Biostatistics Past Paper PDF

‫االحصاء الحيوي ‪Biostatistics-‬‬ ‫الفرقه الثانية‬ ‫شعبة‪ /‬المعاونون الصحيون‬ ‫اسماء المشاركين‪://‬‬ ‫‪ -1‬الطالب ‪ /‬محمود ماهر محمد مراد‬ ‫‪ -2‬الطالب ‪...

‫االحصاء الحيوي ‪Biostatistics-‬‬ ‫الفرقه الثانية‬ ‫شعبة‪ /‬المعاونون الصحيون‬ ‫اسماء المشاركين‪://‬‬ ‫‪ -1‬الطالب ‪ /‬محمود ماهر محمد مراد‬ ‫‪ -2‬الطالب ‪ /‬محمود ابراهيم العانوس‬ ‫‪ 3‬الطالب ‪ /‬عبد الرحمن بهجت‬ ‫‪ -4‬الطالب ‪ /‬عبد الرحمن رفيق‬ ‫‪ -5‬الطالب ‪ /‬عبد الرحمن الشحات‬ ‫‪ -6‬الطالب ‪ /‬فارس سعيد سالم‬ ‫تم تنفيذ هذا المشروع تحت اشراف‬ ‫د ‪/‬عصام‬  Review questions 1 Q1:define the following: 1- biostatistics : it is abranch of applied statitistics that is concerned with the application of statstical methods to medicine and other biological fields. 2-statistical analysis : it is concerned with making sense of data and permitting vaild conclusions to be drawn from them 3-parameter : it is a value or characteristic associated with a population. 4-statistic : it is summary numerical value or characteristic associated with a sample 5- primary data : a data that gathered by the researcher and usually through as survey or research experiment or clinical trial. 6- secondary data : the data that have been already collected and recorded by somebody ealse and readily available for others Q2:complete the following: 1- statistical methods include: a: what kind and how much data need to be collected ? b: how can we organize and summarize the data ? c: how can we analyse the data and draw conclusions from it ? d: how can we assass the strength of the conclusions and evaluate their uncertainty ? 2- sources of data: a: routinely kept records b: surveys c: experiments d: external sources 3- advantage of secondary data: a: faster b: less expensive c: less activities and efforts 4- disadvantage of secondary data: a: may be not adequate b: may not meet the specific needs of the researcher c: outdated information d: variation in definnitions e: inaccurate or biased 5- data collection techniqes: a: using available records b: observation c: interviewing (face-to-face) d: administering written questionaires e: focus group discussions Q3: choose the correct answer: 1- the science of collecting,organizing, presenting,analyzing and interpreting data to assist in making more effective decisions is called : a. statistic b. parameter c. population d. statistics  2- methods of organizing,summarizing,and presenting data in an informative way are called : a: descriptive statistics  b. inferential statistics c. mathematical statistics d. analytic statistics 3- the methods used to determine something about a population on the basis of a sample is called: a. mathematical statistics b: analytic statistics  b.descriptive statistics d.theoretical statistics 4- a specific numerical value of characteristic of a population is called : a. statistic b. parameter  c. variable d. sample 5- a set of all units of interest in a study is called : a. sample b. population  c. parameter d. statistic 6- a part of the population selected for study is called: a. apopulation b. statistic c. parameter d. sample  7- listings of the data in the form in which these are collected are known as: a. secondary data b. raw data  c.quantitative data d. qualitative data 8- data that are collected by any body for some specific purpose and use are called: a. qualitative data b. secondary data  d. continuous data c. secondary data 9- the data obtianed by conducting a servey is called a. secondary data b. primary data  c. continuous data d. qualitative data 10- rourtin registration is the source of : a. praimary data b. secondary data c. qualitative data d. continuous data 11- questionaire method is used in collecting : a. secondary data b. primary data  c. published data c. true data 12- in inferental statistics, we study : a. the method to make decision about population based on sample results  b. how to make adecision about mean, meadian, or mode c. how a sample is optained from a population d. none of the above 13- in descriptive statistics, we study : a. the description of decision-making process b.the methods of organizing ,displaying,and describing data  c. how to describe the pobability distribution d. non of the above 14- data in the population census report is: a. Grouped data b. true data c. secondary data d. praimary data  15-statistics is anumerical quantity ,which is calculated from: a. population b. data  c. sample d.observations 16- which branch of statistics deal whith the techniques that are used to organize,summarize, and present the data ; a.advanced statistics b. probability statistics c.inferental statistics d. desacriptive statistics  17- a parameter is ameasure ,which is computed from: a.population data  b. sample data c. test statistics d. none of the above 18- you asked five of your classmates about their height. Based on this