Airport And Airways Runway & Runway Safety Area PDF

The first part is a numeric value expressing the actual AIRPORT AND AIRWAYS assessed strength of the pavement. RUNWAY & RUNWAY SAFETY AREA The second part is a letter: either an R or an F,...

The first part is a numeric value expressing the actual AIRPORT AND AIRWAYS assessed strength of the pavement. RUNWAY & RUNWAY SAFETY AREA The second part is a letter: either an R or an F, depending on whether the pavement itself is of a rigid RUNWAY is a strip of land at an airport on which aircraft (concrete) or a flexible (asphalt) design. can take off and land and forms part of the maneuvering area. Runways may be a man-made surface (often The third part is another letter from A to D asphalt, concrete, or a mixture of both) or a natural expressing the strength of what is underneath the surface (grass, dirt, gravel or ice). pavement, known as the subgrade Runway excursion is an incident where a single aircraft The fourth part is either a letter, or a number with makes an inappropriate exit from the runway. This can units expressing the maximum tire pressure that the happen because of pilot error, poor weather, pavement can support. emergency, or a fault with the aircraft. Runway incursion is defined by both FAA and ICAO as: "Any occurrence at an aerodrome involving the incorrect presence of an aircraft, vehicle or person on the protected area of a surface designated for the landing and takeoff of aircraft." The fifth and final part just describes how the first DESIGNING AN AIRPORT RUNWAY value was worked out, a T indicates technical evaluation, and a U indicates usage -- a physical testing regime. The two more important sizes are the runway length and the width. Depending on the aircraft expected to operate on the airport, you might use larger or shorter distance. PAVEMENT. The choice of material used to construct the runway depends on the use and the local ground conditions. PAVEMENT SURFACE Runway pavement surface is prepared and maintained to maximize friction for wheel braking. The Pavement Classification Number (PCN) is an International Civil Aviation Organization standard used in combination with the Aircraft Classification Number (ACN) to indicate the strength of a runway, taxiway or airport ramp (or apron). The PCN is actually expressed as a five-part code, separated by forward slashes, describing the piece of pavement concerned. RUNWAY PAVEMENT SURFACE TYPE DESCRIPTION MACADAM (sometimes called tarmacadam, or tarmac) - Uniformly sized stones rolled or compacted in-place, and usually sealed by an asphalt treatment that penetrates into the uppermost portion of the surface, or coated with tar or bitumen. GRAVEL RUNWAY - A runway, typically constructed of a mixture of compacted soils and stones, with a surface ACTIVE RUNWAY that is not bound by any additives (neither asphaltic nor It is the runway at an airport that is in use for takeoffs cementitious). and landings. Since takeoffs and landings are usually FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT - A runway, taxiway, or ramp that is done as close to "into the wind" as possible, wind surfaced with a mixture of asphaltic materials (asphalt direction generally determines the active runway. and aggregate) of from 3 to 5 inches (8 to 13 centimeters) or more in thickness. RUNWAY MARKINGS RIGID PAVEMENT - A runway, taxiway, or ramp that is  RUNWAY CENTERLINE MARKING The runway surfaced with a mixture of concrete materials (portland centerline identifies the center of the runway cement, sand, coarse aggregate, and water) of from 6 to and provides alignment guidance during takeoff 20 inches (15 to 51 centimeters) or more in thickness. and landings. The centerline consists of a line of uniformly spaced stripes and gaps. SEAL COAT - This type of runway is usually an unpaved  RUNWAY AIMING POINT MARKING The aiming (gravel) runway, the surface of which has been treated point marking serves as a visual aiming point for with a spray sealant (usually asphaltic or resinous) to a landing aircraft. These two rectangular create a well-textured, waterproof surface that typically markings consist of a broad white stripe located has a total thickness of less than one inch (one to two on each side of the runway centerline and centimeters). approximately 1,000 feet from the landing SLURRY SEAL - A mixture of well-graded fine aggregate, threshold. mineral filler, emulsified asphalt and water, applied to a  RUNWAY TOUCH DOWN ZONE MARKERS The runway as a surface treatment. touchdown zone markings identify the Fig 1. Runway Centerline Markings Fig 2. Runway Aiming Point Marking touchdown zone for RUNWAY THICKNESS, WIDTH, LENGTH landing operations and are coded to provide distance information in 500 feet (150m) The stress imparted to a runway is a function of, among increments. others, strut load, number of tires per strut, tire spacing,  RUNWAY TOUCH DOWN ZONE MARKERS The tire size, and even tire pressure. Here are some numbers touchdown zone markings identify the Fig 1. from Lockheed's "Landing Gear Design Handbook" Runway Centerline Markings Fig 2. Runway (1982): Aiming Point Marking touchdown zone for landing operations and are coded to provide distance information in 500 feet (150m) increments.  