in syntactic analysis of foreign languages to show equivalence and position of each word in ST. Example : 1\ST\ I read a book yesterday. TT:. ‫أنا قرأت كتابا ً أمس‬ 2\ST\ She is wearing pink dress. TT:.‫هي تكون ترتدي وردي فستان‬ 5.Literal Translation: It involves word-for-word translation, and the meaning of words is derived straight from the dictionary while keeping TL grammar and word order intact.(P.18) Usage : Useful in translating technical and scientific texts. Examples: 1-ST\The man in the green suite is my friend..‫ الرجل الذي يرتدي بدلة خضراء صديقي‬: TT 2- ST\I read an interesting book yesterday.. ‫ قرأت كتابا شيقا ّ باألمس‬:TT 3-ST\Ahmed went to the library last week..‫ ذهب أحمد إلى المكتبة األسبوع الماضي‬:TT Practice: Translate the following sentences implementing the following translation methods : A) I know this important information. Word-for-word:……………………….. Literal:…………………………. B) I won`t tell any body about it. Word-for-word:……………………….. Literal:…………………………. C).‫ذاك الطفل ذكي‬ Word-for-word:……………………….. Literal:…………………………. D).‫هيتاشي عالمة تجارية معروفة جيدا‬ Word-for-word:……………………….. Literal:…………………………. 6.Semantic Translation : It aims at transferring the exact contextual meaning of the source text, governed by the semantic and syntactic structure of the target language, i.e. the translator sticks to the ST ignoring the real usage in the target culture. Usage : mainly used in literary and religious texts. Example: 1\ ST\‫يوم لك ويوم عليك‬ TT: A day for you, a day against you. (because it is grammatically and semantically correct ,but not used in the TL) TT: One day you win another you lose. OR (You win some, you lose some.) 2\ST: I cannot remember where I left my keys. TT:.‫نسيت المكان الذي تركت فيه مفاتيحي‬ 7.Communicative Translation: It refers to the type of translation that makes the target text as close as possible to the source text, functionally and pragmatically. Therefore, it is reader-oriented. Usage : mainly in translating informative and vocative texts, such as : Textbooks , newspapers ,and academic writings , political speeches or letters ,religious speeches and lectures. For example : ST: Nice hair cut ! TT: !!‫نعــــــيما‬ ST: ‫تشرفت بمعرفتك‬ TT: Nice to meet you. 8. Free Translation: It is unbounded. It is a translation in which equivalence freely move up and down the rank scale. It produces the TL text without the style, form, or content of the original, and it includes normal word order and syntax, so that the translation can be naturally understood. It preserves the meaning of the original but uses natural forms of the target language Example: 1-He likes reading. ‫هو مثقف‬ 2- Get the hell out\You know the way out. ‫أرحل‬ WO RD-FO R-WO RD (UNGRAM M AT ICAL – L IT ERAL ) L IT ERAL SEMANT IC CO M M UNICAT IVE (BO UND-FREE ) FREE (UNBO UNDED – FREE) Respects SL form and Structure Respects TL form and Structure Copying the contextual meaning of the SL , governed by the semantic and syntactic structure of the TL.(synonym) Makes the TL as close as possible to the SL, functionally and pragmatically Natural use of TL word order and syntax. Relies on dictionary meaning Relies on dictionary meaning In favor of SL culture and context. In favour of TL culture and context preserves the meaning of the SL useful in syntactic analysis of foreign languages to show equivalence and position of each word in ST. useful in translating technical and scientific texts. useful in translating Expressive and subjective texts ,such as: literary , and religious texts. useful in translating informative and vocative texts, such as: Textbooks , newspapers ,and academic writings , political speeches or letters ,religious speeches and lectures. SL –Oriented Approach to translation Useful in translating literary texts and works. TL –Oriented Approach to translation. Translation Methods SL-Oriented Methods Translation Approach Word -forword 1.Example ST\(E-A) TT Literal Semantic 3.Example ST\(E-A) TT ‫هي تجري خالل الكتاب‬. ‫صفحات‬ ‫إنها تمر بسرعة على صفحات‬. ‫الكتاب‬ 5.Example ST\(E-A) TT Free. ‫تتصفح الكتاب بسرعة‬.