information, you stated that the average height of all students in your university or college is 67 inches. This is an example of: a. descriptive statistics b.inferental stastistics  c. parameter d. population Q4: put true or false 1- the science of collecting,organizing, presenting,analyzing and interpreting data to assist in making more effective decisions is called parameter ( false ) 2- methods of organizingmsummarizing,and presenting data in an informative way are called descriptive data ( true ) 3- the methods used to determine something about a population on the basis of a sample is called theoretical statistics ( false ) 4- a specific numerical value of characteristic of a population is called statistic ( false ) 5- listings of the data in the form in which these are collected are known as raw data (true) 6- questionaire method is used in collecting primary data ( true ) 7- data in the population census report is secondary data ( false ) 8- raw data are helpful in drawing concisions or making decisions ( false ) 9- inferental statistics are helpful in making statements about a population by examining sample results ( true ) 10- a parameter is ameasure ,which is computed from a population data ( true ) 11- primary data are faster and less expensive ( false ) 12- hospital medical records usually contain primary data ( false ) 13- the unknown sample statistics are estimates of the corresponding known population parameters ( false ) 14- secondary data may not meet the specific needs of the researcher ( true ) Review questions 2 Q1: define the following: 1-variable: it is any characteristic under study or investigation ,related to different elements (subjects,objects or events), can be observed or measured , and is lable to variation or change. 2- data: are the raw materials and the basic building blocks of stastistics. 3- data sete (base): is the collections of observations ormeasurements on one or more variables for a set of sampling units (elements) from an investigation or survey. 4- data matrix: sample data can be presented in a table ,which is often called data matrix. 5- measurement or obsarvations: the data value of variable for an element (sampling unit) Q2: complete the following: 1- variable can be observed or measured and is lable to variation or chang 2- tow ways of calssification: a. quantitative versus qualitative b. continuous versus discrete 3- exampels of quantitive variables: heart rate,weight,age,blood pressure,height 4- examples of qualititive variables: gender,iducational level,material status,religion,occupation 5- age ,sex,weight,marital status, blood group are examples of quantitative variable 6- qualititative variables can be categorized into either …………………………or……………………….. 7- quantitative variables can be categorized into either …………………………or………………………… Q3: choose the correct answer: 1- which of the following is an example of nominal data: a. number of people on acourse b. list of different species of bird visiting a garden over the past week c. popularity rating of uk top ten tv program  d. heat rate 2- which of the following are examples of ordinal data : a. number of people on acourse b. list of different species of bird visiting a garden over the past week c. popularity rating of uk top ten tv programs d. heat rate 3- select from the following , an example of the categorical variables : A. number of episodes of disease in apatient over ayear B. serum bilirubin level (mg/dl) c. severity of hemophilia (mild/moderate/severe)  d. reduction in blood pressure following antihypertensive treatment (mmhg) 4- which of the following is a qualitative nominal variable : educational levels  b. blood group c. disesa stage d. weight 5- number of cigarettes smoked daily is: a. Quantities and continuous variable b. qualitive and nominal variable c. discrete and ratio d. continuous and intervail variable 6- the weights of students (kg) ina collage/school is a: a. discrete variable b. qualitative variable c. continuous variable  d. none of the aboive 7- colour of flowers is an example of a. quantitative variable b. qualitative variable  c. ordional variable d. continuous variable 8- the degree of anemia of examined patients was classified into : mild,moderate and sever: a. nominal b. discrete  c. ordinal d. contiuous 9- eye color is a. a ratio variable b. an ordinal variable c. a nominal variable d. an interval variable 10- when the characteristic being studied is non-numeric, it is called: a. quantative variable b. qualitative variable  c. discrete variable d. continuous variable 11- the number of accidents in acity during 2019 is : b. quantative variable a. qualitative variable  c. discrete variable d. continuous variable 12- stage of cancer, as a variable, it is : a. quatitative b. qualititative  c. continuous d. non of the above 14- heart rate (beats/min), as