Lipids PDF

BIOCHEMISTRY LABI UNIT 1 I CHAPTER 1 I LIPIDS BSN 1- C I UNIVERSITY OF SAN AGUSTIN I A.Y. 2024 - 2025 I 1ST SEMESTER ISABILLE NICOLE V. ROBLES MAIN TOPIC SUB TOPIC I SUB TOPIC II SUB TOPIC III SUB TOPIC IV IMPORTANT NOTED...

BIOCHEMISTRY LABI UNIT 1 I CHAPTER 1 I LIPIDS BSN 1- C I UNIVERSITY OF SAN AGUSTIN I A.Y. 2024 - 2025 I 1ST SEMESTER ISABILLE NICOLE V. ROBLES MAIN TOPIC SUB TOPIC I SUB TOPIC II SUB TOPIC III SUB TOPIC IV IMPORTANT NOTED LIPIDS LIPIDS TRIGLYCERIDES (FATS AND OILS) Are biological molecules that are insoluble in water but Esters formed from glycerol and three soluble in nonpolar solvents. fatty acids. They are the main form of Known as fats provide a major way of storing chemical stored energy in the body. energy and carbon atoms in the body. COMPLEX LIPIDS Repel water, a useful characteristic of protective wax Contains more than two components ( fatty acids, coatings found on some plants. an alcohol, plus other components ) Are the most diverse class of biochemicals, and they are When hydrolyzed will yield 1 or more fatty acids and some often defined as much by their function than by their other type of alcohols. structures Examples are phosphate esters. Fats and oils are energy-rich and have relatively low PHOSPHOGLYCERIDES ( PHOSPHOLIPIDS ) densities. These properties account for their use as storage Composed of glycerol, fatty acids, a phosphate forms of energy in plants and animals. group, and sometimes an additional alcohol. These Phospholipids, glycolipids, and cholesterol (a lipid) are the are critical components of cell membranes. basic components of cell membranes. SPHINOGOLIPIDS Lipids are unique among organic molecules because Contain a sphingosine backbone instead of glycerol their identity is defined on the basis of a physical property and are commonly found in the nervous system. and not by the presence of a particular functional group. NONSAPONIFABLE LIPIDS CLASSIFICATION OF LIPIDS These are not esters and cannot be hydrolyzed. Lipids play three major roles in human biochemistry: Steroids and prostaglandins belong to this class. 1. They store energy within cells These lipids do not undergo saponification and cannot be 2. They are parts of membranes that separate cellular broken down by basic hydrolysis because they lack ester compartments of aqueous solutions from each other bonds. 3. They serve as chemical messengers. STEROIDS Characterized by a structure of four fused carbon rings. They include cholesterol, a key component of cell membranes, and steroid hormones. PROSTAGLANDINS These are derived from fatty acids and play significant roles in inflammation, blood flow, and other physiological processes. FATTY ACIDS Has a long and unbranched carbon chain with a carboxyl group at one end. SAPONIFABLE LIPIDS Building blocks of lipid Is a process of hydrolysis under basic (alkaline) conditions Long nonpolar tails are responsible for most of the fatty or oily This reaction produces soap and glycerol when fats are characteristics of fat broken down by an alkali. Carboxyl group, or the polar head, is very hydrophilic under Triglycerides, waxes, phospholipids, and sphingolipids are conditions of physiological pH Exists as — COO− ) esters and thus all belong to the first class. Fatty acids are amphipathic compounds because the carboxyl It is divided based on the number of components in their group is hydrophilic and the hydrocarbon tail is hydrophobic. structure (simple and complex lipids). In aqueous solution, SIMPLE LIPIDS The ions of fatty acids associate with one another. Contains just two types of components ( fatty The ions form spherical clusters called micelles acids and an alcohol ) MICELLES Are esters of fatty acids and whose hydrolysis Are spherical clusters of molecules. yields 3 fatty acids and glycerol. Polar are on the surface Example are fats and oil. Nonpolar portions are on the interior WAXES Micelle formation and structure are important Esters of long chain fatty acids with long for biological functions, such as the transport of chain alcohols. They provide a insoluble lipids in blood waterproof barrier in plants and animals. Water insoluble and not easily Hydrophilic head Hydrophobic tail hydrolyzed Occur as protective coating in nature on skin, fruits, leaves, and