Halal Food Production & Alcohol Use (PDF)

 BWD22402 HALAL FOOD ASSOC. PROF. ChM Dr. NORHAYATI BINTI MUHAMMAD Department of Technology and Natural Resources Faculty of Applied Sciences and Technology Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia Pagoh Educational HUB KM 1, Jalan Panchor 84...

 BWD22402 HALAL FOOD ASSOC. PROF. ChM Dr. NORHAYATI BINTI MUHAMMAD Department of Technology and Natural Resources Faculty of Applied Sciences and Technology Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia Pagoh Educational HUB KM 1, Jalan Panchor 84600 Pagoh Johor, MALAYSIA 069742088 0127237295 [email protected]  4.1 Alcohol in the Quran 4.2 Categories of alcoholic 4.0 Alcohol in Halal beverages Food Productions 4.2 Guidelines for the use of alcohol in halal food production 4.1 Alcohol in the Quran The prohibition came in three stages. The first revelation is presented in the Quran [Arabic text and English rendering by Pickthall (1994)] as thus: They question thee about strong drink and games of chance. Say: In both is great sin, and some utility for men; but the sin of them is greater than their usefulness. And they ask thee what they ought to spend. Say: That which is superfluous. Thus Allah maketh plain to you (His) revelations, that haply ye may reflect. Chapter II, Verse 219 In this verse, Muslims were informed that drinking khamr is a great sin. It says that alcohol might have some benefit, although it imparts greater sin than benefit. 4.1 Alcohol in the Quran The next revelation on the subject of alcohol was as follows: Oh ye who believe! Draw not near unto prayer when ye are drunken, till ye know that which ye utter, nor when ye are polluted save when journeying upon the road, till ye have bathed. And if ye be ill, or on a journey, or one of you cometh from the closet, or ye have touched women, and ye find not water, then go to high clean soil and rub your faces and your hands (therewith). Lo! Allah is Benign, Forgiving. Chapter IV, Verse 43 In this revelation, Muslims are told not to offer their prayers while they are under the influence of alcohol, which will prevent them from understanding what they recite or listen to. Because prayer is prescribed five times a day, at specific times, one may conclude that it is nearly impossible to drink alcohol if one is to perform the required prayers on time in a sober condition. The verse still did not clearly say that alcohol was prohibited, so some companions continued to drink. 4.1 Alcohol in the Quran Finally, a clear command was issued as follows, prohibiting intoxicants and several other actions: Chapter V (Al-Ma'idah), Verse 90 4.1 Alcohol in the Quran Finally, a clear command was issued as follows, prohibiting intoxicants and several other actions: O ye who believe! Strong drink (khamr) and games of chance and idols and divining arrows are only an infamy of Satan’s handiwork. Leave it aside in order that ye may succeed. Chapter V , Verse 90 Satan seeketh only to cast among you enmity and hatred by means of strong drink and games of chance, and to turn you from remembrance of Allah and from (His) worship. Will ye then have done? Chapter V, Verse 91 Obey Allah and obey the messenger, and beware! But if ye turn away, then know that the duty of Our messenger is only plain conveyance (of the message). Chapter V, Verse 92 This was the final word on alcohol as khamr — it must be avoided. There is no ambiguity: consumption of alcoholic drinks in any form is totally prohibited. Although alcoholic drinks are prohibited for consumption, alcohol derived from grapes, dates, and raisins is also considered najis or unclean. Alcohol/khamr here is nowadays known as ethanol/ethyl alcohol Alcohol in food industries ▪ The major uses of alcohol today are for alcoholic beverages (raw material), as ingredients and as a solvent in the food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries. ▪ Alcoholic beverages legally can contain between 0.5 and 80% ethyl alcohol (ethanol) by volume. ▪ Pure industrial alcohol can be 99% alcohol. Alcohol in food industries Alcohol as ingredient: ▪ Examples of this would be liqueur-flavored chocolates, cakes, and meals containing wines, such as beef stroganwine sauce. ▪ off in When alcohol is an added ingredient, the ingredient label of the food product must list the specific alcoholic beverage that has been added and the final amount of alcohol if it is greater than 0.5%. If a food contains more than 7% alcohol by volume, that food comes under the jurisdiction of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms (BATF). ▪ FDA supervises any food that contains less than 7% alcohol. ▪ According to FDA, if alcohol is part of the food composition or formula, then, alcohol must be included on the label as an ingredient. ▪ However, if alcohol is part of one of the ingredients, such as a flavor, it does not have to be listed separately on the ingredient label (Riaz, 1997). Alcohol in food industries Example use of alcohol as solvent: ▪ As a solvent, it is used to extract flavoring chemicals from plant materials such as vanilla beans. ▪ Dilute ethyl alcohol is almost universally used for the extraction of vanilla beans. ▪ After the extraction, vanilla flavor, called natural vanilla flavoring, is standardized with alcohol. ▪ By the FDA’s standard of identity, natural vanilla flavoring must contain at least 35% alcohol by volume, otherwise it cannot be called natural vanilla flavoring (FDA, 2000). Alcohol in food industries Example use of alcohol as raw materials: ▪ As a raw material, other than alcoholic beverages, one of the uses of alcohol is to convert it to acetic acid to make vinegar. ▪ Vinegar is then used in salad dressings, mayonnaise, and other applications. ▪ Whereas the use of alcohol in alcoholic drinks is haram, converting it to acetic acid (vinegar) makes it halal. ▪ This concept of conversion called chemical change or istihala. 