‫تمر مرور الكرام على صفحات الكتاب‬ ‫تأخذ فكرة عامة عن محتوى‬.‫الكتاب‬. ‫انتهى االجتماع‬ Ended the meeting. The meeting ended. The meeting is over. We are done. You can leave. She had a new baby. ‫هي ملكت جديد‬.‫مولود‬.‫لديها مولد جديد‬ 4.Example ST(A_E) TT Communicative She runs through the book pages. 2.Example ST(A_E) TT TL-Oriented Methods.‫أنجبت مولودا جديدا‬.‫رزقها هللا مولودا جديدا‬.‫أصبحت أما‬. ‫إنها الساعة التاسعة والنصف‬ It is the clock It is half past nine and half. nine. The class ends. We are done. We have to leave. I am scared to death. ‫أنا أكون خائف إلى‬..‫الموت‬.‫أنا خائف حتى الموت‬. ‫أنا مذعور‬.‫أنا أرتعد خوفا‬.‫ابق معنا‬ Exercises: Translate the following English sentences into Arabic and apply all of the methods of translation (word-for-word _ literal _ free _ semantic): A- He likes reading word-for-word\ Literal \ Semantic\. Free\ B- ‫جيراني طيبون‬ word-for-word\ Literal\ Semantic \ Free\. C- I did not understand the lesson. word-for-word\ Literal\. Semantic\ Free \ 2- Identify the translation approach used in the following Arabic translations of this sentence (word-for-word _ literal _ free _ semantic): 1\ ST:I won’t tell anyone about it..‫ أنا سوف ال أخبر أي أحد عنها‬:TT(1).‫ لن أخبر أي أحد عنها‬:TT)2(. ‫ سأبقي األمر سرا‬TT:)3(.‫ لن أخبر أحدا بهذا األمر‬:TT)4(.‫ الكتب باهظة الثمن اليوم‬: ST \ 2 1) TT: People rarely buy books today. 2)TT: Books expensive price today. 3) TT: Books are very expensive today. 4) TT: Books are not cheap today. Translation Methods, Strategies and Procedures (Part #1) See page 29 Definitions A translation procedure is often applied by translators to solve a given problem in the ST. This definition is too broad and hence can be used interchangeably with a translation strategy. A translation strategy is called by Loescher (1991) as “a potentially conscious procedure for solving a problem faced in translating a text , or any segment of it.” ‫ أو أي جزء منه‬،‫إجراء واعي محتمل لحل مشكلة تواجهها في ترجمة نص‬ Definitions Bell (1998) made a distinction between: o Global strategies deal with whole texts. o Local strategies deal with text segments. Definitions The two scopes of strategies are called methods and procedures by Newmark : Translation methods for: the whole text ; Literal, Free, Semantic, Communicative,... Translation procedures for : sentences & smaller units of language (problem solving processes ) Vinay & Darblnet and the Direct/Oblique procedures Borrowing Direct Calque Literal Translation procedures Transposition Modulation Oblique Equivalence Adaptation Vinay and Darblnet (1958) divided translation procedures into two categories: direct and oblique, which are another name for literal and free methods of translation. Vinay & Darblnet and the Direct/Oblique procedures 1- Direct Translation ❖Borrowing : The SL word is transferred directly via Direct Translation transliteration or transcription to the TL. Example ST Ali has his own computer. My father loves listening to the radio. America is suffering another COVID out-break. TT Borrowing Calque Literal.‫لدى علي كمبيوتر خاص به‬.‫يعشق والدي االستماع للراديو‬ ‫تعاني أمريكا من إنتشار جديد لوباء‬.‫كورونا‬ Computer, radio, America.. Airlines, cold war.. Where were you ? Vinay & Darblnet and the Direct/Oblique procedures 1- Direct Translation ❖Calque: It is a strategy used to “borrow” the SL expression or structure and then transfer it Example ST He uses the Saudi airlines. The effect of the cold war can still be felt today. She hates eating fast food. Spacecraft designs are top secret. Direct Translation TT ‫يسافر على متن الخطوط الجوية‬.