7800_LM_SMAR2023_V002_73a63296868b4ca9e63ef1742dc013d0.pdf

Version 2 / March 2023 Page | 1  A: WHAT IS HYGIENE?...................................................................................................................................... 6 Introduction............................................................................................

Version 2 / March 2023 Page | 1  A: WHAT IS HYGIENE?...................................................................................................................................... 6 Introduction...................................................................................................................................................... 6 Pathogens in our environment......................................................................................................................... 6 B: PERSONAL HYGIENE AND YOUR APPEARANCE....................................................................................... 9 Introduction...................................................................................................................................................... 9 Components of Personal Hygiene................................................................................................................... 9 Hygiene as an essential part of your appearance.......................................................................................... 12 C: RULES OF PERSONAL HEALTH AND HYGIENE....................................................................................... 13 Introduction.................................................................................................................................................... 13 Handwashing and Disease............................................................................................................................ 13 Personal Health and Wellbeing...................................................................................................................... 16 Overall Personal Hygiene Procedures........................................................................................................... 20 Uniforms in the Hospitality Industry................................................................................................................ 24 A: FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS, COMMON TERMS AND REFERENCES................................. 27 Formative Assessment Questions................................................................................................................. 27 Common terms used in this Unit.................................................................................................................... 27 References.................................................................................................................................................... 30 Figure 1. Human pathogen transmission paths....................................................................................................... 7 Figure 2. The 5 most common ways that germs are spread.................................................................................... 7 Version 2 / March 2023 Page | 2 Figure 3. FAT TOM................................................................................................................................................. 8 Figure 4. Ringworm (top) and Scabies (bottom)...................................................................................................... 9 Figure 5. Bacteria in mouth causes bad breath....................................................................................................... 9 Figure 6. Accumulated earwax.............................................................................................................................. 10 Figure 7. Tinea capitis infection of the scalp......................................................................................................... 10 Figure 8. Fungal infection on the foot can lead to athletes’ foot............................................................................. 11 Figure 9. Differences in appearance when working in a restaurant....................................................................... 12 Figure 10. Ignaz Semmelweis............................................................................................................................... 13 Figure 11. Florence Nightingale............................................................................................................................ 13 Figure 12. Areas most often missed when washing hands.................................................................................... 14 Figure 13. The 10 Step Handwashing procedure.................................................................................................. 15 Figure 14. The 5 Components of Personal Health and Wellness.......................................................................... 17 Figure 15. Hotspots to check for Personal Hygiene - for Women.......................................................................... 21 Figure 16. Hotspots to check for Personal Hygiene - for Men............................................................................... 22 Figure 17.The 14 Important things to check before work....................................................................................... 23 Figure 18. Basic uniform standards for the Front-of-House Team......................................................................... 24 Figure 19. Basic uniform standards for the Back-of-House Team......................................................................... 25 Table 3. What to do in the event of an illness or injury.......................................................................................... 20 Table 1. Common terms used in this UNIT........................................................................................................... 30 Version 2 / March 2023 Page | 3 WHAT ARE YOU GOING TO LEARN DURING THIS COURSE? This course has been designed to help you understand all the ins and outs of hygiene and food safety in the workplace. We will focus on situations within an establishment in the hospitality industry. UNIT NOTIONAL UNIT STANDARD NAME LEVEL CREDITS STANDARD # HOURS 7800 Maintain health, hygiene and a professional appearance 1 1 10 At the end of this course, you will be able to: Explain the reasons and importance for complying with legislative and organisational policy with regards to personal hygiene and professional appearance. o Legislative and organisational procedures for dress codes and personal hygiene are described. o The importance of maintaining good personal hygiene standards is emphasised. o The importance of wearing clean and smart clothing and maintaining a professional appearance is explained. o Personal