avariable, it is : a. quantitative b. discrete c. ratio d. all of the above  15- pain level (mild,moderate,severe) is : a. qualitative and nominal variable b. discrete And nominal variable c. quantitative and continuous variable d. discrete and ordinal variable Q4: put true or false : 1- Cerum creatinine level (mg/dl) is qualitative variable with nominal scale ( true ) 2- a part of population selected for study is caslled avariable ( false ) 3- heart rate is a quantitive continuous variable ( false ) 4- number of asthmatic attacks is quantitative and discrete variable ( true ) 5- the number of accidents in a city during 2017 is continuous variable ( false ) 6- when the variable being studied can be reported numerically , the variable is called independent variable ( false ) 7- when characteristic being studied is non-numeric is called a quantative variable ( false ) 8- sample can be studied more quickly than population ( true ) 9- discrete variables have values which are usually whole number ( true ) 10- all quantitative variables are discrete ( false ) Review questions 3 Q1: defin the following : 1- population: is the term statisticans use to describe a larg set of items (subjects,objects,events)that have common observable characteristics. 2- sample: is agroup or susbet of the population,that you observe or collect data from,selected in such a way that it is representative of the larger population. 3- sampling: measuring a samall portion of something and then making a general statement about the whole thing 4- representative sample: a sample that represents the characteristics of the population as closely as possible. Q2: complete the following : 1- resons for sampling : a. a study of an entire population is impossible in most situations b. samples can be studied mor quickly than populations c. sample resultes are often more accurate than resultes based on apopulation d. a study of sample is less expensive than a study of an entire population. 2- methods of sampling: methods which don’t follow probability theory,methods which follow probability theory. 3- methods which don’t follow probability theory : a. purposive samples b. convenience sample c. qouta sample d. snow ball samples 3- characters of non-probability sampling : a. the chance of a member being included in the sample is not known b. results cant be generalized c., dosent allow the researcher to calculate sampling statistics that provid information about the precision of the results D. cheper,less complicated less time consuming. 4- methods which follow probability theory : a. simple random sample b. systematic random sample c. stratified random sample d. cluster random sample e. multistage random sample 5- characters of probability sampling : a. the researcher know the exact possibility of selecting each member of the population b. results can be generalized from the sample to the population c. allow the researcher to calculate sampling statistics that provid information about the precision of the results d. more difficult and clostly to conduct 6- a true random sample means that : …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Q3: choose the correct answer : 1- process of selecting a number of units for a study : sampling  b. reproduction c. presentation d. sample 2- the next samples follow probability theory except : a. cluster random sample b. qouta sample  c. systematic random sample d. simple random sample 3- which sample follow non-probability theory : a. purposive sample b. convenience sample c. snow ball sample d. all of the above  4- non-probability sample is : a. can be generalized b. consuming more time c. exact possibility d. less complicated  5- any numerical value calculated from sample data is called : b. mean b. statistic  b. parameter d. standard deviation 6- which of the following is not a type of non-probability sampling: a. snow ball sampling b. convenience sampling  c. qouta sampling d. cluster sampling 7- probability sampling includes all the following techniques, except : a. Simple random sampling b. cluster sampling d. purposive sampling c. stratified random sampling  8- a sample that represent the characteristics of the population as closely as possible is called: a. snow ball sampling b. convenience sampling d. representative sample c. qouta sampling  Q4: put true or false : 1- a number that describe a population is called a parameter ( true ) 2- a number that describe a sample is called astatistic ( false ) 3- you can generalize your research finding based upon non- representative samples ( false ) 4- sample is a susbest of a population ( true ) 5- a set of all units of inetrest of a study is called population ( true ) 6- sample results are often less accurate than results based on apopulation ( false ) 7- cluster random sample follow non-probability theory ( false ) 8- qouta sample follow