fur Used commercially to make cosmetic candles, ointments, and protective polishes Amphiphilic molecule Micelle ROBLES BSN 1-C 1ST YEAR  BIOCHEMISTRY LABI UNIT 1 I CHAPTER 1 I LIPIDS BSN 1- C I UNIVERSITY OF SAN AGUSTIN I A.Y. 2024 - 2025 I 1ST SEMESTER ISABILLE NICOLE V. ROBLES MAIN TOPIC SUB TOPIC I SUB TOPIC II SUB TOPIC III SUB TOPIC IV IMPORTANT NOTED LIPIDS CHARACTERISTICS OF FATTY ACIDS IN NATURAL LIPIDS Usually straight - chain carboxylic acids ( no branching ) Sizes range from 10 - 20 carbons Usually have an even number of carbon atoms Can be saturated and unsaturated SATURATED Contain no C = C bonds Are solid at room temperature because the regular nature of their hydrocarbon chains CHARACTERISTICS OF UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS allows their molecules to pack together in a close Cis configuration creates a long kink, or bend, in the fatty acid parallel alignment. chain, which prevents the chains from packing closely together UNSATURATED Contain one or more C=C bonds, usually in the Leads to weaker intermolecular forces and lower melting point cis configuration Fatty acids are liquids at room temperature Are liquid at room temperature. Melting point decreases as the number of carbon double bonds increase CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MOST ABUNDANT FATTY Fluidity of biological membranes is explained by the length of ACIDS IN HIGHER PLANTS AND ANIMALS the chain and presence of double bonds Nearly all fatty acids have an even number of carbon atoms, STRUCTURES OF FATS AND OILS most between 12 and 20, in an unbranched chain. In fats and oils, the alcohol portion is derived from glycerol The three most abundant fatty acids in nature are palmitic and fatty acids. acid, stearic acid, and oleic acid. Glycerol has three -OH groups, allowing it to attach to three In most unsaturated fatty acids, the cis isomer fatty acids. predominates. The trans isomer is rare This combination forms triglyceride, which is the main Unsaturated fatty acids have lower melting points than their structure of fats and oils. saturated counterparts. The greater the degree of Esters that contain an: unsaturation, the lower the melting point. Alcohol portion, which is derived from glycerol. Acid portion, which is furnished by fatty acids Esterification results in the formation of triglycerides or triacylglycerols Natural triglycerides are mixtures of different triglyceride molecules ESTERIFICATION REACTION Because glycerol has three -OH groups, a single molecule of glycerol can be attached to three different acid molecules. The fatty acid components in naturally occurring triglyceride molecules are rarely identical (as in the case of glyceryl tristearate). In addition, natural triglycerides (fats and oils) are usually mixtures of different triglyceride molecules. ROBLES BSN 1-C 1ST YEAR  BIOCHEMISTRY LABI UNIT 1 I CHAPTER 1 I LIPIDS BSN 1- C I UNIVERSITY OF SAN AGUSTIN I A.Y. 2024 - 2025 I 1ST SEMESTER ISABILLE NICOLE V. ROBLES MAIN TOPIC SUB TOPIC I SUB TOPIC II SUB TOPIC III SUB TOPIC IV IMPORTANT NOTED LIPIDS Animal fats contain primarily trialycerides of long chain SAPONIFICATION saturated fatty acids (higher melting points). Process of reacting triglycerides with a strong base to Vegetable oils, such us corn oil and sun flower oil, consist of produce glycerol and soaps (salts of the fatty acids) triglycerides containing unsaturated faty acids (lower Properties of the soap depend on the base used: melting points) Sodium salts (hard salts) are found in cake soap Potassium salts (soft soaps) are found in shaving creams and liquid soap preparations Traditional soap making: Used animal fat as the source of triglycerides Used lye (crude NaOH) or an aqueous extract of wood ash as the source of the base TRIGLYCERIDES / TRIACYGLYCEROLS Are triesters of glycerol and fatty acids The alcohol of triglycerides is alcohol. The acid component of triglycerides may be any number and combination of fatty acids. Only even numbers can be found because the body builds these acids entirely from acetate units and therefore puts the carbons in two at a time. HYDROGENATION Are the most common lipid material, although mono- and Reaction by which fatty acid double bonds areconverted diglycerides are not