Physiological Optics PDF

PHYSIOLOGICAL OPTICS DR. ALDWIN S. LANORIO DEFINITION OF TERMS WHAT IS OPTICS? WHAT IS PHYSIOLOGY WHAT IS PHYSIOLOGICAL OPTICS WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF OPTICS WHAT ARE THE PROPERTIES OR BEHAVIORS OF LIGHT OPTICS OPTICS OPTICS is a branch of physics that deals with the propagation and behaviour...

PHYSIOLOGICAL OPTICS DR. ALDWIN S. LANORIO DEFINITION OF TERMS WHAT IS OPTICS? WHAT IS PHYSIOLOGY WHAT IS PHYSIOLOGICAL OPTICS WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF OPTICS WHAT ARE THE PROPERTIES OR BEHAVIORS OF LIGHT OPTICS OPTICS OPTICS is a branch of physics that deals with the propagation and behaviours or properties of light including its interactions with matter. PHYSIOLOGY PHYSIOLOGY PHYSIOLOGY is a branch of science that deals with the normal functions of each organisms and their parts or structures. PHYSIOLOGICAL OPTICS PHYSIOLOGICAL OPTICS deals with the structure of the human EYE as well as their functions as affected by the behaviours or properties of light. 2 TYPES OF OPTICS PHYSICAL OPTICS – Is a branch of optics that studies the physical properties and behaviours of light when it passes or traverse to every refractive media’s of the eye.  GEOMETRICAL OPTICS – is a branch of optics that deals with study of treatment of the passage of light through lenses, prisms and mirror by representing the light as rays. A light ray from a source goes in a straight line through the air, but when it encounters a lens, prism, or mirror it bends or changes direction. PROPERTIES OR BEHAVIORS OF LIGHT  Concerned with the perceptual process in the eye and its associated structures in the brain  Note that the perceptual process started with the environment. REFLECTION  Occurs when light changes directions as a result of “bouncing off” a surface like mirror qI=qR Where in qI (angle of incidence) qR (angle of reflection REFRACTION  Bending of light as is passes between materials of different density or one medium to another. Law of Refraction – Light refracts whenever it travels at an angle into a substance with a different refractive index (Optical Density). ABSORPTION  Transformation of light into some other forms of Energy - Energy is transferred from Light energy to the absorbing surface. i.e RETINA and Color perception. DISPERSION The splitting of light into its different components whose surface are not parallel. i.e PRISMS. spreading of White Light into its full Spectrum. dispersion occurs when the light passes through uneven surface of a media INTERFERENCE Also called Light or Optical Interference, it occurs when a light waves are randomly generated by one source in which it does not have the same amplitude and frequency, thus causes to appear broad colors when illuminated by the light sours i.e BUBBLES DIFFRACTION It is properties of light in which it occurs when there is a bending of light around the corners as it spreads out and illuminate the area in which the shadow is expected. POLARIZATION It is a process in which the direction of vibration of light will intentionally restricted, since the light waves moves in a transverse direction the vibration will be perpendicularly aligned to the wave propagation.  LIFE AS A STIMULUS – RESPONSE PHENOMENON  In highly evolved animals the adjustment to environmental changes is done in a coordinated process.  To make adjustment the environmental changes the body supplied with 3 distinct types of organs. RECEPTORS  Are organs in which its function is to be sensitive in environmental changes or stimuli.  A group of end Organs of sensory afferent neurons specialized to be sensitive to stimulating agents. i.e touch,heat etc. EFFECTORS  The object of the “Protoplasmic Changes” in the receptor as a result of stimulation is to “acquaint” the organism with environmental changes and thereby enabling the organism to adjust or react to those changes. i.e muscles and Glands PHYSIOLOGICAL CONNECTORS  SENSE ORGANS that pertain to the various organs with specialized mechanisms, by means of which serves to protect and modulate the receptors.  To further increase the efficiency of the receptors there are set of specific muscles which aids in bringing the photic light stimulation to the receptors (optical media)  There are also structures for supplying nourishments to the receptors which is called as “accessory organs” – it helps the to convey stimulus to the receptors and its nourishment.  PHYSIOLOGICAL STIMULI RECEPTOR CONNETORS/CO- COORDINATORS RESPONSE EFFECTORS MECHANISM OF VISION/ PROCESS OF SEEING Acts as a “receptor” of visual information and processor of visual sensory input. CNS is required for visual perception receiving, processing and interpretation 5 PROCESS OF SEEING PHYSICAL PROCESS PHOTO-CHEMICAL PROCESS SENSORY TRANSDUCTION NEURO MUSCULAR OR NEURO ELECTRICAL PROCESS PSYCHOLOGICAL OR INTERPRETATIVE PROCESS PHYSICAL PROCESS The “Impinging” of an incident ray of light upon the eye and its transmission through various refractive media of the eye.  OPTICAL/REFRACTING MEDIAS OF THE EYE CORNEA AQUEOUS HUMOR CRYSTALLINE LENS VITREOUS HUMOR RETINA PHOTO-CHEMICAL PROCESS  It performs the property of light Absorption, where in the transformation of radiant energy at the Neuro-epithelium of the Retina into some other form of Energy. - The Photoreceptors layer of the retina is the site where in the light is absorbed and transformed into electrical impulses (Phototransduction). SENSORY TRANSDUCTION  Conversion of sensory stimulus from one form to another  Refers to the stimulus-alerting events where in a physical stimulus is converted into action – potential, which is transmitted along axons towards CNS for integration.  NEURO-MUSCULAR/NEURO ELECTRICAL PROCESS  Generation of nerve impulses in the retina and its transmission by the chain of neuron to the central nervous system (CNS)  PSYCHOLOGICAL OR INTERPRETATIVE PROCESS  INTEGRATION OF ELECTRICAL IMPULSE THAT PASSES THROUGH NEURAL NERVES ON THE VISUAL PATHWAY TO THE BRAIN (AREA #17/AREA STRIATA) TO BE PROCESS AND INTERPRETED.