Anatomy and Physiology LAB&LECTURE 1st Semester PDF

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY A.Y ’24 – ’25 | 1st Semester | ANA 101 | J.A.L | BS PSY WEEK 1 – 5: ANA 101 ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY LECTURE a. Surface Anatomy. It is the study of external features, such...

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY A.Y ’24 – ’25 | 1st Semester | ANA 101 | J.A.L | BS PSY WEEK 1 – 5: ANA 101 ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY LECTURE a. Surface Anatomy. It is the study of external features, such as bony projections, which serve as landmarks for locating deeper structures Anatomy b. Anatomic Imaging This involved the use of x-rays,  Greek root means "to cut apart." ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and other  Study of the physical structures and organization of technologies to create pictures of internal structures. organisms. Major Goals of Physiology  Delves into the identification, description, and classification of the body's components, from the smallest cells to the largest organs. 1. To understand and predict the body's responses to stimuli Physiology 2. To understand how the body maintains conditions within a narrow range of values in the presence of a continually  Complements anatomy by exploring the functioning of changing environment. biological systems and mechanisms within the body. Divisions of Physiology  Investigates how these structures work together to maintain homeostasis.  Study processes like the function of the heart in 1. Human Physiology. It is the study of a specific circulation, the role of muscles in movement, and the organism, the human. operation of various organ systems. 2. Cellular and Systemic Physiology These are examples of physiology that emphasize specific Homeostasis. Body's ability to regulate its internal organizational levels. environment and adapt to various external conditions. Two Basic Approaches to the Study of Anatomy 1. Systemic Anatomy. It is the study of the body by systems and is approach taken in this. 2. Regional Anatomy. It is the study of the organization of the body by areas. All systems are studied simultaneously within each region, such as the head, abdomen, or arm. PPT | LECTURE NOTES | REFERENCE FROM: PROFESSOR GREGANDA | ANA 101: LECTURE NOTES 1  ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY A.Y ’24 – ’25 | 1st Semester | ANA 101 | J.A.L | BS PSY WEEK 1 – 5: ANA 101 Levels of Structural Organization of the Human Body Epithelial Found throughout the body where it Tissue covers internal and external surfaces. Form most glands. Six Levels of Structural Organization of Human Body 1. Chemical Level Connective Characterized by large amounts of ▪ Level of organization involves interactions Tissue extracellular materials, or extra among atoms and their combinations into cellular matrix which has three major molecules. components: protein fibers, ground substance consisting of non-fibrous ▪ simplest of the structural ladder protein and other molecules and ▪ Atoms - tiny building blocks of matter, combine fluid. to form molecules such as water, sugar, and proteins. ▪ Molecules – when combined it will create Muscle Ability to contract, or shorten, Tissue making movement possible. organelles (small structures that make up cells). Sometimes called muscle fibers - Associate in specific ways to because they often resemble tiny form microscopic cells. threads. Three types of muscle 2. Cell tissues are skeletal, cardiac, and ▪ These are the basic structural and functional smooth muscle. units of organisms, such as plants and animals. ▪ Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) - molecule Nervous Tissue forms the brain, spinal cord, used by cells for a source of energy. Tissue and nerves. It is responsible for 3. Tissues coordinating and controlling many ▪ a group of similar cells and materials bodily activities surrounding them. ▪ four primary tissues: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous. PPT | LECTURE NOTES | REFERENCE FROM: PROFESSOR GREGANDA | ANA 101: LECTURE NOTES 2  ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY A.Y ’24 – ’25 | 1st Semester | ANA 101 | J.A.L | BS PSY WEEK 1 – 5: ANA 101 4. Organ. Composed of two or more tissue types, that 4. Nervous System performs a specific function for the body.  A major regulatory system that detects sensations 5. Organ System. A group of organs classified as a unit and controls movement, physiologic processes, and because of a common function or set of functions. intellectual functions, consists of the brain, spinal 6. Organism. Any living thing considered as a whole, cord, nerves, and sensory receptors. whether composed of one cell, such as bacterium, or  Physiologic processes and intellectual functions. trillion of cells, such as a human.  