4.1 Categories of alcoholic beverages There are three major classes of alcoholic beverages: 1.Fermented beverages — made from agricultural products, including grains and fruits, contain 3 to 16% alcohol. 2.Distilled or spirit beverages — made by distillation of fermented beverages. Distillation increases alcohol content of these products up to 80%. 3.Compound or fortified beverages — made by combining fermented or spirit beverages with flavoring substances. The alcohol content of these products can also be as high as 80%. 4.1 Categories of alcoholic beverages Alcoholic beverages of any type are prohibited for Muslims. The use of alcoholic beverages in preparing or producing food items or drinks is also prohibited. Hence, eating or drinking products made with alcoholic beverages, such as spiked punch, or cakes containing brandy, are not permitted. Grain alcohol or synthetic alcohol may be used in the production of food ingredients as long as it is evaporated to a final level of not more than 0.5% in food ingredients and less than 1.0% in beverage products (Fatwa 2011). These guidelines are practiced by some of the halal-certification organizations such as JAKIM, whereas others follow somewhat stricter guidelines. 4.2 Guidelines for the use of alcohol in halal food production Natural products containing small amounts of intrinsic alcohol do not present a halal issue. Use of alcohol in any concentration in an industrial process is acceptable due to technical reasons where other viable alternatives are not available. The final alcohol content in the product of such industrial application must be reduced to less than 0.5% by evaporation or conversion to acetic acid. This means flavors that will be used in food production must not contain more than 0.5% alcohol to qualify as halal. Some countries, however, do accept amounts higher than 0.5%, whereas others have an even lower cut off. *The content of industrial ethanol in the final food products should not exceed 0.5%, while the content of naturally produced ethanol should less than 1% in the final food products (JAKIM, 2017) The guidelines for the use of alcohol in halal food production: Addition of any amount of fermented alcoholic drinks such as beer, wine, or liquor to any food product or drink renders the product haram. However, if the essence is extracted from these products and alcohol is reduced to negligible amount, most halal-certifying agencies and importing countries accept the use of such essences in food products. Consultation with proper authorities or end users can clarify this issue. Consumer products with added ingredients that contain alcohol must have not more than 0.5% alcohol, including both added and any natural alcohol, to qualify as halal. At this level, one cannot taste the alcohol, smell the alcohol, or see the alcohol, a criterion generally applied for the impurities.  Contoh Keputusan Muzakarah Khas Jawatankuasa Fatwa Majlis Kebangsaan Bagi Hal Ehwal Ugama Islam Malaysia TAJUK : Penentuan Kandungan Alkohol Yang Dibenarkan Dalam Makanan Dan Minuman KEPUTUSAN FATWA 2011 http://mufti.pahang.gov.my/index.php/perkhidmatan/bahagian- fatwa/keputusan-fatwa/23-keputusan-fatwa-2011/77-penentuan- kandungan-alkohol-yang-dibenarkan-dalam-makanan-dan-minuman TAJUK : Penentuan Kandungan Alkohol Yang Dibenarkan Dalam Makanan Dan Minuman OLEH : Mesyuarat Jawatankuasa Perunding Hukum Syarak Negeri Pahang Kali Ke-6/2011, Pada 30 Disember 2011 KEPUTUSAN : Mesyuarat memutuskan : 1.Setiap minuman arak adalah mengandungi alkohol. Walaubagaimanapun bukan semua alkohol itu adalah arak. Alkohol yang diperolehi dari proses pembuatan arak, hukumnya haram dan najis. 2.Manakala alkohol yang diperolehi bukan melalui proses pembuatan arak hukumnya tidak najis, tetapi haram (tidak boleh) diminum dalam bentuk aslinya kerana ia adalah racun dan boleh membunuh 3.Minuman ringan yang boleh diproses/dibuat bukan dengan tujuan untuk menghasilkan arak dan mempunyai alkohol di bawah aras 1%v/v adalah harus (boleh) diminum. 4.Manakala minuman ringan yang dibuat dengan niat dan cara yang sama seperti proses membuat arak, samada mengandungi banyak atau sedikit alkohol atau alkoholnya disuling adalah haram diminum. 5.Makanan atau minuman yang mengandungi alkohol secara semulajadi seperti buah-buahan, kekacang atau bijirin serta perahannya, atau alkohol yang terkandung itu terjadi secara sampingan semasa proses pembuatan makanan atau minuman adalah tidak najis dan harus (boleh) dimakan/diminum. 6.Makanan atau minuman yang mengandungi bahan perisa atau pewarna yang mengandungi alkohol untuk tujuan penstabilan adalah harus (boleh) digunakan sekiranya alkohol itu bukan dihasilkan dari proses pembuatan arak dan kuantiti alkohol dalam produk akhir itu adalah tidak memabukkan dan kadar alkohol tidak melebihi 0.5%. 7.Ubat-ubatan dan pewangi yang mengandungi alkohol sebagai bahan pelarut adalah tidak najis dan diharuskan sekiranya alkohol tersebut bukan diambil melalui proses pembuatan arak. SUMMARY Maka makanlah yang halal lagi baik daripad rezeki yang telah diberikan Allah kepadamu; dan bersyukurlah akan nikmat Allah, jika kamu hanya menyembah kepada- Nya. Sesungguhnya Allah hanya mengharamkan atasmu bangkai, darah, daging babi, dan haiwan yang disembelih dengan (menyebut nama) selain Allah, tetapi barangsiapa terpaksa (memakannya) bukan kerana menginginkannya dan tidak pula melampau batas, maka sesungguhnya, Allah maha pengampun, lagi maha penyayang. Thank You