cleanliness, hygiene and grooming are maintained according to organisational requirements/policy. o Jewellery and cosmetics are worn strictly in accordance with organisational requirements/policy. Explain organisational procedures to be followed when a person is suffering an illness. o The organisational procedure that should be followed when one is sick is described. o The reasons whether or not to interact with people, when suffering from certain illnesses are discussed. Version 2 / March 2023 Page | 4 rlying or visible pest issues. Damaged plants Keep an eye out for insect trails, as well as gnawing on the edges of grass blades or outdoor garden plants. Damaged patches of lawn, such as uneven grass length or large brown, dead patches, can also signal an infestation. If your lawn or garden begins to show signs of an infestation it may be caused by a mole, voles, beetles, grubs, Chinch bugs, crickets, flies, or other pests. In this section we are going to take an in-depth look at all the elements that constitute good personal hygiene and grooming. 01: PERSONAL HYGIENE PRACTICES Version 2 / March 2023 Page | 5  A: WHAT IS HYGIENE? A: WHAT IS HYGIENE? Definition Hygiene is a series of practices Introduction performed to preserve health. When looking at the world around us, the importance of health and According to the World Health hygiene is on every person’s mind. With a worldwide pandemic Organisation, "Hygiene refers to sweeping the globe and decimating economies and health systems and conditions and practices that help to restricting the movement and congregation of people, hygiene in our maintain health and prevent the personal and professional lives have never been more important. But spread of diseases." Personal what exactly is hygiene? hygiene refers to maintaining the Across the world, and in different societies, hygiene practices have been body's cleanliness. developed to reflect the environment and situation of the people who From follow these practices. The word hygiene is often used alongside the https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hygiene word cleanliness. This can be a bit confusing as cleanliness is a very broad term. Hygiene is more related to a series of habits and procedures that a person follows in their daily lives in order to keep their environment and themselves clean and pathogen or germ free. This means that hygiene practices are those that we specifically What is a pathogen? perform to remove germs and viruses from ourselves and our A pathogen is anything that could environment, including washing our hands, cleaning equipment and cause a disease. This includes surfaces and showering or bathing. bacteria, viruses, and fungi. They are often called germs. Pathogens in our environment As we learned, pathogens are anything that could cause a disease. They can be found all around us and is easy to transmit. They are broadly categorised into 4 different types. These types are: 1. Bacteria 3. Fungi 2. Viruses 4. Parasites Bacteria Bacteria are microorganisms (exceedingly small with a single cell) that can live in a variety of different environments. This includes surfaces, the environment as well as on or in your body. When your immune system is not strong, bacteria can cause disease. Bacterial infections in the body are often treated with antibiotics. Viruses Viruses are microorganisms that enter the body and uses the body’s systems to reproduce. They are often more difficult to treat than bacteria. A viral infection could cause the body’s immune system to be so weak that bacteria have an opportunity to grow as well. Viruses cannot be treated with antibiotics but can sometimes be killed by anti- viral medication. Version 2 / March 2023 Page | 6 Fungi Out of the millions of types of fungi in the world, only about 300 are known to cause disease. Fungi can be found almost anywhere – indoors, outdoors and on the human skin. Due to their structure, they can be difficult to kill. Parasites Parasites are tiny little organisms that act like small animals. They live and feed on a host and spreads at the expense of the host. Parasites are divided into 3 main groups, which all cause disease. How germs are spread Pathogens (germs) can be spread through skin contact, bodily fluids, particles that are airborne, contact with faeces as well as touching surfaces that contain the germs or has been touched by someone that is infected. The germs living in the environment normally attaches to the hands or clothes of the person who has gotten in touch with the germs. As the person goes through their normal life activities, the often then touch their face (nose, eyes, mouth) with their hands, which transfers the germs to these areas. The soft tissue inside the mouth, eyes or Figure 1. Human pathogen transmission paths nose then allows the germs to enter the body and often sickness results. Germs can also be spread from hands to food (when hands have not been washed before handling the food), from food to hands (when food has not been processed, stored or handled correctly), from animals to people and from infected to children to other children. It is the job of basic hygiene procedures to address these ‘modes of transmission’ to ensure that the spread of germs is minimised. It is important to remember that we can never completely eliminate germs, we can simply slow down and minimise the spread. Basic hygiene procedures Basic hygiene procedures that should be followed by every person include the following: personal hygiene safe and hygienic handling of food and beverages regular hand washing correct food storage suitable dress and personal protective equipment and clothing avoidance of cross-contamination Figure 2. The 5 most common ways that germs are spread Version 2 / March 2023 Page | 7  hygienic cleaning practices to avoid cross-contamination use of cleaning equipment, cloths, and materials to avoid cross-contamination safe handling and disposal of linen and laundry appropriate handling and disposal of garbage cleaning and sanitising procedures documented in the organisation food safety programme procedures covered by staff training programmes procedures required by the national food safety code. It is important for every person and organisation to have procedures that are implemented specifically to reduce the transmission of pathogens that could cause illness. We will be looking more closely at these procedures in following sections. Figure 3. FAT TOM Version 2 / March 2023 Page | 8  B: PERSONAL HYGIENE AND YOUR B: PERSONAL HYGIENE AND YOUR APPEARANCE APPEARANCE Definition Introduction Personal hygiene is how you care When we are talking about hygiene it is clear that hygiene, in every area for your body. It specifically relates of our lives, is closely related to how well we take care of ourselves. We to your habits when it comes to find that our own hygiene practices are always transferred to our