‫السعودية‬ Borrowing Calque Literal ‫ما نزال نستشعر أثر الحرب‬.‫الباردة ليومنا هذا‬.‫ال تحبذ تناول الوجبات السريعة‬ ‫تعد تصاميم مركبات الفضاء‬.‫ملفات في غاية السرية‬ Computer, radio, America.. Airlines, cold war.. Where were you ? Vinay & Darblnet and the Direct/Oblique procedures 1- Direct Translation ❖Literal Translation: the direct transfer of a SL text into a grammatically and idiomatically appropriate TL text. ❖This translation strategy is the “most common between languages of the same family and culture.” ❖It is very rare between Arabic and English. This happens when the noun is fronted in Arabic for emphasis.* Direct Translation Borrowing Calque Literal Example ST Where were you ? ‫هللا يتوفى االنفس‬ This cat sleeps more than usual. TT ‫أين كنت ؟‬ Computer, radio, America.. Airlines, cold war.. Where were you ? Allah takes the souls.. ‫هذا القط ينام أكثر من المعتاد‬ * Ghazala (2008. p 50). Translation as Problems and Solutions: A Textbook for University Students and Trainee Catford And The Linguistic Shifts: 1- Direct Translation exercise 3: Decide which strategy was applied in the following translations. # 1 2 3 ST You are not superman! ! ‫سوبرمان أنقذ الموقف‬ I collect superman comics. TT Choose.‫أنت لست الرجل الخارق‬ Superman saved the day!.‫أجمع مجالت سوبرمان‬ A. Borrowing B. Calque C. Literal a) Transposition: It involves “replacing one word class with another without changing the meaning of the message ". This is similar to Catford’s Class shift. Example ST TT. ‫ كان البرنامج ناجحا‬The program was a success. It’s the worst television program..‫إنه أسوء برنامج تلفزيوني‬ Oblique Translation Vinay & Darblnet and the Direct/Oblique procedures 2- Oblique Translation Transposition Modulation Equivalence Adaptation Type of Modulation Source Text Target Text 1- Abstract for Concrete Reading is useful.. ‫الكتب مفيدة‬ 2- Cause for effect She studied hard.. ‫نجحت في االختبار‬ 3- Part for the whole Manpower 4- Part for another part Knuckle cracking ‫فرقعة األصابع‬ 5- Reversal of terms Bride and groom ‫العريس والعروسة‬ 6- Negation of opposites He is an infidel. 7- Active to Passive and vise versa The book was read by Mohammed. 8- Space for Time On the plane, he was sick. 9- Exchange of Intervals and Limits Hold on a second. 10- Change of Symbol Clear as crystal 11- Means for result I will drive you home. ‫اليد العاملة‬.‫هو غير مسلم‬ Oblique Translation Vinay & Darblnet and the Direct/Oblique procedures 2- Oblique Translation Transposition Modulation Equivalence Adaptation. ‫قرأ محمد الكتاب‬.‫كان مريضا حينما كان مسافرا‬.‫انتظر لوهلة‬ ‫واضح كالشمس‬.‫سأوصلك بالسيارة إلى منزلك‬ b. Modulation: is a variation of the form of the message, obtained by a change in the point of view. According to Vinay and Darbelnet, there are eleven types of modulation Catford And The Linguistic Shifts: 1- Direct Translation exercise 3: Decide which Modulation strategy was applied in the following translations. # A B C ST TT.‫أطلق عليه الرصاص فأرداه قتيال‬.‫التهوية أمر مهم في المطابخ‬ This car cost me an arm and a leg. He shot him. Fans are important in a kitchen..‫دفعت في السيارة دم قلبي‬ Chooose 1- Abstract for Concrete 2- Cause for effect 3- Part for the whole 4- Part for another part b) Equivalnce: the same situation can be rendered by two texts using completely different stylistic and structural methods. Example ST TT He returned emptyhanded.. ‫رجع بخفي حنين‬. ‫رؤيتك أثلجت صدري‬ It warms the cockles of my heart to see you. Oblique Translation Vinay & Darblnet and the Direct/Oblique procedures 2- Oblique Translation Transposition Modulation Equivalence Adaptation d. Adaptation: “ It is used in those cases where the type of situation being referred to by the SL message is unknown in the TL culture. In such cases translators have to create a new situation that can be considered as being equivalent. Example ST TT.