Consists of the brain, spinal cord, and sensory receptors. Organ Systems 5. Endocrine System 1. Integumentary System.  A major regulatory system that influences  It is the external covering of the body that provides metabolism, growth, reproduction, and many other protection, regulates temperature by excreting salts functions. and urea in perspiration, prevents water loss, and  Consists of glands such as ovaries, pituitary, pineal produces vitamin D precursors. body, thyroid, adrenals that usually secrete  Consists of hair, skin, nails and sweat glands. hormones. 2. Skeletal System 6. Cardiovascular System  Provides protection and support, allows body  Transport nutrients, waste products, gases, and movements, produce blood cells, and stores hormones throughout the body; plays a role in the minerals and fat, and consists of bones, associated immune response and the regulation of body cartilages, ligaments, and joints. temperature.  Hematopoiesis - formation of blood cells, goes  Blood (Red blood cells) and white blood cells and within the cavities of the skeleton. chemicals in the blood help to protect the body from foreign invaders 3. Muscular System  Consists of the heart, blood vessels, blood, aorta,  To contract or shorten brachial artery.  Allows locomotion, maintains posture, produces heat PPT | LECTURE NOTES | REFERENCE FROM: PROFESSOR GREGANDA | ANA 101: LECTURE NOTES 3  ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY A.Y ’24 – ’25 | 1st Semester | ANA 101 | J.A.L | BS PSY WEEK 1 – 5: ANA 101 7. Lymphatic System  Brain cells are especially sensitive to lack of oxygen  It also removes foreign substances from the blood because of their requirements for a high-and steady and lymph, combats disease, maintains tissue fluid production of ATP. balance, and absorbs fats from the digestive tract.  Brain damage is likely to happen within five minutes  Spleen and tonsils. without oxygen, and death is likely within ten minutes. 2. Nutrients 8. Respiratory System  A nutrient is a substance in foods and beverages that is  Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the essential to human survival. blood and air and regulates blood pH.  The three basic classes of nutrients are: Water The energy-yielding and body building 9. Digestive System nutrients and The micronutrients (vitamins and  Their role is to break down food and deliver the minerals. products to the blood for dispersal to the body cells.  Liver – produces bile that helps to breakdown fats. Water Energy-Yielding Micronutrients  Pancreas – delivers digestive enzymes to the small Nutrients intestines. The most critical Primarily These are vitamins nutrient carbohydrates and and minerals These 10. Urinary System Depending on the lipids, while proteins elements and  Removes waste products from the blood and environmental mainly supply the compounds regulates blood pH, ion balance, and water balance. temperature and our amino acids that are participate in many state of health, we building blocks of the essential chemical 11. Reproductive System may able to survive body itself. reactions and  Exists primarily to produce offspring. for only a few days processes such as: without water. The breakdown Requirements for Human Life and Body’s functional products of Nerve impulses Homeostasis chemicals are carbohydrates and (calcium) dissolved and lipid can then be used contributes to the transported in water. in the metabolic body’s structure 1. Oxygen Chemical reactions processes that  Atmospheric air is only about 20 -21 percent oxygen. of life take place in convert them to ATP. Vitamin C and most water. of the B Vitamins are water soluble and PPT | LECTURE NOTES | REFERENCE FROM: PROFESSOR GREGANDA | ANA 101: LECTURE NOTES 4  ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY A.Y ’24 – ’25 | 1st Semester | ANA 101 | J.A.L | BS PSY WEEK 1 – 5: ANA 101  Shivering is the body’s response to short term exposure to The largest cannot be stored so cold. component of cells, You can survive need to consume  When the energy reserve is depleted however, the core blood, and the fluid without consuming everyday. between cells. the energy yielding temperature begins to drop significantly: RBCs will lose their Makes up about 70% nutrients for atleast ability to give up oxygen therefore, denying the brain of this of an adult’s body several weeks ATP production. mass. Helps  Lacks of oxygen can cause: Confusion Lethargy Loss of regulate our internal consciousness, and Death temperature. Cushion, protects  Body’s respond to cold: Reducing blood circulation to and lubricates joints extremities, hands and feet. and many other body  Severe exposure can lead to: frostbite Tissue damage structures. Gangrene Amputation 4. Narrow Range of Atmospheric Pressure 3. Narrow Range of Temperature  Pressure is a force exerted by a substance that is in contact  Such death occur because the chemical reactions upon which with another substance. the body depends can only take place within a narrow range  Atmospheric Pressure is a pressure exerted by the mixture of the body temperature 37 °C (98.6 °F). of gases (nitrogen and oxygen) in the Earth’s atmosphere.  