cleaning yourself before leaving environment. If we are very hygienic at home, we tend to practice the home and continuously during the same hygiene standards when we are out in the world. These hygiene day. Personal hygiene and practices are part of our own Personal Hygiene. appearance are intricately linked. Components of Personal Hygiene Personal hygiene is necessary in order to minimise the spread of disease. This is achieved by using cleaning materials (equipment and solutions) to remove any observable and non-observable dirt from ourselves. In this section we will not look at the hygiene practices, but only at the areas concerned with personal hygiene. In a following section we will delve deeper into how to practice good hygiene. Personal hygiene is divided into 11 main components. These components are: 1. Body hygiene 7. Hair hygiene 2. Oral hygiene 8. Foot hygiene 3. Hand hygiene 9. Armpit and bottom hygiene 4. Face hygiene 10. Clothes hygiene 5. Fingernail and toenail hygiene 11. Menstrual hygiene 6. Ear hygiene Body hygiene There are few things that annoy guests as much as smelling sweat from a server or attendant when visiting an establishment. It is important to note that the human body has over 2 million sweat glands. Sweat is excreted continuously during the day and, along with dead skin cells, creates a damp, warm and food filled environment for bacteria to grow. The bacteria will decompose the sweat and skin cells, creating an odour which leads to the unclean smell. The smell is especially observable in the groin, in the underarms, on the feet and in clothing that has absorbed the sweat. Bad body hygiene can cause skin rashes, scabies, ringworm, and pimples. Oral hygiene Figure 4. Ringworm (top) and Scabies (bottom) Oral hygiene refers to hygiene of the mouth. The mouth is part of the human body that is especially prone to accumulating bacteria. The reason for this is because of the action of breaking food down when we chew. Often food sticks Figure 5. Bacteria in mouth causes bad to the surface of the teeth, between teeth or on the gums. This provides the breath Version 2 / March 2023 Page | 9 perfect environment for germs to grow. Tooth decay and gum infections can also result from bad mouth hygiene. Often bad breath (halitosis) is a result. Hand hygiene Good hand hygiene is probably one the most important ways that we can use to minimise the spread of germs. Our hands are constantly in contact with surfaces, food and things in the environment. This means that they are prone to get very dirty, very quickly. Many communicable diseases are transmitted through touch and following good hand hygiene practices are essential to minimise the risk. Face hygiene Face hygiene is often overlooked. We often clean our faces only once a day but forget that sweat and bacteria can accumulate on the face during the day. The areas around the eyes are of utmost importance. The eye discharges a protective substance that accumulates around the eye. This can be seen in the morning as a dry, yellowish residue. This residue is made up of proteins, which could attract flies. Flies are carriers of bacteria such as conjunctivitis and trachoma. Fingernail and toenail hygiene Nails are parts of the human body that never stop growing. It is made up of hardened keratin, which is the same stuff that makes u hair. Nails (both on the toe and the fingers) accumulate a lot of dirt under them. The longer the nails, the more germs are picked up from surfaces or when going to the toilet. Fingernail hygiene is essential for every person working in the hospitality industry. Ear hygiene What is Trachoma? The ears are another relatively Trachoma is a bacterial overlooked area for hygiene. Ear wax is infection of the eyes. It is very responsible for keeping dirt and debris contagious and causes itchy away from the ear canal and ear drum. and red eyes and eyelids. If left As dirt accumulates in the wax, it untreated, it can lead to spreads from the inside of the ear to the blindness. outside. Scratching the ears will transfer Figure 6. Accumulated earwax bacteria to the hands, which can then be transferred to anything that you touch after scratching your ears. Hair hygiene The hair follicle produces oils that are responsible for ensuring that your hair is smooth. On top of this, the numerous sweat glands over the scalp produces its own oils that, along with the oil from the hair follicle can make hair look greasy and dirty. Poor hair hygiene can lead to dandruff (dead skin cells of the scalp) or a scalp infection called tinea capitis, which is caused by a fungal infection of the hair follicles. It can result in hair loss. Figure 7. Tinea capitis infection of the scalp Version 2 / March 2023 Page | 10 The hair can also host infestations such as hair lice, which is extremely transmissible. Hair lice is a s small parasitic insect that survives on the scalp Sweat and puberty by sucking blood from the scalp. Children are especially susceptible to lice As we are going through puberty, our infestations. body releases hormones that causes chemical changes within all the cells. Foot hygiene Once we have passed through puberty, our sweat develops a specific In the hospitality industry, we spend a lot odour that is unique to us. This odour of our time on our feet. During the day, can sometimes be unpleasant to sweat accumulates of the skin of the feet others. Good hygiene limits the odour. and between the toes. As the sweat soaks into our socks, it contacts our shoes. The interaction between the accumulated sweat and the germs that can be found on our shoes often cause an odour as bacteria decompose the sweat. Figure 8. Fungal infection on the foot can lead to athletes’ foot Sweat on the feet also creates an environment where fungus can grow, leading to fungal infections on the feet such as athletes’ foot. These fungal infections normally start between the toes but can quickly spread to the surface and bottoms of the feet and, in severe cases, even up the legs. These infections lead to feet that are itchy, red and often painful and swollen, making it more difficult to walk and stand. Armpit and Bottom hygiene Germs love areas that are dark, damp, and warm as it allows them to reproduce quickly and with little interruption. Few areas on the human body are more perfectly suited to this than the armpits and the groin. As ventilation in these areas is poor, the bacteria decomposing the sweat can cause odours which are unpleasant. The bottom is also an area that can cause a lot of infections. It makes sense as this is the area where we eliminate a lot of our waste products. Faeces contain harmful bacteria such as shigella, salmonella, yersinia, campylobacter and E. coli. All of these are disease causing bacteria. Salmonella and E. coli are especially well known to cause food poisoning. They can be deadly to the elderly or infants if ingested. Good bottom hygiene is essential