Basics of Brain Anatomy PDF

Basics of Brain Anatomy 23 January 2024 20:50 Main Ideas Notes Slide 2: Why brain anatomy matters Notes Grey matter is full of neuron cell bodies and looks greyish on scans. Knowing the parts of the brain allows us to discuss findings and diseases intelligently. The folds (gyri) and grooves (sulci)...

Basics of Brain Anatomy 23 January 2024 20:50 Main Ideas Notes Slide 2: Why brain anatomy matters Notes Grey matter is full of neuron cell bodies and looks greyish on scans. Knowing the parts of the brain allows us to discuss findings and diseases intelligently. The folds (gyri) and grooves (sulci) in the brain help increase its surface area. Examples include pinpointing areas affected by stroke or identifying regions active during a task. Case studies of brain injuries show grey matter is crucial for processes like decision-making. Studies often use terms like "Broca's area was activated," which requires knowledge of brain anatomy to understand the implications for language processing. Slide 11: White matter DTI scans show where these fibers run and how it's disrupted in conditions like multiple sclerosis. the brain. The central nervous system is the brain plus the spinal cord. The brain is protected by layers called meninges. Central nervous system includes the cerebrum (largest part), cerebellum (coordinates movement), and brainstem (controls vital functions). Reference: "The neurobiology of cognition" provides insights into how these parts work together to Medical terms for loss or change include "dys -" for partial loss and "a-" for total loss. Terms like "unilateral" mean on one side, while "bilateral" means on both sides. hearing loss". Slide 18: Gross anatomy This system is made of fluid-filled chambers helping to cushion the brain and clear waste. Problems with this system can be linked to conditions like hydrocephalus, where fluid builds up in these chambers. preservatives turn it grey. A good example of the brain's appearance changes is comparing a fresh brain to one preserved in a lab. These physical details are crucial for anatomical studies and understanding brain health. Slide 7: Interesting facts about the human brain Men and women's brains differ slightly in size and structure. Through recorded cases, we know conditions like autism can lead to differences in brain size. Reference: Ward's "The Student's Guide to Cognitive Neuroscience" is a good resource for such fascinating facts. Slide 32: N Researcher Slide 20: Insular lobe MRI figures describe br The insular lobe, not visible at the surface, is associated with diverse functions including emotion, function, and who discovered it. Slide 21: Subdivisions This slide covers subdivisions within lobes, like the rostral prefrontal cortex, which is within the frontal lobe and plays a role in complex behaviors and cognitive processes. known as the "Anterior language area". These terms come from various languages, which can be confusing, but are necessary for precision in scientific discussions. Slide 14: Locations Brain positions are described using terms like dorsal (top), ventral (bottom), rostral (front), and caudal (back). Understanding these terms is key for professionals working in brain-related fields, whether it's research or medicine. Studying the difference between a rat's and a human's brain structure helps us understand evolutionary removal. advancements. Slide 15: Slices/planes The brain can be visualized in three main slices: coronal (front and back), sagittal (left and right), and axial (top and bottom) views. These views are used in scans like CT or MRI to provide different perspectives on the brain's structure. Slide 9: Cerebral cortex This outer layer of the brain is involved in complex brain activities. Slide 16: Check image orientation It's arranged in areas for specific functions, like the visual or language areas. It's important to check if a brain scan matches the patient's left-right orientation correctly. It includes spaces for cerebrospinal fluid, covered brain areas made of cell bodies, and pathways made Case studies, especially those involving stroke, often describe affected areas in terms like "left temporal of insulated nerves. Reference: "Cognitive Neuroscience" from ScienceDirect provides an overview of how these brain parts collaborate. lobe", so correct orientation is crucial for accurate diagnosis and treatment planning. PSYC0031 Cognitive Neuroscience Page 1 neuroimag Named aft Slide 22: Gyri/sulci This is about the raised and indented areas of the brain's surface, which are the landmarks used to divide the cerebral cortex into functional regions. Slide 23: Medial view The medial view gives a glimpse of what lies within the divide between the two hemispheres, revealing structures involved in regulating emotions and memory. Slide 34: Ty Such tables statistical s Slide 35: A Electroenc of brain ac These tech Slide 24: Pathways/systems This slide refers to the major pathways that information travels through in the brain, like the visual pathways that allow us to see. Slide 25: From neuroimaging to the brain Techniques like MRI are used to map the brain and are paired with expert knowledge to pinpoint specific regions and functions. Slide 26: Individual differences Every brain is unique, just like our faces. Scans vary in the way sulci and gyri are arranged. Individual differences make it challenging and necessary to create standard systems to compare different brains. Slide 27: Normalisation Brain scans are adjusted to match a template, ensuring consistency across studies. This technique makes it possible to locate the same small areas across different people's brains. Summary and visual Aids The slide p brain. Examples: "Striate cortex" is another name for the "Primary visual cortex", just like "Broca's area" is also The brain's complexity evolved from reptiles to humans and develops from infancy to adulthood. Websites like 'brainmuseum.org' offer comparative images of brains from various animals. during a ta homeostasis, and the perception of internal states like hunger and pain. Slide 33: B This slide explains that the same brain region can have different names depending on its shape, For instance, knowing the position of a tumor as "ventral" helps surgeons plan their approach for Slide 8: The changing brain different d they predominantly reside in one hemisphere, such as language in the left hemisphere for most people. Humans have an astonishing 86 billion neurons making countless connections. Unlike the myth, we use far more than just 10% of our brains. Slide 29: Fi Knowing this division is essential for understanding brain functions since some are lateralized, meaning Slide 12: Ventricular system Slide 13: Terminology Average adult brain weighs around 1.3 kg, resembling firm jelly, and is red/pink when fresh; brain. The brain is divided into two halves, or hemispheres, by the longitudinal fissure. process information. Slide 6: What a brain looks like Slide 28: St Brain imag The coordi Consists of nerve fibers that connect different brain areas like cables. Reference: Studies found in "Brain Structure and Function" offer deep insights into white matter's role in Slide 5: Central nervous system Slide 17: Other descriptors Understanding these terms helps us communicate specific medical conditions clearly, like "bilateral For instance, after a stroke, a brain scan might show damage in the brain's language centers, explaining speech difficulties. Notes Slide 10: Grey matter: sulci and gyri Understanding the brain's layout helps us link what we see on brain scans with actual brain structures. infer brain Notes Notes tandard space es use a coordinate system, much like GPS coordinates, to pinpoint exact locations in the inding your way nate system includes a point of origin in the middle of the brain, with values changing in the imensions (back-front, left-right, up-down) from there. Naming and labelling rs must rely on the blend of anatomical knowledge and neuroimage data to accurately rain activity locations in their studies. s often come with significant spots highlighted, indicating where brain activity was observed ask. rodmann's areas presents a numbered map of cortical areas based on cellular structures, often cited in ging reports to help identify brain regions. er neuroscientist Korbinian Brodmann, this map is a critical tool for locating functions in the ypical fMRI results table s in studies show where in the brain activity was found, based on certain tasks, along with significance of the findings. A word of caution ephalography (EEG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG) data often don't give direct images tivity but rather surface-level signals. hniques emphasize the difference in signal strength across the scalp, which can be used to activity indirectly. 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