When the body temperature rises well above or drops below  The atmospheric pressure is constantly pressing down your normal certain proteins (enzymes) that facilitate chemical body. reactions lose their normal structure and their ability to  This Pressure keeps gases within our body, such as the function. gaseous nitrogen in body fluids.  The body can respond effectively to short term exposure to  Altitude sickness occurs at high altitudes exerts less heat or cold. pressure, reducing the exchange of these gases.  Sweating one of the body’s responses, sweat evaporates  Altitude sickness causing: Shortness of breath Confusion from skin, it removes some thermal energy from the body. Headache Lethargy, and nausea. (cooling).  Lethargy – a pathological state sleepiness or deep  Sweating is less effective in a humid environment because unresponsiveness and inactivity. the air is saturated with water.  Nausea - sensation of an urge to vomit. PPT | LECTURE NOTES | REFERENCE FROM: PROFESSOR GREGANDA | ANA 101: LECTURE NOTES 5  ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY A.Y ’24 – ’25 | 1st Semester | ANA 101 | J.A.L | BS PSY WEEK 1 – 5: ANA 101 Decomposition Sickness b. Control Center (BRAIN) Part of the brain and establishes the set point around  is a condition in which gases dissolved in the blood or in other body tissues are no longer dissolved following a reduction in c. An Effector (GLANDS/ORGANS) pressure on the body. The heart that can change the value of the variable Heart  Divers called it “the bends”, a reference to joint pain that is a rate increases, blood pressure increases and as heart rate system of DCS. decreases, blood pressure decreases.  Left untreated, very severe can result in death.  Immediate treatment is pure oxygen. Positive Feedback: In contrast to negative feedback, positive  common symptoms are: Pain in the joints, with headache feedback loops amplify their initiating stimuli, they move the system Disturbances in vision occurring in 10 percent to 15 percent away from its starting state. of cases. Homeostasis is the to resist change in order to maintain a stable, Hyperbaric Chamber (HC) relatively constant internal environment.  a reinforced, closed chamber that is pressurized to INORGANIC COMPOUNDS atmospheric pressure.  It treats DCS by repressurizing the body so that pressure Inorganic Compounds pressure can then be removed much more gradually.  Increases the concentration of oxygen in the blood.  is typically a chemical that lacks carbon hydrogen bonds.  Replacing some of the nitrogen in the than blood with  tend to be minerals or geologically-based compounds that do oxygen. not contain carbon-hydrogen bonds.  many inorganic compounds are some type of metal (alkali, Negative Feedback: Most systems of the body are regulated by this alkaline, transition) they tend to be able to conduct kind of mechanism which functions to maintain homeostasis. electricity, and due to ionic bonding typically found in Three Components of Negative Feedback inorganic, they held together very rigidly and possess extremely high melting and boiling points. a. Receptor This monitors the value of variable such as blood pressure, temperature; type of sensor that monitors and responds to changes in the environment. PPT | LECTURE NOTES | REFERENCE FROM: PROFESSOR GREGANDA | ANA 101: LECTURE NOTES 6  ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY A.Y ’24 – ’25 | 1st Semester | ANA 101 | J.A.L | BS PSY WEEK 1 – 5: ANA 101 1. Water Colloids are translucent mixtures with solute particles of intermediate size. The most abundant substance in living cells. Approximately 60 % to 90%, plasma which is the liquid portion of the blood, 92% c. Chemical Reactivity water An important reactant in some types of chemical reactions. A small, simple molecule composed of two atoms hydrogen In hydrolysis, to digest food or breakdown biological molecules, covalently bonded to one oxygen. It accounts for about the water molecules are added to the bonds of the larger molecules body weight. 