‫ كان المسواك يتدلى بين شفتيه‬The toothbrush was dangling from his mouth. Muslim women wears headscarf when they go outside their houses. ‫النساء االمسلمات يرتدين الحجاب‬.‫عند خروجهن من منازلهن‬ Oblique Translation Vinay & Darblnet and the Direct/Oblique procedures 2- Oblique Translation Transposition Modulation Equivalence Adaptation Answers (exercise 3, slide 10) # ST 1 She lived in Mekkah. 2 Man is not aggressive by nature. 3 I am from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. TT. ‫لقد عاشت في مكة المكرمة‬ Unit-shift.‫البشر ليسو عدوانين بطبعهم‬ Intra system-shift.‫أنا من المملكة العربية السعودية‬ Structure-shift Answers (exercise 4, slide 15) # ST 1 You are not superman! 2 !‫سوبرمان أنقذ الموقف‬ 3 I collect superman comics. TT.‫ أنت لست الرجل الخارق‬Calque Superman saved the Literal day!.‫ أجمع مجالت سوبرمان‬Borrowing Answers (exercise 5, slide 18) # ST TT A.‫أطلق عليه الرصاص فأرداه قتيال‬ He shot him dead. B.‫التهوية أمر مهم في المطابخ‬ Fans are important in a kitchen. C This car cost me an arm and a leg..‫دفعت في السيارة دم قلبي‬ Cause for effect Abstract for Concrete Part for another part Methods, Strategies and Procedures(Part# 2) Translating Cultural-Specific Items Newmark`s Translation Model Newmark proposes the following strategies for translating cultural – specific items : (1)Transference (2)Naturalization (3) Cultural equivalent (4)Functional equivalent (5) Descriptive equivalent (6)Synonym (7) Through Translation (8) Modulation (9) Recognized translation (10) Compensation (11) Componential analysis (12) Paraphrase (13) Couplets (14) Notes , additions , glosses (1) Transference A strategy when a SL word is transferred into TL text in its original form (transcription /transliteration ) Examples: Mobile - ‫موبايل‬ ‫ الجهاد‬- Jihad Pizza ‫بيتزا‬ Cookies ‫كوكيز‬ (2) Naturalization This procedure adapts a SL item first to the normal pronunciation of the TL , then to its normal morphology. Examples : Technology= ‫تكنولوجيا‬ ‫الجبر‬ = Algebra Democracy= ‫ديمقراطية‬ Physics= ‫فيزياء‬ (3) Cultural equivalent A SL cultural item is translated by an equivalent TL cultural item while maintaining the same connotations. Examples: = ‫ قيس وليلى‬Romeo and Juliet ‫= اخي في اإلسالم‬my fellow brother Bread and butter =‫عيش وملح\ خبز وجبن‬ (4) Functional equivalent This procedure requires the use of a culture –neutral (culture-free) item. It involves neutralization or generalization of the SL word. It is also called Deculturalization strategy. Example : ‫عنترية‬ This word is coined from a pre-Islamic Arabian figure called Antara who was known for his poetry , heroism and adventures. The cultural tinge of the Arabic word ‫ عنترية‬in the paragraph above can be discarded to give its functional equivalent : “heroism”. - Cowboy= ‫قبضاي\فتوة‬ - Coffin = ‫قبر‬ (5) Descriptive equivalent: In this procedure the translator describes the meaning of the cultural item in several words. Example : ‫الخلع‬ The Arabic word ‫الخلع‬can be explained in few words because it has no exact equivalent in the TL. We can say , “ divorce initiated by the wife, “release for payment by the wife , redemptive divorce , divorce by redemption , abdicative divorce. -‫ =صفيحة‬metal container - Steak= ‫شريحة لحم‬ (6)Synonym To use a near TL equivalent to a SL word in a context , where a precise equivalent may or may not exist. This procedure is used for a SL word where there is no clear one-to-one equivalent , and the word is less important than other components