infrequent. to single bonds Are complex mixture. Decreases the degree of unsaturation Increases the melting point PROPERTIES OF TRIGLYCERIDES Complete hydrogenation results in a hard and waxy FATS product Come from animals are generally solids at room Partial hydrogenation results in a smooth, -reamy product temperature and those from plants or fish are usually liquids. Composed of triglycerides of long-chain saturated fatty acids OILS Liquid fats Come from plants and fish, are generally liquids at REACTION MAP FOR TRIGLYCERIDES room temperature. Contains of triglycerides of long-chain unsaturated fatty acids (higher melting points). CHEMICAL REACTIONS OF FATS AND OILS HYDROLYSIS The reverse of esterification, is the key process for digesting fats and oils. Important for the digestion of oils and fats PHOSPHOGLYCERIDES Results in the formation of glycerol and fatty acids They are a type of complex lipid, of which its composition Process can be catalyzed by enzymes (lipases) of affects membrane structure and properties. For eg. In the the digestive system structure of a membrane. They allow transport of enzymes and is a major component of membranes. A complex lipid containing glycerol, fatty acids, phosphoric acid and an amino alcohol component. ROBLES BSN 1-C 1ST YEAR  BIOCHEMISTRY LABI UNIT 1 I CHAPTER 1 I LIPIDS BSN 1- C I UNIVERSITY OF SAN AGUSTIN I A.Y. 2024 - 2025 I 1ST SEMESTER ISABILLE NICOLE V. ROBLES MAIN TOPIC SUB TOPIC I SUB TOPIC II SUB TOPIC III SUB TOPIC IV IMPORTANT NOTED LIPIDS LECITHIN The structure of a typical cerebroside includes a sphingosine Phosphoglycerides containing Choline. backbone, a fatty acid, and a carbohydrate component. CEPHALIN A Phosphoglycerides containing ethanolamin or serine. DISEASE ORIGINATING FROM ABNORMAL METABOLISM AND ACCUMULATION OF GLYCOLIPIDS AND SPHINGOLIPIDS BIOLOGICAL MEMBRANE CELL STRUCTURE Both cell types are membrane-bound units containing fluids and chemicals necessary for life processes. PROKARYOTIC CELL Smaller and simple unicellular organism Contains no nucleus and no membrane-enclosed organelles SPHINGOLIPIDS E.g., bacteria and cyanobacteria Sphingolipids are a second type of complex lipid found in cell membranes, essential for cell structure and function. EUKARYOTIC CELL They do not contain glycerol. Larger Instead, they contain sphingosine, a long-chain, unsaturated contains membrane-enclosed organelles (specialized amino alcohol. structure within a cell that performs a specific function) A common type of sphingolipid is sphingomyelin. particularly a nucleus In sphingomyelin, choline is attached to sphingosine Found in more complex organisms like human through a phosphate group. EXTERNAL MEMBRANE A fatty acid is also attached to the sphingosine backbone, Acts as a selective barrier between the cell and its linked via an amide bond instead of an ester bond. environment Different types of sphingomyelins exist, varying only in their INTERNAL MEMBRANE fatty acid component. Surround organelles, creating compartments with Different types of sphingomyelins exist, varying only in their distinct functions fatty acid component. Sphingomyelins are abundant in brain and nerve tissue. They are also found in the myelin sheath that protects nerve cells. SUBCATEGORY OF SPHINGOLIPIDS GLYCOLIPIDS Are a type of sphingolipid. Are complex lipids that contain carbohydrates (usually monosaccharides like glucose or galactose). Are commonly known as cerebrosides due to their high concentration in brain tissue. ROBLES BSN 1-C 1ST YEAR  BIOCHEMISTRY LABI UNIT 1 I CHAPTER 1 I LIPIDS BSN 1- C I UNIVERSITY OF SAN AGUSTIN I A.Y. 2024 - 2025 I 1ST SEMESTER ISABILLE NICOLE V. ROBLES MAIN TOPIC SUB TOPIC I SUB TOPIC II SUB TOPIC III SUB TOPIC IV IMPORTANT NOTED LIPIDS MEMBRANE STRUCTURE STEROIDS Most cell membranes contain about 60% lipid and Is a compound containing 40% protein four rings fused in a Phosphoglyceride (such as lecithin and cephalin), particular pattern. sphingomyelin, and cholesterol are the predominant types of lipids found in most Has a basic structure set of membranes. three six- membered rings Membrane lipids usually contain unsaturated fatty and a single five- membered acid chains ring fused together. Some of the proteins in the membrane float in the Soluble in nonpolar