2. Salts a. High heat capacity Salts in ionic form such as potassium and sodium are involved in: It absorbs and releases changes appreciably, thus, it prevents the sudden changes in body temperature that might otherwise Nerve transmission, Muscle contraction, blood clotting, ions result from intense sun exposure, chilling winter winds, or Transport of oxygen by haemoglobin Cell permeability, and internal events, such as vigorous muscle activity, that liberate metabolism. large amount of heat Calcium salts (bone salts) contribute to bone hardness. Because b. Polarity/Solvent Properties ions are charged particles, all electrolytes. Because of high polarity; water becomes the excellent solvent. Substances that conduct an electrical current in solution Universal solvent 3. Acids and Bases Solvent Like salts, acids and bases are electrolytes. Solutes is a liquid or gas (which may be gases, liquids or solids), can They ionize and dissociate in water and can then conduct an be dissolved or suspended electrical current. Mixture is the resulting solution when the solute particles are Living cells are extraordinary sensitive to even slight changes in pH; minute. exceedingly Acid-base balance is carefully regulated by kidneys, lungs, and Suspension when the solute particles are fairly large. number of chemicals called buffers. PPT | LECTURE NOTES | REFERENCE FROM: PROFESSOR GREGANDA | ANA 101: LECTURE NOTES 7  ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY A.Y ’24 – ’25 | 1st Semester | ANA 101 | J.A.L | BS PSY WEEK 1 – 5: ANA 101 Biochemistry, study of the chemicals substances and processes that Glucose known as blood sugar the universal cellular fuel occur in plants, animals, and microorganisms and other changes they Fructose and galactose; are converted to glucose for use by undergo during development and life. body cells. Ribose and deoxyribose form part of the structure of the Organic Compounds nuclei acids. b.Disaccharides Organic Compounds Know as double sugars, formed when two simple sugars are joined  typically consists of group of carbon atoms covalently by a synthesis reaction known as dehydration synthesis. bonded to hydrogen, usually oxygen, and often other elements as well. Double sugars are too large to pass through cell membranes, they  The four types most important to human structure and must be broken down to their monosaccharide units to be absorbed function are: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins and from the digestive tract into the blood. nucleotides Hydrolysis is the process of breaking down the disaccharides into two monosaccharides as water molecule is added to each bond, the 1. Carbohydrates bond is broken, and the simple sugars are released. Include sugars, and starches. Contain carbon, with slight variations of hydrogen, and c. Polysaccharides oxygen atoms appear in the same ratio as water; that is 2 These are long, branching chains of inked simple sugars because atoms and 1 oxygen atom. they are large, insoluble molecules, they are ideal storage products. They provide food for the animals and are sources of energy for the activities of the cell. They lack the sweetness of the simple and double sugars Store energy and provide shape to organisms. Classified according to the size as: Monosaccharides, Starch and glycogen are two polysaccharides important to the body Dissacharides, or Polysaccharides. Starch is storage polysaccharide formed by plants; ingested in the form of “starchy” foods, such as grain foods and root vegetables such a. Monosaccharides as potatoes and carrots. These are simple sugars. Glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose and deoxyribose are Glycogen is a slightly smaller, but similar polysaccharide found in the most important monosaccharides in the body. animal tissues in the muscles and in the liver. PPT | LECTURE NOTES | REFERENCE FROM: PROFESSOR GREGANDA | ANA 101: LECTURE NOTES 8  ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY A.Y ’24 – ’25 | 1st Semester | ANA 101 | J.A.L | BS PSY WEEK 1 – 5: ANA 101 2. Lipids Steroids Large and diverse group of organic compounds that enter the body in the form of fat-marbled meats, egg yolks, milk Cholesterol The basis of all body steroids products and oils. The most abundant lipids in the body are neutral fats, phospholipids, and steroids. Bile Salts A breakdown product Aid in fat digestion Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms but carbon of cholesterol and absorption and hydrogen atoms far outnumber oxygen atoms. Released by the liver into the digestive Insoluble in water but readily dissolve in other lipids and in tract organic salts. Lipids found in the body Vitamin D Produced in the skin, Necessary for LIPID TYPE LOCATION