of a sentence. Example : ‫–وسيمة‬Pretty , beautiful -Attic= ‫عليّة‬ ‫ =لحد‬grave Many tongues= ‫عدة لغات‬ (7) Through Translation It is the literal translation of common collocations , names of organizations and components of compounds. It can also be called : calque or loan translation. Examples : Superman- ‫الرجل الخارق‬ Bat-man- ‫الرجل الخفاش‬ ‫ –السد العالي‬The High Dam (8) Modulation It occurs when the translator reproduces the message of the original text in the TL text in conformity with the current norms of the TL, since the SL and the TL may appear dissimilar in terms of perspective. (9) Recognized translation It occurs when the translator uses a generally or officially recognized translation of any institutional term. Example: Foreign Secretary →)‫وزير اخارجية ( بريطانيا‬ United Nations→ ‫األمم المتحدة‬ National Bank= ‫البنك األهلي‬ The Saudi Minister of Foreign Affairs Ministry of Internal Affairs= ‫وزارة الداخلية‬ Secretary of State= ‫وزير الخارجية األمريكي‬ the minister of interior (10) Compensation It is to compensate the loss of meaning in the TT. “This is said to occur when loss of meaning , sound-effect , metaphor or pragmatic effect in one part of a sentence is compensated in another part , or in the next sentence. Example: -O ` Really !!Well !! Well !! = ‫ياسالم‬ We are honored with your presence ,Sir\your highness= ‫تشرفنا بحضوركم‬Naughty children are being labeled “hyperactive” by their teachers..‫يصنف المدرسون األطفال األشقياء في الوقت الحاضر بأنهم مصابون بفرط الحركة‬ bon appetit This is the splitting up of a lexical unit into its sense components , often one-to-two ,-three or –four translations.( words can be analyzed and described in terms of their semantic components\features ). Example: This man is fox. Man : [male+] [ Human + ] [ Animal -] [Clever+] (11)Componential analysis Fox :[male+] [ Human-] [ Animal+] [ Clever+]. ‫هذا الرجل ثعلب \ هذا الرجل ذكي‬ Encyclopedias are gold mines. Encyclopedias :[ Human-] [ thing+] [ on the shelves+] [ treasure+] Gold mines : [ Human-] [ thing+][ in the ground +] [ treasure+].‫الموسوعات ثمينة \ مناجم من ذهب‬ (12) Paraphrase In this procedure the meaning of the culture-specific terms is explained in more detail , longer than what we do with descriptive equivalent. But the translator should be careful lest he breaks the Maxim of Quantity.Don’t say too much or too little. Example : Crickets ‫ لعبة رياضية انجليزية بين فريقين قوامها كرة قماشية قوية‬:‫(الكريكت‬ ‫صغيرة وعصا خشبية يستخدمها الالعب ليضرب بها الكرة التي يقذفها‬ ‫اليه العب اخر بقوة الى أبعد مسافة ممكنة من دون أن يمسك بها أي من‬ ‫العبي الفريق الخصم األحد عشر الموزعين في أرجاء ملعب كبير مدور‬ )‫الشكل‬ Can you think of the best strategy to translate the Arabic cultural term‫ العرضة‬into English? It occurs when translators combine two of the above- mentioned procedures respectively for dealing with a single problem. They further can use triplets and quadruplets. Example ; (13)Couplets Parkinson’s disease ( translation +transference ) ‫داء باركنسون‬ Internet ‫شبكة االنترنت‬ ( translation +transference ) Music note ‫النوتة الموسيقية‬ (naturalization + transference ) Sari ) ‫الساري ( لباس هندي طويل‬ ( transference +descriptive equivalence) (14) Notes, additions , glosses Such techniques can be employed to add extra information about a culturallyspecific word /expression in the translated text. a)Notes are additional information in a translation; they can appear in the form of 'footnotes.’ E.g. ‫* إن شاء هللا‬ *Is an Arabic language expression for "if Allah wills”. The phrase is used by Muslims to refer to events that one hopes will happen in the future. It expresses the belief that nothing happens unless Allah wills it and that Allah’s will supersedes human will. b)Additions: A car accident happened in Leeds last week..