RUNWAY SHOULDER MARKINGS Runway shoulder stripes may be used to supplement  runway side stripes to identify pavement areas contiguous to the runway sides that are not intended for use by aircraft. Runway Shoulder stripes are Yellow.  RUNWAY DESIGNATORS Runway numbers and letters are determined from the approach direction. The runway number is the whole number nearest one-tenth the magnetic azimuth of the centerline of the runway, measured clockwise from the magnetic north.  RUNWAY THRESHOLD MARKINGS Runway threshold markings come in two configurations. They either consist of eight longitudinal stripes of uniform dimensions disposed symmetrically about the runway centerline or the number of stripes is related to the runway width.  CHEVRONS These markings are used to show pavement areas aligned with the runway that is unusable for landing, takeoff, and taxiing. Chevrons are yellow.  MARKING COLOR. All runway markings are white except for runway intersection hold short markings, taxiway lead in lines that extend onto THREE COMMON TYPES OF RUNWAY the runway, taxiway centerlines that lead off the VISUAL RUNWAY Are used at small airstrips and is runway, and run way shoulder markings usually just a strip of grass, gravel, asphalt or concrete. (chevrons); if present. NON-PRECISION INSTRUMENT RUNWAY Are often used  CLOSED RUNWAY The yellow "X" denotes that at small- to medium-size airports. the runway is closed to all operations: landing, takeoff and taxing. Be advised that this symbol PRECISION INSTRUMENT RUNWAY Which are found at is usually only used for long-term situations, and medium- and large-size airports, consist of a blast that runways may be closed to activity without pad/stop way (optional, for airports handling jets). an "X" being displayed. Always check NOTAMs. DECLARED DISTANCE 1. TORA (TAKE OFF RUN AVAILABLE) The length of runway declared available and suitable for the ground run of an airplane taking off. 2. TODA (TAKE OFF DISTANCE AVAILABLE) The length of the takeoff run available plus the length of the clearway, if clearway is provided. 3. ASDA (ACCELERATE STOP DISTANCE AVAILABLE) NUMBER OF RUNWAY THRESHOLD STRIPES The length of the takeoff run available plus the length of the stop way, if stop way is provided.  Runway lighting is used at airports which allow night 4. LDA (LANDING DISTANCE AVAILABLE) The length landings. Seen from the air, runway lights form an of runway which is declared available and outline of the runway. suitable for the ground run of an airplane RUNWAY END IDENTIFICATION LIGHTS (REIL) Are landing. installed at many airports to provide rapid and positive identification of the approach end of a particular 5. EDA (EMERGENCY DISTANCE AVAILABLE) LDA runway. (or TORA) plus a stop way. RUNWAY END LIGHTS A pair of four lights on each side of the runway on precision instrument runways, these RUNWAY CONFIGURATIONS lights extends along the full width of the runway.  SINGLE RUNWAY This is the simplest of the 4 RUNWAY EDGE LIGHTS White elevated lights that run basic configurations. It is one runway optimally the length of the runway on either side. positioned for prevailing winds, noise, land use and other determining factors. During VFR RUNWAY CENTERLINE LIGHTING SYSTEM (RCLS) Lights (visual flight rules) conditions, this one runway embedded into the surface of the runway at 50 ft (15 m) should accommodate up to 99 light aircraft intervals along the runway centerline on some precision operations per hour. instrument runways.  PARALLEL RUNWAY There are 4 types of parallel TOUCHDOWN ZONE LIGHTS (TDZL) Rows of white light runways. These are named according to how bars (with three in each row) on either side of the closely they are placed next to each other. centerline over the first 3,000 ft (914 m) (or to the  OPEN V RUNWAY Two runways that diverge midpoint, whichever is less) of the runway. from different directions but do NOT intersect TAXIWAY CENTERLINE LEAD OFF LIGHTS Installed along form a shape that looks like an "open-V" are lead-off markings, alternate green and yellow lights called open-V runways. embedded into the runway pavement.  INTERSECTING RUNWAY Two or more runways that cross each other are classified as TAXIWAY CENTERLINE LEAD ON LIGHTS Installed the intersecting runways. same way as taxiway centerline lead-off Lights. SECTIONS OF RUNWAY APPROACH LIGHTING SYSTEM (ALS) A lighting system installed on the approach end of an airport runway and RUNWAY SAFETY AREA Is the cleared, smoothed and consists of a series of light bars, strobe lights, or a graded area around the paved runway. It is kept free combination of the two that extends outward from the from any obstacles that might impede flight or ground runway end. roll of aircraft. RUNWAY ENTRANCE LIGHTS (RELs) are also a recent BLAST PADS Also known as overrun areas or stopways, development not subject to any international standard are often constructed just before the start of a runway and are most likely to be found in the USA. where jet blast produced by large planes during the takeoff