to avoid cross-contamination. When we wipe our bottoms, germs can be transferred to hands and clothing, which in turn can be transferred to items we touch. Clothes hygiene It is often said that “clothes maketh the man” (or woman) and this is true in the hospitality industry. Often, we have specific uniforms that we must wear, which is the image or brand that we want to portray. Clean clothes are therefore essential. We normally have 2 layers of clothing; the under garments, which is right next to the skin and the over-garments on top. Sweat gets absorbed by the cloth and its interaction with bacteria can cause a smell, which is unpleasant. Menstrual hygiene Menstrual hygiene is an essential part of any women’s hygiene practices. The vagina is able to clean itself and normal hygiene procedures only requires the cleaning of the external genitals. During menstruation, tampons or sanitary pads are used to eliminate the menstrual blood. Version 2 / March 2023 Page | 11 On occasion, an infection, caused by a specific type of fungus called candida, may require special treatments. Hygiene as an essential part of your appearance How we present ourselves to the world, is an indication of our most inner psychological thoughts of ourselves. Body image and self-esteem are so linked that a change in one often results in a change in the other. Low self-esteem can be detrimental to a person’s health, both emotionally and physically. As the two are so incredibly linked, taking care of your appearance may lead to an improvement in self-esteem. You would also find that good self-esteem naturally leads to you taking better care of your appearance. Your appearance determines how people react to you. If you have an “I don’t care what I look like” attitude, people treat you differently than they would if you did your best to look professional. In the hospitality industry it is essential for us to portray an image that shows our customers or our guests that we care about their health and safety. This is achieved by being presentable, taking care of your personal hygiene and taking care of your environment. Figure 9. Differences in appearance when working in a restaurant This is the reason that hospitality workers are required to wear uniforms. The uniform gives the person who wears it a good starting point from where to project this professional image. It also standardises the look and feel that the company wants the customer to experience – it is part of the marketing and the brand and is an essential part of why customers return! Version 2 / March 2023 Page | 12 C: C: RULES RULES OFOF PERSONAL PERSONAL HEALTH HEALTH AND HYGIENE AND HYGIENE Handwashing Champions Introduction The first 2 people that promoted C: Rules of Personal hygiene Depending on the situation, rules for your appearance might change, such handwashing to stop the spread as wearing a uniform or attending a wedding. What does not change, of infection were Ignaz however, are the rules associated with good personal hygiene. As Semmelweis in 1846 and humans have learned more about the causes of disease, our Florence Nightingale in 1853. understanding of what constitutes personal hygiene has evolved. Source: The Global Handwashing Partnership Handwashing and Disease The inevitable link between handwashing and hygiene has always been a part of society. Many religions and cultures require the washing of hands as a part of their ceremonies. The link between handwashing and health was not made until 1846. Herewith an exert from writing done by the Global Handwashing Partnership: Ignaz Semmelweis, a Hungarian doctor working in Vienna General Hospital, is known as the father of hand hygiene. In 1846, he noticed that the women giving birth in the medical student/doctor-run maternity ward in his hospital were much more likely to develop a fever and die compared to the women giving birth in the adjacent midwife-run maternity ward. He decided to investigate, seeking differences between the two wards. He noticed that doctors and medical students often visited the maternity ward directly after performing an autopsy. Based on this observation, he developed a theory that those performing autopsies got ‘cadaverous particles’ on their hands, which they then carried from the autopsy room into the maternity ward. Midwives did not conduct surgery or autopsies, so they were not exposed to these particles. As a result, Semmelweis imposed a new rule Figure 10. Ignaz Semmelweis mandating handwashing with chlorine for doctors. The rates of death in his maternity ward fell dramatically. This was the first proof that cleansing hands could prevent infection. However, the innovation was not popular with everyone: some doctors were disgruntled that Semmelweis was implying that they were to blame for the deaths and they stopped washing their hands, arguing in support of the prevailing notion at that time that water was the potential cause of disease. Semmelweis tried to persuade other doctors in European hospitals of the benefits of handwashing, but to no avail. A few years later in Scutari, Italy, the Crimean War brought about a new handwashing champion, Florence Nightingale. At a time when most people believed that infections were caused by foul odo[u]rs called miasmas, Florence Figure 11. Florence Nightingale Nightingale implemented handwashing and other hygiene practices in the war Version 2 / March 2023 Page | 13 hospital in which she worked. While the target of these practices was to fight the miasmas, Nightingale’s handwashing practices achieved a reduction in infections. Sadly, the hand hygiene practices promoted by Semmelweis and Nightingale were not widely adopted. In general, handwashing promotion stood still for over a century. It was not until the 1980s, when a string of foodborne outbreaks and healthcare-associated infections led to public concern that the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention identified hand hygiene as an important way to prevent the spread of infection. In doing so, they heralded the first nationally endorsed hand hygiene guidelines, and many more have followed. As can be seen from this exert, handwashing is one of the most fundamental ways a person can use to minimise passing on any infection or disease to others. It also helps to prevent you from catching infections or disease. Handwashing in the hospitality industry The hospitality and leisure industries are well-known for working in environments where germ spread can get out of hand if easily. The fact that most of our time is spent interacting with customers requires all employees to ensure that they follow good hand hygiene. It is understandable that most people believe that they are quite familiar with how to correctly wash hands, but it has, in recent months, become quite clear that proper handwashing is not a universal skill, but rather something that needs to be learned and practiced. When we wash our