‫وقع حادث سير االسبوع الماضي في ليدز احدى المدن البريطانية‬ c) Glosses: The horse’s mouth → ‫من فم االسد ( من‬ )‫مصادرها األصلية‬ ‫أخطاء شائعة في الترجمة إلى اللغة‬ ‫العربية‬ ‫هناك أخطاء شائعة في الترجمة أو الكتابات العربية قد نقع فيها بسبب‬ ‫ورودها المتكرر في وسائل العلم ومنها الصحف والمجلت؛ وهناك‬ ‫أخطاء ناتجة عن الترجمة الحرفية للصيغة اللغوية للنص الصلي‪.‬وفيما يلي‬ ‫عشرة أمثلة لبعض الخطاء الكثر شيوعًا‪.‬‬ ‫ الخطأ الشائع ‪ :1‬استخدام عبارة “م ن‬ ‫طرف” الزائدة رغم وجود الفاعل‬ ‫ تُستخدم أحيانا في الجمل عبارة “من طرف” أ و‬ ‫“من لدن”‪ ،‬على الرغم من ذكر ا لفاعل في‬ ‫الجملة‪.‬وهو خطأ ناتج عن الترجمة الح رفية‬ ‫للصيغة الجنبية الواردة في النص الصلي‪.‬ول‬ ‫يوجد داع لستخدام تلك العبارة لن الفعل‬ ‫معلوم الفاعل المذكور في الجملة‪.‬‬ ‫ضرب الشاب من طرف رجل قوي‪.‬‬ ‫ مثال‪ُ :‬‬ ‫الشاب رج ٌ‬ ‫ضرب‬ ‫ الصواب‪:‬‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ل قويّ‬ ‫ التعليل‪ :‬ذ ُكر الفاعل في الجملة (رجل)‪ ،‬وا لفعل‬ ‫داع لللتصاق‬ ‫معلوم الفاعل‪.‬وبالتالي‪ ،‬ل يوجد‬ ‫ٍ‬ ‫بصيغة الجملة في اللغة المنقول منها‪.‬‬ ‫‪ 10‬أخطاء‬ ‫شائعة في‬ ‫الترجمة إل ى‬ ‫اللغة العربية‬ ‫‪:‬الخطأ الشائع ‪2‬‬ ‫ جمع عدد من السماء المعطوفة في جملة واحدة‪ ،‬وذلك دون‬ ‫أن يتبع كل منها بحرف العطف‬ ‫"و"‬ ‫كالقول‪:‬‬ ‫" ذهب أحمد إلى المكتبة واشترى كتبا‪ ،‬أقلما‪ ،‬صورا‪ ،‬دفاتر "!‬ ‫‪ꭙ‬‬ ‫وهذا أسلوب يح اخخذ به في العربية لما فيه من فجاجة وعجمة‪ ،‬حتى ولو أخذت به لغة‬ ‫أخرى ااننجليزية أو الفرنسية‪.‬‬ ‫إذن فالحواب في المثال السابق أن نقول‪:‬‬ ‫" ذهب أحمد إلى المكتبة واشترى اتبا وأقلما وصورا ودفاتر"‪√.‬‬ ‫ الخطأ الشائع ‪ :3‬الستعانة بفعل مساعد وإغفال صيغة‬ ‫المبني للمجهول‬ ‫ يُستعان بالفعل المساعد “تم” في الجمل التي يُجهل فيها الفاعل‪.‬ولكن‬ ‫قواعد اللغة العربية تقدّم بديل عربيا خالصا وهو المبني للمجهول‪.‬فبدل‬ ‫الستعانة بصيغة اللغة الجنبية باستخدام فعل مساعد‪ ،‬يمكن بكل بساطة‬ ‫أن يُبنى الفعل للمجهول عند المكان دون التأثر بالنص الصلي‪.‬‬ ‫ مثال‪ :‬تم اختراق حاسوبي‬ ‫ الصواب‪ :‬اختُرق حاسوبي‬ ‫ التعليل‪ :‬عندما يكون الفاعل مجهول في الجملة‪ ،‬يُبنى الفعل للمجهول‬ ‫دون الحاجة للستعانة بفعل آخر مساعد‪.‬‬ ‫ الخطأ الشائع ‪ :4‬اعتماد الترجمة الحرفية وإهمال التعبير‬ ‫الصطلحي المتوفر في اللغة العربية الفصحى‬ ‫ أصبحت عبارة “لعب دورا (مهما)” متداولة جدا على نطاق واسع إلى‬ ‫درجة تصنيفها عبارة عربية سليمة‪.‬فاللعب يعني في المعجم التسلية‬ ‫واللهو‪ ،‬وهو ما ل يتماشى مع الدوار المهمة والمسؤوليات المشار‬ ‫إليها في العبارة‪.‬وهنا نحتاج بالفعل إلى فعل مساعد‪-‬على عكس‬ ‫المثال السابق‪ -‬نظرا إلى عدم إمكانية اشتقاق فعل من “دور”‪.‬ولكن‬ ‫دورا‬ ‫اللغة العرربية تزخر ببدائل مثل “اضطلع بدور مهم” أو “أدى‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ما” بدل اللجوء إلى الترجمة الحرفية‪.‬‬ ‫مه ّ‬ ‫‪The goalkeeper played an important rule in the game‬‬ ‫ الخطأ الشائع ‪ :5‬الخلط بين مازال وليزال‬ ‫البعض يترجم كلمة ‪ still‬تبلمة " ج زال "‪ J‬في=ول‪ " :‬جزالت اججتماعا أنع=دة في أ‪8‬لس امأن‬ ‫"‪ ،‬وي=ول‪ " :‬جزالت ال‪8‬هود تبذل صإلح الوضع في لبنان "‪ J‬وهذا استعمال خاطئ لبلمة " ج زا ل‬ ‫"‪ ،‬فهي تفيد الدعاء ج اجستمرار‪ J‬يصح أن ي=ال‪ " :‬ج زالت الديار قوية عزيزة تأهلها "‪ ،‬فهو دعاء‬ ‫للديار تدوام ال=وم والعز‪ J‬أأا أا يفيد اجستمرار فهو " أا زال "‪ ،‬كأن ن=ول‪ " :‬أا زالت اججتماعا‬ ‫أستمرة "‪ ،‬و " أا زالت ال‪8‬هود أبذولة "‪ J‬وكثيرا أا يختلط امأر على أن ي=وأون تالبتاتة العرتية ‪،‬‬ ‫فيأخذون تاجستعمال امول للدجلة على الثاني‪J‬‬ ‫‪JShe is stll working on the project‬‬ ‫ هي ج زالت تعمل على المشروع‪ꭙ J‬‬ ‫ هي أا زالت تعمل على المشروع‪√J‬‬ ‫الخطأ الشائع ‪ :6‬التخفف من استعمال المفعول المطلق في الترجمة‪ ،‬ليحل محل كلمات‬ ‫أو عبارات أخرى مترجمة‪ ،‬مثل‪:‬‬ ‫" بصورة – بشكل – لدرجة – على نحو "‬ ‫‪ ،‬كالقول‪:‬‬ ‫" مشيت بصورة جيدة "‪ ،‬و " سار بشكل حسن "‪ ،‬و "‬ ‫إن قامته طويلة لدرجة أنها تسد الباب "‪ ،‬و "ظهر على نحو واضح "‪ꭙ.