Anatomy and Physiology of Speech and Language Study Guide for Test 1 PDF Fall 2024

**Fall 2024** **Anatomy and Physiology of Speech and Language** **Study Guide for Test 1** **Introduction to Tissue Types:** - Anatomy/physiology - Anatomical positions/nomenclature/planes of reference - Cellular anatomy: - Protoplasm - Nucleus - Cytoplasm - M...

**Fall 2024** **Anatomy and Physiology of Speech and Language** **Study Guide for Test 1** **Introduction to Tissue Types:** - Anatomy/physiology - Anatomical positions/nomenclature/planes of reference - Cellular anatomy: - Protoplasm - Nucleus - Cytoplasm - Mitochondria - Semipermeable membrane - Tissue types: - Epithelium - Cilia - Connective tissue: - Matrix - Tendon - Ligament - Aponeurosis - Bone - Axial & appendicular skeleton - Bone elevations/bone depressions - Cartilage - Articulations - Diarthrodial - Amphiarthrodial - Synarthrodial - Muscular tissue: - Fascicle - Myofibril - Endomysium, perimysium, epimysium - Origin, insertion - Muscle physiology: - Contraction - Myosin - Actin - Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) - Tone - Strength - Be able to describe how a muscle contracts. - What are the key components/functions of the model of speech production we will study? **Overview of neuroanatomy and neurophysiology** - Neurons: - Dendrites - Axons - Myelin - Nodes of Ranvier - Synapse - Neurotransmitter - Gray matter/white matter in PNS vs CNS - Neurophysiology \~ Describe the process of: - Neural conduction - Resting potential vs action potential - PNS vs CNS - What are the protective layers for the CNS? - Be able to identify and describe the main functions of the structures of the CNS: - Spinal cord: - Dorsal horns vs ventral horns \~ What is the difference? - Brainstem: - Medulla - Pons - Midbrain - Pyramids - Reticular formation - Cerebellum -- Where is it? What is the key function? - Cerebrum - Basal ganglia - Thalamus - Cerebral cortex - Landmarks: - Gyri vs sulci/fissures - Longitudinal fissure - Sylvian Fissure - Fissure of Rolando - Lobes: - Frontal - Parietal - Temporal - Occipital - White matter pathways: - Projection - Association - Commissure - Corpus callosum - Arcuate fasciculus - What are the primary functions of the two cerebral hemispheres? - Peripheral nervous system: - What is the difference between afferent and efferent nerves? - Spinal Nerves - Dermatomes - Phrenic, brachial plexus, intercostal - Cranial Nerves \~ Know the primary sensory and motor functions of these nerves: - V Trigeminal - VII Facial - VIII Auditory - IX Glossopharyngeal - X Vagus, - XI Accessory - XII Hypoglossal