hands, it is often done quickly without forethought. This means that, should we not follow a proper procedure, many areas on the hand are missed. To avoid this, the world has now taken its cue from the medical field Figure 12. Areas most often missed when washing hands and determined that handwashing, as a ritual, needs to be completed accurately and within proper guidelines. The following section looks specifically at the correct way to wash your hands. The Handwashing Procedure What is the story with gloves? When you are washing your hands, it is important to Generally, when people wear gloves it is less remember the following rules: sanitary than when they don’t wear gloves, with Wet your hands with clean, running water — either the exception of when employees have cuts or warm or cold and use regular soap. open sores on their hands. A hand-hygiene Rub your hands vigorously for at least 20 seconds. study was conducted by the CDC and found Make sure you spend the time – it is often said to sing happy that hand washing rates were significantly lower birthday to yourself while washing your hands. when gloves were worn. This is because gloves Remember to scrub all surfaces, including the backs of create a false sense of cleanliness, which your hands, wrists, between your fingers and under your ultimately leads to gloves being used incorrectly fingernails. and employees not washing their hands well or as often as they should. Version 2 / March 2023 Page | 14  Rinse well and dry your hands with a clean paper towel or air-dry them. Figure 13. The 10 Step Handwashing procedure Alcohol-based hand sanitisers, which do not require water, are an acceptable alternative when soap and water aren't available. If you use a hand sanitizer, make sure the product contains at least 60% alcohol. Follow these steps: Version 2 / March 2023 Page | 15  Apply the gel product to the palm of one hand. Check the label to find out the appropriate amount. Rub your hands together. Rub the gel over all the surfaces of your hands and fingers until your hands are dry. Alcohol-based sanitisers can cause a false sense of security. Remember that nothing beats good old soap and water for keeping hands clean. When to wash your hands Handwashing, in general, should be done regularly throughout the day. In a restaurant or food production setting, all employees should be washing their hands at least every 30 minutes. According to Food Quality and Safety website (https://www.foodqualityandsafety.com/article/handwashing-and-sanitizers/ ), employees must wash their hands when doing any of the following: On first arriving at work in their specific area, and whenever they return to their work area from a different area. This is to remove any germs that they might have picked up from outside. Whenever they are preparing to work with food, before touching equipment that are used to process food or come in contact with food or before and after touching packaging that may be in contact with food. Immediately after taking a bathroom break. Also, immediately after taking a break away from their work area. If they are required to open doors or touch any surfaces on their way to their work area, they should wash their hands again when in their work area. Immediately after coughing, sneezing, using a tissue or handkerchief, or smoking or eating. After touching dirty utensils or equipment, or when the potential for cross-contamination between dirty items and clean items or food exists. Whenever they are switching from working with raw, uncooked food to food that is prepared or cooked. After wiping hands on an apron, uniform or body parts other than clean hands or arms. Prior to and after removing gloves; people often treat gloves as if the gloves are preventing the spread of foodborne germs, but the purpose of gloves is more to act like a second layer of skin for protecting employees, not the food or others. After they have handled money or after interacting with people at a counter or drive-thru and before they go back to working with food. Any time they need to remove oil and grease from their hands. Also, workers should wash their hands after taking garbage out or after using a dumpster. Basically, anytime workers touch anything that is dirty, they need to wash their hands. In addition, workers should wash their hands after cleaning customer restrooms. Hand hygiene is extremely important. PRACTICE it, ENFORCE it, MAINTAIN it. Personal Health and Wellbeing Personal Health and Wellbeing are intricately related. According to the Health Science Journal, “[p]ersonal Health is the ability to take charge of your health by making conscious decisions to be healthy. It not only refers to the Version 2 / March 2023 Page | 16 physical well being of an individual but it also comprises the wellness of emotional, intellect, social, economical, spiritual and other areas of life.” Wellbeing tends to veer more towards the psychological aspects of life. Psychology Today defines wellbeing as “the experience of health, happiness, and prosperity. It includes having good mental health, high life satisfaction, a sense of meaning or purpose, and ability to manage stress. More generally, well-being is just feeling well.” From these descriptions, it’s clear that these two areas of life encompass the holistic environment in which a person operates every day. There are 5 main components that encompass personal health and wellness. These are: 1. Physical Health 4. Spiritual Health 2. Emotional Health 5. Intellectual Health 3. Social Health Figure 14. The 5 Components of Personal Health and Wellness Maintaining your Personal Health and Wellbeing Let us look at each of the 5 Components above and determine things that we can do in each of these to maintain a balanced lifestyle. Physical Health Exercise! Even walking 30 minutes a day three times a week will greatly improve your health. Eat Healthy. Avoid fried foods, soft drinks, processed meats, and sweets. Try to include 5 servings of fruits and vegetables in your diet every day. Do not skip meals. Especially breakfast, it slows down your metabolic rate and can cause weight gain. Avoid heavy episodic drinking and drug use. Version 2 / March 2023 Page | 17  Get at least 6-8 hours of sleep every night. Emotional Health Try to maintain a positive attitude even when problems arise. Discover your personal stress reliever. Manage your time wisely because it will help lower stress. Find someone that you trust who you can openly share your feelings with. If you are struggling, find someone to talk to. Seek professional help when you need it. Smile even when you do not feel like it. Social Health Get involved. Find something that interests you and take part. This could be community projects or simply social clubs. Know who your best friends are. Recognise when you are in an unhealthy relationship. Balance your social life with your work responsibility. Spiritual Health