‬‬ ‫وهذه كلها استعمالت بعيدة عن العربية‪ ،‬والصح منها أن يقال‪:‬‬ ‫" مشيت مشيا جيدا "‪ ،‬و " سار سيرا حسنا "‪ ،‬و "إن قامته طويلة طول يسد الباب "‪ ،‬و "‬ ‫ظهر ظهورا واضحا “ √‬ ‫‪She cooks very well‬‬ ‫ الخطأ الشائع ‪ :7‬استخدام حرف التشبيه في غير‬ ‫موضعه‬ ‫ عندما يقدم الشخص نفسه‪ ،‬من الشائع أن يقول إنه “يعمل‬ ‫كمترجم”‪.‬وهي ترجمة حرفية منقولة من العبارة الصلية‬ ‫سواءرباللغة النجليزية أو الفرنسية‪.‬ولكننا ل نحتاج هنا إلى‬ ‫استخدام كاف التشبيه التي تحتاج إلى مشبه ومشبه به‪.‬‬ ‫وبالتالي يكفي القول إنه “يعمل مترجما”‪.‬‬ ‫الخطأ الشائع ‪ :8‬إضافة مضا َ‬ ‫فين إلى المضاف إليه‬ ‫مثال‪:‬‬ ‫ " احتدام واشتداد القتال "‪ꭙ.‬‬ ‫ والحواب ‪ " :‬احتدام القتال واشتداده "‪ ،‬وهذا يعني إضافة مضاف واحد‬ ‫إلى المضاف إليه‪ ،‬وإضافة المضاف الخر إلى ضمير يعود على المضاف‬ ‫إليه اخول‪.‬‬ ‫ ‬ ‫“فضل ورحمة ال” ‪ꭙ‬‬ ‫“فضل ال ورحمته” √‪J‬‬ ‫ الخشطأ الششائع ‪ :9‬تأخير الفاعل وتقديم ضميره عليه‬ ‫ يرد هذا الخطأ في الترجمة العلمية بوجه خاص تأثرا بالتعبير‬ ‫الجنبي الصلي‪.‬أخير الفاعل وتقديم ضميره عليه‪.‬كالقول‪:‬‬ ‫ " في تصريح له عن الحوال المنية في الخليج‪ ،‬قال وزير‬ ‫الدفاع المريكي "‪ꭙ.‬‬ ‫ والحواب في مثل هذه الحالة أن يقال‪:‬‬ ‫ " قال وزير الدفاع اخمريكي في تحري‬ ‫له عن اخحوال اخمنية في الخليج إن "‪√.‬‬ ‫ق ّ‬ ‫ الخطأ الشائع ‪ :10‬عدم التمييز بين أبدا و َ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ح ظ الخلط في الكتابة والترجمة العربيتين بين أبدا وقط‪.‬فبينما “أبدا” هي‬ ‫ يُل َ‬ ‫ظرف زمان يحيل على المستقبل‪ ،‬فإن “قط” ظرف زمان يستخدم للماضي‪.‬‬ ‫ مثال‪ :‬لم أسافر أبدا‪.‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫قط‪.‬‬ ‫ لن أسافر‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫قط‪.‬‬ ‫ الصواب‪ :‬لم أسافر‬ ‫ لن أسافر أبدا‪.‬‬ ‫ التعليل‪ :‬أبدا تُستخدم للنفي في المستقبل‪.‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫قط تُستخدم للنفي في الماضي‪.‬‬ ‫ الخطأ الحادي عشر‪ :‬اصإرار على ترجمة تعض البلما اصن‪8‬ليزية تبلمة واحدة أ=اتلة في‬ ‫اللغة العرتية‪ ،‬أثل كلمة ‪ ،privatization‬والتي وضعت لها ترجما عدة‪ ،‬أثل‪" :‬‬ ‫الخصخصة " أو " التخصيص " أو التخصيصية "‪ J‬وهذه كلها ترجما غير دقي=ة للبلمة ‪،‬‬ ‫ذلك أن اللغة اصن‪8‬ليزية تميل دائما جستخدام الزوائد ‪ – affixes‬سواء كانت تادئة أم جح=ة –‬ ‫إلى البلمة امإلية حتى يتم أواءأة استخداأها في أوقعها أن ال‪8‬ملة‪ J‬ولذلك فهي تعتبر أكثر‬ ‫أن كلمة واحدة‪ ،‬وإن تد في ظاهرها كلمة واحدة‪ J‬وأن هنا فل داعي لصإرار على‬ ‫ترجمتها تبلمة واحدة أرادفة في اللغة العرتية‪ J‬وتذلك تبون الترجمة الدقي=ة للبلمة السات=ة‬ ‫هي‪ " :‬التحول لل=طاع الخاص "‪ J‬وكذلك كلمة ‪ Islamization‬التي يمبن ترجمتها‪ " :‬تطبيق‬ ‫الشريعة اصسلأية "‪J‬‬ ‫ تقتضمي مراعاة قواعمد اللغمة العربيمة خلل الترجممة إليها‬ ‫اللما َمم بهما للتمكمن ممن توظيفها‪.‬ولذلمك‪ ،‬فإمن التمكمن من‬ ‫اللغمة المنقول إليهما أحمد الشروط الرئيسمية فمي الترجمة‬ ‫سليم لغويا‪.‬‬ ‫نص ٍ‬ ‫لتقديم ٍ ّ‬ Practicing Translatio n The Transfer of Stylistic Features Level #2 Actve vs. Passive style Multple Genitves Referental pronouns Passive vs. Active style Acti% ioic% Pa22ii% ioic% D%fniton: D%fniton: When the subject of a sentence performs the verb’s acton, we say that the sentence is in the actve voice. Sentences in the actve voice have a strong, direct, and clear tone. a type of sentence or clause in which the subject receives the acton of the verb. Acti% ioic% %xampl%2 Monkeys adore bananas. The cashier counted the money. The dog chased the squirrel. Pa22ii% ioic% %xampl%2 Bananas are adored by monkeys. The money was counted by the cashier. The squirrel was chased by the dog. Passive vs. Active style “It is not always true that in Arabic passive voice is usually changed into actve, but instead both actve and passive have to be refected in Arabic translaton for their important functons to the message.” (Ghasalah, 2008) Passive vs. Active Style Same meaning but diferent functons A-”The Zionist soldiers killed fve Palestnian children yesterday”. B- “Five Palestnians were killed yesterday”. The frst clearly states the doer of the killing acton, focusing on murderers for politcal reasons, and expected to be used by Arab ant-Zionist media. The second hides the doers “killers” which suggests that “other Palestnians did it”. Concentrate on the results Expected to be used by Zionist media. Passive vs. Active Style These signifcant functons for each style require to be retained in Arabic as following: :‫الترجمة‬.