roll could otherwise erode the ground and TAKE OFF HOLD LIGHTS (THLs) system is composed of eventually damage the runway. flush mounted, in-pavement, unidirectional fixtures in a double longitudinal row aligned either side of the DISPLACED THRESHOLDS May be used for taxiing, runway centerline lighting. takeoff, and landing rollout, but not for touchdown. TAXIWAY LIGHTS RUNWAY LIGHTING For night operations, taxiways at many airports are TAXIWAY ENHANCED CENTERLINE The enhanced equipped with lights, although some small airports are taxiway centerline marking consists of a parallel line of not equipped with them. yellow dashes on either side of the taxiway centerline. TAXIWAY EDGE LIGHTS used to outline the edges of TAXIWAY EDGE MARKING Used to define the edge of taxiways during periods of darkness or restricted the taxiway when the taxiway edge does not correspond visibility conditions. These fixtures emit blue light. with the edge of the pavement. TAXIWAY CENTERLINE LIGHTS are used to facilitate Continuous Markings- consist of a continuous double ground traffic under low visibility conditions. yellow line, with each line being at least 6 inches (15 cm) in width spaced 6 inches (15 cm) apart and define CLEARANCE BAR LIGHTS are installed at holding the taxiway edge from the shoulder or some other positions on taxiways in order to increase the abutting paved surface not intended for use by aircraft. conspicuity of the holding position in low visibility conditions. Dashed Markings- define the edge of a taxiway on a paved surface where the adjoining pavement to the RUNWAY GUARD LIGHTS are installed at taxiway edge is intended for use by aircraft, e.g., an taxiway/runway intersections. They are primarily used apron. to enhance the conspicuity of taxiway/runway intersections during low visibility conditions, but may be TAXIWAY SHOULDER MARKINGS Taxiways, holding bays, used in all weather conditions. and aprons are sometimes provided with paved shoulders to prevent blast and water erosion. STOP BAR LIGHTS when installed, are used to confirm the ATC clearance to enter or cross the active runway in RUNWAY HOLDING POSITION MARKINGS For runways, low visibility conditions (below 1,200 ft Runway Visual these markings indicate where an aircraft is supposed to Range). stop when approaching a runway. TAXIWAY HOLDING POSITION MARKING FOR INSTRUMENT LANDING SYSTEM (ILS) These consist of two yellow solid is a path on an airport connecting runways with ramps, lines spaced two feet apart connected by pairs of solid hangars, terminals and other facilities. lines spaced ten feet apart extending across the width TAXIWAY BEARING STRENGTH CAAP does not specify a of the taxiway. standard for taxiway bearing strength; however the HOLDING POSITION MARKINGS FOR bearing strength must be such that it does not cause TAXIWAY/TAXIWAY INTERSECTIONS These consist of a any safety problems to the operating aircraft. single dashed line extending across the width of the taxiway. TAXIWAY MARKINGS TAXIWAY NORMAL CENTERLINE A single continuous RUNWAY AND TAXIWAY SIGNS yellow line, 6 inches (15 cm) to 12 inches (30 cm) in width. ILS Critical Area Holding Position Sign- When the ILS is in use Air Traffic Control may hold you short of this sign so your aircraft does not interfere with the ILS signal. Destination Signs & Location Sign This sign indicates current position and direction to other taxiways. Runway Approach Holding Area Position Sign- You must hold at this sign until cleared to cross the runway, to avoid interference with runway operations. Outbound Destination Sign This sign indicates directions to common taxi routes. Taxiway Location Sign- This sign indicates which taxiway you're on. It may be posted Inbound Destination Sign This sign directs next to direction or holding position signs. pilots to destinations on the airport. Runway Boundary Sign This sign faces the Runway Holding Position Sign Until cleared runway and is visible to pilots exiting the onto the runway, you must hold at this sign. runway. Taxiway Ending Marker This sign indicates the termination of the taxiway. Runway Location Sign This sign identifies the runway on which your aircraft is located. Closed Runway and Taxiway Marking Located at both ends of permanently closed runways and at 1,000ft intervals. VISUAL GLIDESLOPE INDICATORS VISUAL APPROACH SLOPE INDICATOR (VASI) Is a system of lights on the side of an airport runway threshold that provides visual descent guidance information during the approach to a runway. PRECISION APPROACH PATH INDICATOR (PAPI) Is a visual aid that provides guidance information to help a pilot acquire and maintain the correct approach (in the Direction Sign for Runway Exit While on the vertical plane) to an aerodrome or an airport. runway, this sign will indicate the AIRPORT BEACON LIGHTS Airport beacons help a pilot approaching taxiway. identify an airport at night. AIRPORT RAMP An airport apron is otherwise known as an airport ramp. It is an actual part of an airport and it serves its own purpose in day to day operations. ILS Critical Area Boundry Sign This sign indicates when you are safely clear of the ILS area.