Find a quiet place and spend time there every day. Contemplate the meaning of your life. If you have a religion, study and practice it. Spend time appreciating the natural world around you. Intellectual Health Keep abreast of current affairs. Take your personal development work seriously and spend time learning new things. Become a life-long learner. Dealing with injury or illness When dealing with personal health in the workplace, we also have to spend some time determining how to deal with incidents that may occur in the workplace. Some incidents may have the potential to affect food hygiene through the transfer of bacteria or injuries to employees or customers. These incidents must be dealt with as follows: NATURE OF THE CAUSES OR EXAMPLES HANDLING THE INCIDENT INCIDENT Grazes Rubbing up against Begin with washed hands. a type of open wound that's rough surfaces like walls Gently clean the area with cool to lukewarm water and caused by the skin rubbing Skin rubbing against skin mild soap. Remove dirt or other particles from the wound against a rough surface. It Shaving with blunt razors using sterilised tweezers. may be called a scrape or a For a mild scrape that is not bleeding, leave the wound graze. uncovered. If the wound is bleeding, use a clean cloth or bandage, and apply gentle pressure to the area to stop any bleeding. Elevating the area can also help stop bleeding. Version 2 / March 2023 Page | 18  NATURE OF THE CAUSES OR EXAMPLES HANDLING THE INCIDENT INCIDENT Cover a wound that bled with a thin layer of topical antibiotic ointment, like Bacitracin, or a sterile moisture barrier ointment, like Aquaphor. Cover it with a clean bandage or gauze. Gently clean the wound and change the ointment and bandage once per day. Watch the area for signs of infection, like pain or redness and swelling. See your doctor if you suspect infection. Cuts Most often in our Rinse the cut or wound with water and apply pressure with a break or opening in the environment, cuts are sterile gauze, a bandage, or a clean cloth. skin. It is also called a caused by the incorrect If blood soaks through the bandage, place another laceration. A cut may be use of knifes. bandage on top of the first and keep applying pressure. deep, smooth, or jagged. It Raise the injured body part to slow bleeding. may be near the surface of When bleeding stops, cover the wound with a new, clean the skin, or deeper. bandage. Do not use a tourniquet. Get Medical Care if: the cut is deep or its edges are widely separated the cut continues to ooze and bleed even after applying pressure the injury was caused by an animal or human bite, burn, electrical injury, or puncture wound (such as a nail) Open Wounds Falls, accidents with sharp First, wash and disinfect the wound to remove all dirt and an injury involving an objects, and car accidents debris. external or internal break in are the most common Use direct pressure and elevation to control bleeding and body tissue, usually causes of open wounds. In swelling. involving the skin. the case of a serious When wrapping the wound, always use a sterile dressing accident, you should seek or bandage. Very minor wounds may heal without a immediate medical care. bandage. You’ll need to keep the wound clean and dry for This is especially true if five days. You should also make sure you get plenty of there’s a lot of bleeding or if rest. bleeding lasts for more than Pain typically accompanies a wound. You can take 20 minutes. acetaminophen (Tylenol) as directed on the package. Avoid products with aspirin since they can cause or prolong bleeding. Apply ice if you have bruising or swelling and avoid picking at scabs. Get Medical Care if: an open wound is deeper than 1,2 centimetres bleeding doesn’t stop with direct pressure bleeding lasts longer than 20 minutes bleeding is the result of a serious accident Version 2 / March 2023 Page | 19  NATURE OF THE CAUSES OR EXAMPLES HANDLING THE INCIDENT INCIDENT Injuries Falls Get workers to a safe place. Move any injured workers Muscle sprains (e.g. away from an area if it is dangerous and make sure other back) employees stay clear. Cuts Assess the situation. How severe is the injury? What Abrasions caused the accident? Evaluate carefully to ensure no one else gets hurt. Assist the injured. For minor cuts, scrapes, and burns, first aid might be all that's required, but for major injuries be sure to stabilise the injured. The employee might not be aware of the severity of an injury. Professional help will minimize risk of further injury, and emergency medical services should always be called if a workplace injury requires treatment beyond basic first aid. Gather information and keep evidence. While the incident is still fresh in your mind, write down the relevant details and gather witness testimony. Keep evidence of the accident, such as equipment, pictures of the scene, etc. Injuries should be documented even if employees say they are fine, as they may seek medical treatment later. It will also be important if a workers' compensation insurance claim is filed. Illness Illnesses that we specifically If you are feeling sick prior to going to work, make sure have to be aware of and you contact your direct supervisor at least an hour before report include: the start of your shift to report your illness. The flu If you are suffering from seasonal flu or other viral Migraines infections, DO NOT go to work as you may infect others Allergies around you. Any infectious disease If symptoms persist for more than one day, go and see a such as measles, medical professional. mumps, Covid-19, If you start feeling sick at work, make sure to report to your glandular fever. direct supervisor so they can help determine if you should Vomiting be going home. Diarrhoea Never operate heavy equipment or sharp objects when you are ill or using strong medication. If the doctor books you off work, follow their directions for the length of time that you should not be at work. Table 1. What to do in the event of an illness or injury Overall Personal Hygiene Procedures The following section focusses on basic personal hygiene procedures that you should follow when preparing to go to work. These procedures are daily or weekly procedures that involves you, your family and your immediate environment. Version 2 / March 2023 Page | 20 Full body Hygiene Full body hygiene relates specifically to how clean your physical body is. This means that we will look at specific elements involved in completing your Personal Hygiene rituals: Bath or shower daily using soap and water. This is a non-negotiable and you must wash your whole body well. Wash your hair regularly. Short hair should be washed daily while longer hair at least 3 times a week. Brush your teeth daily. It is advisable to brush in the morning and before going to sleep at night. If you use any deodorant or perfume, use it sparingly as it can overwhelm a customer’s senses. If