FUNCTION on exposure to UV normal bone growth radiation, from and function Neutral Fats Found in fat deposits Protect and modified cholesterol subcutaneous tissue insulate the body and around organs organs; Major source of Sex Hormones Female (Estrogen and Necessary for stored energy in the Progesterone) normal reproductive body Male(Testosterone function; Produces from Deficits results in cholesterol sterility-inability to Phospholipids(Cephalin) Found in cell Participate in the reproduce membranes transport of lipids in plasma; Abundant in brain Adrenal Cortical Cortisol. A long term-stress and in the nervous Hormones Aglucocorticoid hormones tissue Aldosterone Helps regulate salt Helps to form and water balance in insulating white the body fluids by matter targeting the kidneys PPT | LECTURE NOTES | REFERENCE FROM: PROFESSOR GREGANDA | ANA 101: LECTURE NOTES 9  ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY A.Y ’24 – ’25 | 1st Semester | ANA 101 | J.A.L | BS PSY WEEK 1 – 5: ANA 101 3. Proteins Vitamin A Found in orange Part of the Account for over 50% of the organic matter in the body and pigmented vegetables photoreceptor they have the most varied functions of the organic (carrots) and fruits pigment involved (tomatoes) invision molecules. Contain carbon, oxygen , and hydrogen Sulfur , and Phosphorus. Vitamin E Taken via plant Promote wound Amino and they contain Nitrogen acids are the building products (wheat germ healing and blocks of proteins and green leafy contribute to fertility; 20 common varieties of amino acids are found in proteins vegetables) An antioxidant help to neutralize free Examples of proteins: radicals. Glycine the simplest amino acid consisting of a single hydrogen Vitamin K Made available Necessary for bond largely by the action proper clotting of of intestinal bacteria blood Aspartic acid an acid amino acid in R group Lysine a basic amino acid Prostaglandins Derivatives of fatty Stimulation of acids found in cell uterine contractions Cysteine a sulfur containing amino acid or–SH in the R group that membranes (inducing labor and take part in intra molecular bonding. abortions Regulation of blood Classifications of Proteins pressure of motility of the gastrointestinal a. Fibrous and Globular Proteins tract The strand-ike fibrous proteins that is also known as structural proteins Lipoproteins Lipids and Protein- HDLs (high- Important in binding structures together and for providing based substances that density liporoteins) strength in certain body tissues. transport fatty acid LDLs (Low0density and cholesterol in the lipoproteins bloodstream PPT | LECTURE NOTES | REFERENCE FROM: PROFESSOR GREGANDA | ANA 101: LECTURE NOTES 10  ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY A.Y ’24 – ’25 | 1st Semester | ANA 101 | J.A.L | BS PSY WEEK 1 – 5: ANA 101 Examples: Collagen found in bones, tendons and ligaments and the most abundant proteins in the human body. Transport Proteins Hemoglobin transports oxygen in the blood; Keratin is the structural protein of hair and nails and the materials Other transport proteins in the that makes skin tough. blood carry iron, cholesterol, other substances. b. Globular Proteins These are mobile and generally spherical molecules that Catalysts(Enzymes) Essential to virtual every play crucial roles processes. in biological biochemical reactions by atleast a Considered functional proteins because they do things million fold; in their absence rather just form structures (destruction) biochemical reactions cease Representatives Groups of Functional Proteins Functional Groups Roles in the Body 4. Nucleic Acids Antibodies(Immunoglobulins) Highly specialized that They make the genes, which provide the basic blueprint of recognize, bind with and life. inactivate bacteria, toxins and They do this entirely by dictating protein structure. viruses Compose of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen and Function in the immune phosphorous atoms response, which helps protect Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids; consists the body from the invasion of foreign substances. of three basic parts: A nitrogen containing base Apentose A phosphate group Hormones Help regulate growth and Development Deoxyribonucleic Acid Growth Hormone–an anabolic DNA is the genetic material found within the cell nucleus (the hormone necessary for optimal growth. control center of the cell. Insulin–helps regulate blood It has two fundamental roles: sugar level PPT | LECTURE NOTES | REFERENCE FROM: PROFESSOR GREGANDA | ANA 101: LECTURE NOTES 11  ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY A.Y ’24 – ’25 | 1st Semester | ANA 101 | J.A.L | BS PSY WEEK 1 – 5: ANA 101 It replicates itself exactly before a cell divides, thus ensuring that 8. Cervical – neck region the genetic information in everybody cell is identical. 