lipid bilayer, whereas the others extend completely solvents through the bilayer Function as structural components of cellular membranes, Molecules are free to move laterally within the energy reservoirs, and signaling molecules. bilayer HYDROPHOBIC TAIL CHLOESTEROL Lipids are protected from water is an abundant and HYDROPHILIC HEADS important steroid in the Are in a position to interact with water human body. Is also the precursor to NOTE THAT! When a lipid bilayer is broken and the interior other significant steroids hydrocarbon tails are exposed to water, the including vitamin D, resulting repulsion causes the bilayer to re-form, testosterone, estrogen, and break seals spontaneously aldosterone, cortisol and bile salts. BILE SALTS BILE Is a yellowish-brown or green liver secretion stored and concentrated in the gallbladder. They are water soluble, amphipathic end-metabolites of cholesterol that facilitate intestinal absorption of lipids. Chief constituents: bile salts and waste components Sodium glycocholate is a principal bile salt FLUID MOSIAC MODEL Waste components A model of membrane structure in which proteins are include cholesterol and embedded in a flexible lipid bilayer (structure found in bile pigments membranes, consisting of two sheets of lipid molecules FUNCTIONS OF BILE SALTS arranged so that the hydrophobic portions are facing each Emulsification of lipids and breaking larger globules into other). smaller droplets. Provides more surface area for hydrolysis reactions. Emulsification of cholesterol found in bile. High cholesterol levels or low bile salt concentration can lead to formation of gallstones. GALLSTONES Hardened deposits of digestive fluid that can form in your gallbladder Passage of a gallstone from the gallbladder down to the common bile duct to the intestines causes excruciating pain. Can become lodged or stuck in the bile duct preventing bile from passing into the duodenum, which prevents normal fat digestion. ROBLES BSN 1-C 1ST YEAR  BIOCHEMISTRY LABI UNIT 1 I CHAPTER 1 I LIPIDS BSN 1- C I UNIVERSITY OF SAN AGUSTIN I A.Y. 2024 - 2025 I 1ST SEMESTER ISABILLE NICOLE V. ROBLES MAIN TOPIC SUB TOPIC I SUB TOPIC II SUB TOPIC III SUB TOPIC IV IMPORTANT NOTED LIPIDS RESULTS IN Important in reproductive process. Pain ESTROGEN Nausea and feeling ill Is involved in the development of the ovum as it Yellowish skin due to bile includes estradiol and estrone. pigment being absorbed in PROGESTERONE the blood Causes changes in the uterine wall to prepare, accept a Stool becoming gray-color due to lack of excreted bile fertilized egg and maintain the resulting pregnancy. pigments FEMALE SEX HORMONES Can be surgically removed STEROID HORMONES Large class of lipophilic small molecules that are synthesized in steroidogenic tissues and act on target sites to regulate a myriad of physiological functions. A number of steroids in the body serve important roles as hormones. ESTRADIOL ESTRONE PROGESTERONE ADRENOCORTICOID HORMONES ANABOLIC STEROIDS Adrenocorticoid hormones are produced by the A growth-promoting steroids, as it includes the testosterone adrenal cortex. and its synthetic derivates. It is used by athletes to promote It is classified based on its functions: muscular development without excessive masculinization. Mineralocorticoids and Glucocorticoids. Side effects ranges from acne to deadly liver tumors. It can MINERALOCORTICOIDS Regulates the concentration of ions in affect the male reproductive system and can cause: bodily fluids. Testicular Atrophy For example, aldosterone increases Decrease in Sperm Count absorption of Na+ and Cl- as it is Temporary Infertility involved in the water balance of the PROSTAGLADINS body. Prostaglandins are cyclic compounds synthesized in the body GLUCOCORTICOIDS from the 20-carbon unsaturated fatty acid arachidonic acid. Enhances carbohydrate metabolisms. Prostaglandins have: For example, cortisol increases glucose 20 carbon atoms in their fatty acid chains and glycogen concentration and has An OH on carbon 11 and 15 powerful anti-inflammatory effects in A trans double bond at carbon 13 the body. CORTISOL ALDOSTERONE Similar to hormones since they are intimately involved in a host of body processes SEX HORMONES Involved in: Sex hormones are produced by the testes (men) and