‫ َقتل الجنود الصهاينة خمسة أطفال فلسطينيين أمس‬-1.‫ ُقتل خمسة أطفال فلسطينيين أمس‬-2 Passive vs. Active Style Translate the following passive sentences: 1. Twenty civilians were killed in the bomb explosion. 2. My laptop was stolen from my car. 3. The Mona Lisa was painted by Leonardo Da Vinci. 4. John was pulled over and given a tcket by a police ofcer. 5. Highway 15 was closed yesterday due to a serious road accident. 6. Green tea is grown in China. 7. The soundtrack of a movie is always added afer the flming is fnished. Multiple Genitives ?What is a genitve a grammatcal case typically indicatng possession, measure, origin, or other close associaton, as painter's, week's, author's, and women's in the painter's brush, a week's pay, the author's book, and women's.colleges In Arabic, a genitve must precedes the noun it modifes as in: ‫كتاب أحمد‬ Ahmad’s book ‫قلم عمر‬ Omar’s pen Multiple Genitives What If we have more than one genitve that modifes a given noun? e.g., Ahmad’s book and pen A>ach referental pronouns to the genitves following the head they modify as following: ‫كتاب أحمد وقلمه‬ Don’t follow the English word order as in ‫كتاب و قلم أحمد‬ This usage doesn’t confrm with classical Arabic usage Multiple Genitives Where’s Oli’s suitcase? Nicola’s job sounds really interesting. The manager’s ofce is at the end of the hall. Where can I fnd my teacher’s classroom? These are my sister’s clothes and shoes. I need to return Pamila’s keys and glasses before fve p.m. What are the government’s plans? Multiple Genitives o When it is clear what object you are referring to, it is also possible to simply use the name + ‘s. For example: Is that Maria’s bag? – No, it’s Sara’s. To translate this in Arabic you need to replace the ‘s with the noun it refers to as such: ‫ انها حقيبة سارة‬,‫هل هذه حقيبة ماريا؟ ل‬ o Translate the following: Whose pen is this? – It’s Paul’s. We’ve run out of bread. I’ll have to go to the baker’s. (the baker’s shop) Go to the doctor’s if you’re not feeling well. (the doctor’s clinic) Referential pronouns o If a pronoun is referental, we are able to come up with a noun or noun phrase to stck in as a substtute for the pronoun—that is, we should be able to switch back and forth between noun phrase and pronoun as will. e.g., I broke my leg, and it hurts. it =my leg o In Arabic we cannot start a sentence with a pronoun that precedes its co-referental noun as in English. However, the frontng of referental pronouns is commonly used in translaton today following the English style. e.g., During his visit to the university, the ambassador said…. ‫وأثناء زيارته للجامعة قال السفير‬ This can be rephrased to confrm to classical Arabic style as follows ‫قال السفير أثناء زيارته للجامعة‬ Referential pronouns :Tran%lat( th( following ….Concerning his CV, the applicant mentoned.Jane told Ruth that her roommate is a nightmare.When I banged my arm into the glass door, I broke it.The mother called the daughter back to clean up her mess Activity: Translate the following sentences\clauses and pay more attention to translating articles: 1. The Organization of the United Nations. …………………………………………………………………………… 2. Keep medicine out of children`s reach. ……………………………………………………………………………. 3. ‫الصالة فريضة‬ …………………………………………………………………………… 4. ‫هل الترجمة صعبة؟‬ …………………………………………………………………………… 5. Ladies like good manners. ……………………………………………………………………………