9. Coxal – hip It provides the instructions for building every protein in the body. 10. Crural – leg Ribonucleic Acid 11. Digital – fingers, toes The less famous cousin of deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA. 12. Femoral – thigh Made up of four bases attached to a backbone, although in RNA the 13. Fibular – lateral part of leg “T” (Thymine) is replaced by “U” (uracil) and the backbone is made by the body to encode information 14. Inguinal – area where thigh meets body trunk; groin ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY LABORATORY 15. Nasal – nose area 1 NOTES 16. Oral – mouth 17. Orbital – eye area Topic 1: Anatomical Terms and Terminology 18. Patellar - anterior area of the knee Anatomical Position. The body is standing upright, with the feet at shoulder width and parallel, toes forward. 19. Pelvic – area overlying the pelvis Anterior. Front of the body 20. Pubic– genital area 1. Abdominal – anterior body trunk inferior to the ribs. 21. Sternal – breast bone 2. Acromial – point of shoulder 22. Tarsal – ankle 3. Antecubital – anterior surface of elbow 23. Thoracic – chest 4. Axillary – armpit 24. Umbilical – navel 5. Brachial – arm 25. Suprasternal notch – the notch above the sternum 6. Buccal – cheek area 7. Carpal – wrist PPT | LECTURE NOTES | REFERENCE FROM: PROFESSOR GREGANDA | ANA 101: LECTURE NOTES 12  ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY A.Y ’24 – ’25 | 1st Semester | ANA 101 | J.A.L | BS PSY WEEK 1 – 5: ANA 101 Posterior. It is often used as a technical term in biology or Topic 2: Regional and Directional Terms medicine to refer to the back side of things. 1. Cephalic – head Term Definition Example 2. Deltoid – curve of shoulder formed by large deltoid muscle Superior Toward the head or The forehead is superior to (Cranial or upper part of a the nose 3. Gluteal – buttocks Cephalad structure or the body above 4. Lumbar – area of back between ribs and hips 5. Occipital – posterior surface of the head Inferior Away from the head (Caudal) end Toward the lower The navel is inferior to the 6. Popliteal – posterior area of the knee part of the structure breastbone or the body; below 7. Sacral – area between hips Anterior Toward or at the front The breastbone is anterior 8. Scapular – shoulder blade region (Ventral) of the body; In front of to the spine. 9. Sural – the posterior surface of lower leg; the calf Posterior Toward or at the The heart is posterior to 10. Vertebral – area of spine (Dorsal) backside of the body; the breastbone Behind 11. Nuchal – posterior/back part of the neck 12.Coccyx –bone located posteriorly medial to the gluteal Medial Toward or at the The heart is medial to the midline of the body; arm 13. Calcaneal- heel On the inner side of 14. Plantar – sole Lateral Away from the The arms are lateral to the midline of the body; chest On the outer side of the Intermediate Between a more The armpit is intermediate medial and a more between the breastbone lateral surface and shoulder PPT | LECTURE NOTES | REFERENCE FROM: PROFESSOR GREGANDA | ANA 101: LECTURE NOTES 13  ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY A.Y ’24 – ’25 | 1st Semester | ANA 101 | J.A.L | BS PSY WEEK 1 – 5: ANA 101 The Body Cavities. Humans have multiple body cavities Proximal Close to the origin of The elbow is proximal to (Cranial, vertebral, thoracic. Abdominal, and pelvic cavity). the body part or the the wrist (meaning that the point of attachment of elbow is closer to the a limb to the body shoulders. trunk. Body Planes and Sections 1. Sagittal Section It is a cut made along the lengthwise, or longitudinal plane of the body dividing the body into right and left parts. Distal Farther from the The knee is distal to the If the cut is made down the median plane of the body and the origin of a body part thigh right and left parts are equal in size it is called a midsagittal or or the point of attachment of a limb medial section. to the body trunk 2. Frontal Section Superficial Toward or at the The skin is superficial to A cut made along a lengthwise plane that divides the body or body surface the skeleton an organ into anterior and posterior parts. It is also called coronal section. Deep Away from the body The lungs are deep to the 3. Transverse Section surface; More ribcage internal A cut made along horizontal plane, dividing the body or organ into superior and inferior parts. It is called a cross section Topic 3: Body Planes, Cavities & Serous Membranes Body Cavity. Any fluid-filled space in a multicellular organism. Usually