non-probability theory ( true ) 9- non-probability sample can be generalized from the sample to the population ( false ) 10- probability sample tends to be more difficult and costly to conduct ( true ) 11- a study of a sample is more expensive than a study of the populatioin ( false ) 12- systemic random samples are probability samples ( true ) 13- snow ball samples are probability samples ( false ) Review question 4 Q1: defin the following : 1- vital statistics: : is concerned with vital events of human life (birth ,death ,morbidity) 2- birth rate : Is the number of live births per 1000 population of a certain locality and year 3- general fertility rate: Is the number of live births per 1000 females of childbearing period in certain locality and year. Is total fertility of a particular age group (seven 5 year groups) to get the average number of live birth born to 1000 females in each of the 5 years of age groups in a given locality and year. 4- age-specific fertility rate: it is total fertility of a particular age group (of the seven 5 year groups) to get the average number of live births born to 1000 females in each of the 5 years of the age groups in a given locality and year. 5- fecundity rate: It is number of live births per 1000 married women of childbearing age in certain locality and year. 6- The ratio : simplest relation between number and is expressed as (x:y). 7- proportion: The relation between 2 numbers where one of them (the numerator) is always included in the other(the denominator) is expressed as x/(x+y)×k in this case the proportion is called percent. 8- rat: It is a measure of the change of a quantity per unit time. 9- prevalence rate: is the frequency of existing cases in a defined population at a given point in time. 10- incidience rate: the incedience of disease Represents the rate of occurrence of new cases arising in a given period in a specified population. 11- case fatality rate: Is the number of death of a particular disease per 100 cases in a certain locality and year. 12- crude death rate: being not suitable for comparison with other countries and needs adjustment first. 13- proportionate death rate: It is the percent proportion of the number of deaths of a particular disease to total death in a certain locality and year. Q2: complete the following : 7- redirected data used for:………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 8- birth rate is usualy high in developing due to: a. High fertility motives and behaviors b. no practice of birth control c. Marriage of girls at young age where fertility is higher 9- factors increase prevalence of a disease: a. longer duration of the disease b. prolongation of life of patients without cure c. increase in new cases d. in-migration of cases e- out-migration of healthy people f- improved diagnostic facilities. 10- factors decrease prevalence of a disease: a. shorter duration of the disease b. high case-fatality rate from disease  c. decrease in new cases d. in-migration of healthy people e. out-migration of cases f. improved cure rate of cases prevalence incidence numerator Number of existing cases of disease at a given point Number of new cases of disease of time denominator Population at risk Population at risk focus -presence or absence of a disease -whether the event is a new case -time period is arbitary;rather a “snapshot” in time -time of onset of the disease Uses -estimates the probability of the population being ill -expresses the risk of the becoming ill at the period of time being studied -the main measure of acute diseases or -useful in the study of the berden of chronic disease conditions,but also used for chronic diseas and implication for health services -more useful for studients of causation  The usefulness of the data from death certificate depends on: a. completeness of The records b. The accuracy in assigning the underlying causes of death, Mortality statistics is important for assessing the burden of disease, as well as for studying changes in disease over time  Value of death rate : a. Death rate Influenced by certain specific and general factors b. Death rate is a direct index of specific factors related to morbidity c. Death rate is indirect index of general factors influencing exposure to morbidity and mortality  Advantage of age-specific fertility rate is  : is a better index of fertility than the GFR as it considers differences in age distribution of females in population of different countrieste. Q3: put true or false : 1- incedience ratre is one of the measures of the mortality ( false ) 2- crude birth rate is agood measure of fertility ( false ) 3- crude death rate represnts death of a particular group of the population per 1000 individuals of the same group ( false ) 4- in the more developed countries, there is relatively larg proportion of people in the young age group (