make-up is used, use it sparingly as bacteria can grow under thick layers of make-up. Clothing Hygiene No personal hygiene routine is complete without looking at your clothes as part of the routine. It is always better to look clean and fresh than to look untidy and that starts with good clothing hygiene. It is essential that you wear clean clothing everyday as sweat and bacteria accumulate on your clothes during the day. This is especially important with underwear. Bra’s panties, underpants and undershirts are in constant contact with the skin and they accumulate a lot of dirt. The only way to get rid of the accumulated germs, is to wash your clothing using enough clean water, detergents (solid or powdered soap) and doing so in a proper washing facility. Wet clothes must be dried immediately after being washed. Mould can form on damp clothes, which could lead to odours or skin irritation. Some rules with concerns to clothing are: Figure 15. Hotspots to check for Personal Hygiene - for Women Make sure you wear clean dry clothing every day. Your clothes should be washed according to the care instructions on the labels. Version 2 / March 2023 Page | 21  All clothes should be ironed or neatly pressed before wear. Wrinkled clothes make you look messy and gives a bad impression. Make sure you always follow your employer’s guidelines concerning what is required for the clothes you wear. Never wear underwear two days in a row. It is extremely unhygienic. Always wear clean socks or clean pantyhose. Make sure your shoes are clean, dry, and polished. When you are required to wear a uniform, it is suggested that you have 3 sets of this uniform; normally the 1st set is to wear, the 2nd set is in the wash and the 3rd set is waiting in the cupboard to be worn the following day. Uniforms are also only to be worn in the workplace. That means that, when travelling to and from work, you should change into street clothes for the journey and change into your uniform at work. The reason for this is that clothing worn while travelling to and from work Figure 16. Hotspots to check for Personal Hygiene - for Men will accumulate a lot of bacteria that can then easily be transferred to the work environment. Version 2 / March 2023 Page | 22 Figure 17.The 14 Important things to check before work Uniform standards differ from establishment to establishment. Some standards may be stricter while others may be more relaxed. It is, therefore, quite difficult to standardise all uniform guidelines across all hospitality establishments. General Hygiene General hygiene refers specifically to hygiene within your home and social environments. A lot of problems occur due to lack of hygiene within the home. Take for instance a home situation where clean drinking water is not available. In this situation, no matter how much cleaning is done, the bacteria present in the water will still cause outbreaks of disease such as cholera and diphtheria. It is particularly important that our hygiene practices include ensuring we use clean water for washing, cleaning, bathing/showering, and cooking. Version 2 / March 2023 Page | 23 Our homes are where we feel the most relaxed and we tend to overlook the strict hygiene rules that we apply at work when we are at home. There are, however, 9 basic things that we can do to ensure that we maintain a clean and healthy home environment. Uniforms in the Hospitality Industry Uniforms are an essential part of the Hospitality and Tourism Industry. It creates a sense of ‘oneness’ and is well- known to help a team pull together. Uniforms also creates a way for guests to identify the employees quickly and effectively wherever they are on the property. Uniforms, however, are not standardised and every establishment will have their own rules and regulations with concerns to what is allowed when it comes to uniform standards. The following section highlights basic uniform standards for the Front-of-House and Back-of-House Teams. Figure 18. Basic uniform standards for the Front-of-House Team Version 2 / March 2023 Page | 24 Figure 19. Basic uniform standards for the Back-of-House Team Version 2 / March 2023 Page | 25 rlying or visible pest issues. Damaged plants Keep an eye out for insect trails, as well as gnawing on the edges of grass blades or outdoor garden plants. Damaged patches of lawn, such as uneven grass length or large brown, dead patches, can also signal an infestation. If your lawn or garden begins to show signs of an infestation it may be caused by a mole, voles, beetles, grubs, Chinch bugs, crickets, flies, or other pests. 02: FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT, COMMON TERMS AND REFERENCES Version 2 / March 2023 Page | 26  A:FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS, A: FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT COMMON TERMSQUESTIONS, COMMON TERMS AND REFERENCES AND REFERENCES Formative Assessment Questions Your Formative Assessment Guide is a downloadable document. Please download this document and print it out. This guide must be placed in your Portfolio of Evidence (PoE). You will have to complete the questions in either black or blue ink. Do not use tipex or other correcting fluids in your PoE. 1. Describe the environmental factors that has to present for the growth of bacteria, using FATTOM as a basis for your descriptions. (12) 2. Explain 3 ways that bacteria are spread. (3) 3. Name and explain the 4 different types of pathogens found in an environment. (8) 4. Explain a chemical hazard and give an example. (2) 5. Give three examples of physical hazards. (3) 6. Explain why you feel regular handwashing is essential to hygiene in the workplace. (3) 7. Describe 6 times when you have to wash your hands. (6) 8. Personal Health and Wellness is divided into 5 distinct categories. Name these. (5) 9. Describe the required uniform standards in your specific department of your property. Make sure that you mention all the different pieces of your uniform and what you should know for their wear. (4) 10. What does PPE stand for and give some examples of PPE that you commonly use. (3) 11. Why is it so important that we wear the correct PPE in our establishment? (1) TOTAL Common terms used in this Unit 1. Athletes’ foot Athlete's foot (tinea pedis) is a fungal infection that usually begins between the toes. It commonly occurs in people whose feet have become very sweaty while confined within tightfitting shoes. 2. Autopsy A post-mortem examination to discover the cause of death or the extent of disease. 3. Bacteria A member of a large group of unicellular microorganisms which have cell walls but lack organelles and an organized nucleus, including some which can cause disease. 