refers to the space where internal organs develop, located between the skin and the outer lining of the gut cavity. Human Body Cavity. The ventral body cavity because it is by far the largest one in volume. PPT | LECTURE NOTES | REFERENCE FROM: PROFESSOR GREGANDA | ANA 101: LECTURE NOTES 14  ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY A.Y ’24 – ’25 | 1st Semester | ANA 101 | J.A.L | BS PSY WEEK 1 – 5: ANA 101 The organs in the thoracic cavity : Heart, lungs and others Body Cavities are somewhat protected by the rib cage. b. Inferior Abdominopelvic Cavity 1. Dorsal Body Cavity Cavity pertaining to the organs in the abdominal cavity: It has two subdivisions, which are continuous with each Stomach, Small intestines, Large intestines, Liver and Other other: organs a. The Cranial Cavity In the Pelvic Cavity: Reproductive organs, Urinary, Rectum The space inside the bony skull Quadrants. A scheme commonly used by the medical personnel to divide the abdominal cavity into four equal b. The Spinal Cavity regions. Extends from the cranial nearly to the end of the vertebral a. Right Upper Quadrants column Liver Stomach The spinal cord , which is the continuation of the brain, is Gallbladder protected by the vertebrae, which surround the spinal cavity. Duodenum Right Kidney 2. Ventral Body Cavity Pancreas It is much larger than the dorsal cavity, contains all the Transverse colon Right Adrenal gland structures within the chest and abdomen. Small Intestine It has two subdivisions: b. Left Upper Quadrants The Superior Thoracic Cavity Liver Left Adrenal Gland The Inferior Abdominopelvic Cavity Stomach a. Superior Thoracic Cavity Left Kidney Pancreas It is separated from the rest of the ventral cavity by a dome- Spleen shaped muscle respiration, the diaphragm. Transverse Colon Small Intestines PPT | LECTURE NOTES | REFERENCE FROM: PROFESSOR GREGANDA | ANA 101: LECTURE NOTES 15  ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY A.Y ’24 – ’25 | 1st Semester | ANA 101 | J.A.L | BS PSY WEEK 1 – 5: ANA 101 Left Hypochondriac Region c. Right Lower Quadrants Small Intestines Liver’s tip Large Intestines Stomach Cecum (Caecum) Pancreas Appendix Left kidney Right Ureter Large/small intestines d. Left Lower Quadrants Right Lumbar Region Small Intestines Ascending Colon Large Intestines Small Intestines Left Ureter Sigmoid Colon Right Kidney Left Reproductive Organs Umbilical Region Nine Regions. Another system used mainly by anatomists to Duodenum divide abdominopelvic cavity separately. Small Intestines Right Hypochondriac Region Transverse Colon Liver Left Lumbar Region Right kidney Descending Colon Gall bladder Small Intestines Large/small intestines Left Kidney Epigastric Region Right Iliac Region Appendix Liver Cecum Stomach Ascending Colon Abdominal Regions Spleen Small Intestines Duodenum Adrenal glands Abdominal Hypogastric Region pancreas Urinary bladder PPT | LECTURE NOTES | REFERENCE FROM: PROFESSOR GREGANDA | ANA 101: LECTURE NOTES 16  ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY A.Y ’24 – ’25 | 1st Semester | ANA 101 | J.A.L | BS PSY WEEK 1 – 5: ANA 101 Sigmoid Colon 3. Peritoneum is the serous membrane that surrounds several Small Intestines organs in the abdominal cavity Reproductive Organs Serous Fluid Produced by the serous membranes Left Iliac Region reduces friction between the walls of Sigmoid Colon the cavities and internal organs when Descending Colon they move, such as when the lungs Small Intestine inflate or the heart beats Membranes of the Anterior (Ventral) The Pleural Fluid Prevents friction between the lungs Body Cavity and the walls of the cavity. In the perocardiac sac, the pericardial fluid prevents the friction between the Serous Membrane. One of the thin membranes that cover the heart and the walls of the pericardial walls and organs in the thoracic or abdominal cavities. sac. Parietal Layers of the membranes lines the wall of the body cavity. Parietal –refers to the a cavity wall. The peritoneal fluid in the peritoneal cavity prevents friction between Visceral Layer of the membranes covers the organs (the abdominal cavity nd pelvic organs and Viscera) the wall of the cavity Fluid–filled space the very thin space between the parietal - and visceral layers. The Serous Provide additional protection to the Three Serous Cavities and their Associated Membranes Membranes viscera they enclose by reducing friction that could lead to 1. Pleura is the serous membrane that surrounds the lungs in inflammation. the pleural cavity 2. Pericardium is the serous membrane that surrounds the heart in the pericardial cavity. PPT | LECTURE NOTES | REFERENCE FROM: PROFESSOR GREGANDA | ANA 101: LECTURE NOTES 17