ovaries Regulation of menstruation (women). It helps to develop secondary sex characteristics Prevention of conception that appears at puberty. Induction of uterine contractions ANDROGENS Stimulate blood clotting Are male sex hormones produced by testes. It Lead to inflammation and fever, which can be inhibited by includes testosterone which promotes normal aspirin growth of male genital organs. THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL OF PROSTAGLANDINS LABOR INDUCTION Prostaglandins like PGE2 and PGF2 are used to induce labor. THERAPEUTIC ABORTION Prostaglandins are used to terminate early pregnancies. ASTHMA TREATMENT TESTOSTERONE METHANDROSTENONE PGE2 in aerosol form can relax bronchial muscles, easing breathing difficulties. PEPTIC ULCER TREATMENT Certain prostaglandins can inhibit gastric acid secretion. ROBLES BSN 1-C 1ST YEAR  BIOCHEMISTRY LABI UNIT 1 I CHAPTER 1 I LIPIDS BSN 1- C I UNIVERSITY OF SAN AGUSTIN I A.Y. 2024 - 2025 I 1ST SEMESTER ISABILLE NICOLE V. ROBLES MAIN TOPIC SUB TOPIC I SUB TOPIC II SUB TOPIC III SUB TOPIC IV IMPORTANT NOTED LIPIDS RESULTS IN Important in reproductive process. Pain ESTROGEN Nausea and feeling ill Is involved in the development of the ovum as it Yellowish skin due to bile includes estradiol and estrone. pigment being absorbed in PROGESTERONE the blood Causes changes in the uterine wall to prepare, accept a Stool becoming gray-color due to lack of excreted bile fertilized egg and maintain the resulting pregnancy. pigments FEMALE SEX HORMONES Can be surgically removed STEROID HORMONES Large class of lipophilic small molecules that are synthesized in steroidogenic tissues and act on target sites to regulate a myriad of physiological functions. A number of steroids in the body serve important roles as hormones. ESTRADIOL ESTRONE PROGESTERONE ADRENOCORTICOID HORMONES ANABOLIC STEROIDS Adrenocorticoid hormones are produced by the A growth-promoting steroids, as it includes the testosterone adrenal cortex. and its synthetic derivates. It is used by athletes to promote It is classified based on its functions: muscular development without excessive masculinization. Mineralocorticoids and Glucocorticoids. Side effects ranges from acne to deadly liver tumors. It can MINERALOCORTICOIDS Regulates the concentration of ions in affect the male reproductive system and can cause: bodily fluids. Testicular Atrophy For example, aldosterone increases Decrease in Sperm Count absorption of Na+ and Cl- as it is Temporary Infertility involved in the water balance of the PROSTAGLADINS body. Prostaglandins are cyclic compounds synthesized in the body GLUCOCORTICOIDS from the 20-carbon unsaturated fatty acid arachidonic acid. Enhances carbohydrate metabolisms. Prostaglandins have: For example, cortisol increases glucose 20 carbon atoms in their fatty acid chains and glycogen concentration and has An OH on carbon 11 and 15 powerful anti-inflammatory effects in A trans double bond at carbon 13 the body. CORTISOL ALDOSTERONE Similar to hormones since they are intimately involved in a host of body processes SEX HORMONES Involved in: Sex hormones are produced by the testes (men) and ovaries Regulation of menstruation (women). It helps to develop secondary sex characteristics Prevention of conception that appears at puberty. Induction of uterine contractions ANDROGENS Stimulate blood clotting Are male sex hormones produced by testes. It Lead to inflammation and fever, which can be inhibited by includes testosterone which promotes normal aspirin growth of male genital organs. THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL OF PROSTAGLANDINS LABOR INDUCTION Prostaglandins like PGE2 and PGF2 are used to induce labor. THERAPEUTIC ABORTION Prostaglandins are used to terminate early pregnancies. ASTHMA TREATMENT TESTOSTERONE METHANDROSTENONE PGE2 in aerosol form can relax bronchial muscles, easing breathing difficulties. PEPTIC ULCER TREATMENT Certain prostaglandins can inhibit gastric acid secretion. ROBLES BSN 1-C 1ST YEAR  BIOCHEMISTRY LABI UNIT 1 I CHAPTER 1 I LIPIDS BSN 1- C I UNIVERSITY OF SAN AGUSTIN I A.Y. 2024 - 2025 I 1ST SEMESTER ISABILLE NICOLE V. ROBLES MAIN TOPIC SUB TOPIC I SUB TOPIC II SUB TOPIC III SUB TOPIC IV IMPORTANT NOTED LIPIDS EXTRA NOTES ROBLES BSN 1-C 1ST YEAR