4. Bodily fluids Liquids originating from inside the bodies of living humans. They include fluids that are excreted or secreted from the body such as saliva, blood, urine, semen etc. 5. Candida Candidiasis is a fungal infection caused by a yeast (a type of fungus) called Candida. Some species of Candida can cause infection in people; the most common is Candida albicans. Version 2 / March 2023 Page | 27 6. Chlorine Chlorine is used for: * Making antiseptics * Cleaning drinking water * Treating swimming pools * Production of paper, paints, dyes, medicines and plastics. 7. Cholera An infectious and often fatal bacterial disease of the small intestine, typically contracted from infected water supplies and causing severe vomiting and diarrhoea. 8. Cleanliness The state or quality of being clean or being kept clean. 9. Communicable A communicable disease is one that is spread from one person to another through disease a variety of ways that include: contact with blood and bodily fluids; breathing in an airborne virus; or by being bitten by an insect. 10. Conjunctivitis Pink eye (conjunctivitis) is an inflammation or infection of the transparent membrane (conjunctiva) that lines your eyelid and covers the white part of your eyeball. When small blood vessels in the conjunctiva become inflamed, they're more visible. This is what causes the whites of your eyes to appear reddish or pink. 11. Cross-contamination The process by which bacteria or other microorganisms are unintentionally transferred from one substance or object to another, with harmful effect. 12. Cross-contamination Transfer bacteria or other microorganisms unintentionally from one substance or object to (another), with harmful effect. 13. Dandruff Dandruff is a skin condition that mainly affects the scalp. Symptoms include flaking and sometimes mild itchiness. It can result in social or self-esteem problems. 14. Diphtheria Diphtheria (dif-THEER-e-uh) is a serious bacterial infection that usually affects the mucous membranes of your nose and throat. 15. Disease A disease is a particular abnormal condition that negatively affects the structure or function of all or part of an organism, and that is not due to any immediate external injury. 16. Faeces Waste matter remaining after food has been digested, discharged from the bowels; excrement. 17. Foodborne Foodborne illness (also foodborne disease and colloquially referred to as food poisoning) is any illness resulting from the spoilage of contaminated food, pathogenic bacteria, viruses, or parasites that contaminate food, as well as toxins such as poisonous mushrooms and various species of beans that have not been boiled for at least 10 minutes. 18. Fungus Any of a group of spore-producing organisms feeding on organic matter, including moulds, yeast, mushrooms, and toadstools. Version 2 / March 2023 Page | 28 19. Hair follicle A hair follicle is a tunnel-shaped structure in the epidermis (outer layer) of the skin. Hair starts growing at the bottom of a hair follicle. 20. Hair lice Head lice are tiny insects that feed on blood from the human scalp. An infestation of head lice most often affects children and usually results from the direct transfer of lice from the hair of one person to the hair of another. 21. Halitosis The technical term for bad breath. 22. Hand sanitiser Hand sanitizer is a liquid, gel, or foam generally used to decrease infectious agents on the hands. In most healthcare settings alcohol-based hand sanitizers are preferable to hand washing with soap and water, because it may be better tolerated and is more effective at reducing bacteria. 23. Keratin A fibrous protein forming the main structural constituent of hair, feathers, hoofs, claws, horns, etc. 24. Menstruation The process in a woman of discharging blood and other material from the lining of the uterus at intervals of about one lunar month from puberty until the menopause, except during pregnancy. 25. Microorganism A microscopic organism, especially a bacterium, virus, or fungus. 26. Midwife A person, typically a woman, who is trained to assist women in childbirth. 27. Mould Mould is defined as a growth of fungus that occurs on food or in a home or other moist warm condition. An example of mould is a fungus that has grown on bread left in a damp environment. 28. Pandemic A pandemic is a disease outbreak that spreads across countries or continents. It affects more people and takes more lives than an epidemic. 29. Parasite An organism that lives in or on an organism of another species (its host) and benefits by deriving nutrients at the other's expense. 30. Pathogen A bacterium, virus, or other microorganism that can cause disease. 31. Personal hygiene How you care for your body. This practice includes bathing, washing your hands, brushing your teeth, and more. 32. Post-mortem Occurring or performed after death. 33. Ringworm Ringworm is a common infection of the skin and nails that is caused by fungus. The infection is called “ringworm” because it can cause an itchy, red, circular rash. Ringworm is also called “tinea” or “dermatophytosis.” Version 2 / March 2023 Page | 29  34. Rituals A series of actions or type of behaviour regularly and invariably followed by someone. 35. Scabies Scabies is an itchy skin condition caused by a tiny burrowing mite called Sarcoptes scabiei. Intense itching occurs in the area where the mite burrows. 36. Sweat gland A small gland that secretes sweat, situated in the dermis of the skin. Such glands are found over most of the body and have a simple coiled tubular structure. 37. Tinea capitis Tinea capitis is a disease caused by superficial fungal infection of the skin of the scalp, eyebrows, and eyelashes, with a propensity for attacking hair shafts and follicles. 38. Tooth decay The destruction of your tooth enamel, the hard, outer layer of your teeth. 39. Trachoma Trachoma (truh-KOH-muh) is a bacterial infection that affects your eyes. It's caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. Trachoma is contagious, spreading through contact with the eyes, eyelids, and nose or throat secretions of infected people. 40. Transmission The passing or sending of it to a different person or place. Table 2. Common terms used in this UNIT References 1. Health Line. 2019. What You Need to Know About Pathogens and the Spread of Disease. [Online]. [Accessed 08 March 2023]. Available from https://www.healthline.com/health/what-is-a-pathogen 2. Bode Science Centre. 2019. Transmission paths. [Online]. [Accessed 08 March 2023]. Available from https://www.bode-science-center.com/center/glossary/transmission-paths.html 3. Minnesota Department of Health. 2019. 5 Common Ways Germs are Spread. [Online]. [Accessed 08 March 2023]. Available from https://www.health.state.mn.us/people/handhygiene/why/5ways.html 4. Training.gov.au. 2019. SITXOHS002A - Follow workplace hygiene procedures (Release 1). [Online]. [Accessed 08 March 2023]. Available from https://training.gov.au/Training/Details/SITXOHS002A 5. Open.edu. 2019. Hygiene and Environmental Health Module: 3. Personal Hygiene. [Online]. [Accessed 08 March 2023]. 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