Anatomy and Physiology PDF - BSN 1 Past Paper

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY CODE 251 BSN 1 - SET 2 A.Y. 2024-2025 INSTRUCTOR WACKY AL C. MAGGAY,RMT TYPES OF SENSE Additional Information...

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY CODE 251 BSN 1 - SET 2 A.Y. 2024-2025 INSTRUCTOR WACKY AL C. MAGGAY,RMT TYPES OF SENSE Additional Information Mechanoreceptors are sensory receptors in the body that respond to TOPIC OVERVIEW mechanical pressure and influence touch, hearing, balance, and A. INTRODUCTION proprioception. They are present in B. GENERAL SENSE tissues such as skin, muscles, joints, and C. SPECIAL SENSE the inner ear. Thermoreceptors are specific sensory nerve cells or receptors that detect temperature changes. They are located A INTRODUCTION in the skin, mucous membranes, and Sensation is the process initiated by stimuli hypothalamus, and they react to heat or acting on sensory receptors. cold. Perception is the conscious awareness of those Nociceptors are nerve cells that sense sensations. The brain constantly receives sensa damaging stimuli, such as high tions as action potentials from a wide variety of temperatures, mechanical damage, and sensory receptors that receive stimuli chemical irritants, which cause pain. from both inside and outside the body. For They alert the spinal cord and brain, example, the thalamus and amygdala receive and playing an important part in the body's integrate pain signals. defense processes. The senses are the means by which the brain receives information about the environment and the body. Historically, five senses were recognized: smell, taste, vision, 2 Pain hearing, and touch. Today, the senses are divided It is classified as a general sense because it into two basic groups: general and is detected by a widespread network of special nociceptors located throughout the body Irritation of nerve endings (e.g., B GENERAL SENSE mechanical,chemical, or thermal) Have receptors distributed over a large part of the body Simple receptors, often free nerve endings. EXAMPLE When you accidentally touch a hot pan, nociceptors in your skin respond to the extreme heat by detecting the potentially harmful temperature. These heat-sensitive nociceptors, located in the GROUPS OF GENERAL SENSE affected skin area, immediately send pain signals through the nervous system to your brain. Since nociceptors are distributed throughout your skin, the sensation of pain is not localized to just a Somatic provide sensory touch, body single receptor but is perceived as coming from the entire area in information about movement, contact with the hot pan. the body and the temperature, pain, environment Visceral provide pain , pressure information about various internal organ 3 Temperature 1 Touch It is considered a general sense because it General sense because touch have a is detected by thermoreceptors that are receptors distributed throughout the skin and other (mechanoreceptors,thermoreceptors, tissues rather than being localized to a nociceptors) that are distributed specific organ. throughout the skin, muscles, and internal organs. PAGE 1 CATUBAG, DOMINGO, JAVIER, LAMBINICIO, VECALDO  ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY CODE 251 BSN 1 - SET 2 A.Y. 2024-2025 INSTRUCTOR WACKY AL C. MAGGAY,RMT EXAMPLE Considered a special sense because it relies on specialized organs (the eyes) When you dive into a cold pool, thermoreceptors all and complex structures that work over your body, from your torso to your feet, detect together to process light and images. the cold water surrounding you. As the cold receptors in your skin sense the temperature drop, This helps us see the world around us. they send information to your brain from different Some people have trouble seeing clearly, areas, which helps you perceive the cold sensation like nearsightedness or farsightedness. across your entire body rather than from one localized spot. 3 Smell 4 Body Temperature The sense of smell, also known as olfaction, is considered a special sense because it relies on specialized sensory Body movement (proprioception) helps us receptors located in the nasal cavity that sense the position and movement of our detect specific chemical substances, body parts through receptors in muscles, known as odorants. tendons, and joints. EXAMPLE 4 Hearing The sense of hearing, also known as When you stretch your arms out or touch your nose with your eyes closed, proprioception guides your audition, is considered a special sense actions without you having to look. because it relies on specialized organs (the ears) and complex structures It allows for balance and coordination in daily tasks, like walking down stairs or riding a bike, by keeping designed to detect sound waves. us aware of our body’s position and movement. It plays a crucial role in communication, environmental awareness, and emotional expression. CONCLUSION Additional Information Pressure refers to the force exerted per General senses provide essential information about unit area on a surface and is often our physical state and environment through experienced as a sensation through widespread, simple receptors, while special senses specialized receptors in the body. In the offer intricate and localized insights through context of sensory perception, pressure is specialized organs and complex mechanisms. But detected by mechanoreceptors and both general and special senses are vital for human nociceptors. functioning, survival, and overall quality of life. They work in concert to create a comprehensive understanding of our surroundings, guiding actions and responses to both familiar and novel situations. C SPECIAL SENSE Concentrated in specific organs. Complex and specialized structures. Reference: VanPutte, C., Regan, J., & Russo, A. (2022). Ise 1 Taste Seeley's Anatomy & Physiology. Mcgraw-Hill Education. Taste is our sense of flavor. Our tongue has taste buds that detect chemicals in food. These chemicals send signals to the brain, which tells us what we're tasting. There are five basic tastes: sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami. Age, health, and medications can change how we taste things. 2 Vision PAGE 2 CATUBAG, DOMINGO, JAVIER, LAMBINICIO, VECALDO