Types of Speech PDF

TYPES OF SPEECH ACCORDING TO PURPOSE INFORMATIVE SPEECH Based entirely and exclusively on facts. The goal is to add to the knowledge and wisdom of the listeners. This type of speech explains or instructs the listeners about different objects, events, processes, and ideas. Types of Informati...

TYPES OF SPEECH ACCORDING TO PURPOSE INFORMATIVE SPEECH Based entirely and exclusively on facts. The goal is to add to the knowledge and wisdom of the listeners. This type of speech explains or instructs the listeners about different objects, events, processes, and ideas. Types of Informative Speech 1. Objects May include how objects are designed, how they function, and what they mean. Focuses on tangible items like gadgets, products, or structures. Visual aids may be necessary. 2. People Biography oriented. Could include recounting an individual’s achievements and explaining why the person is important in history. 3. Events Either historical or contemporary. Focuses on an event that happened, is happening, or might happen in the future. Talks about the who, what, when, where, and why of the event. Does not attempt to persuade people to pass judgement upon the event or its effects. 4. Concepts “Abstract and difficult ideas and theories” Focuses on beliefs, knowledge, theories, principles, or ideas. Useful in helping people understand complex ideas. 5. Process Focuses on process or sequence of events. Helps the audience understand how a specific object or system works. 6. Issues Talks about pertinent issues. Threads a fine line between informing and persuading. Must be balanced when discussing both sides of the issue. The issue is only being explained and not being given solutions. Approaches to Informative Speech 1. Definitional Speeches The speaker attempts to set forth the meaning of concepts, theories, philosophies, or issues that may be unfamiliar to the audience. The historical derivation, classification, or synonyms may be given. 2. Descriptive Speeches Used to provide a detailed, vivid, word picture of a person, animal, place, or object. At the end, the audience should create a clear picture of the subject in their mind. It is important to determine the characteristics, features, functions, or fine points of the topic. 3. Explanatory Speeches Also known as a briefing. It’s similar to descriptive speech since both types clarify topics, however, explanatory speech focuses on reports of current and historical events, customs, transformations, inventions, policies, outcomes, and options. Focuses on the how or why of a subject and its consequences.   PERSUASIVE SPEECH Seeks to influence the beliefs, attitudes, values, or behaviors of audience members. Also aims to change the audience’s perspective and convince them that the argument presented is more important, practical, attainable, or feasible. The speaker must advocate for the message. A speaker has to construct arguments that appeal to audience members.  The arguments form around three (3) components: claim, evidence, and warrant. Claim: the statement that will be supported by the evidence. There are three (3) types of claims: Factual, Value, and Policy Claim. Factual – set out to argue the truth or falsity of an assertion. Most of the time, this type of claim is backed by evidence. Value – the speaker is advocating a judgement claim about something; whether it’s good or bad, right or wrong, moral or immoral, etc. Policy – a statement about the nature of a problem and the solution that should be implemented. Evidence – also called grounds, supports the claim. These are supporting materials that the speaker includes to further strengthen and support the claim. Warrant – the underlying justification that connects the claim to the evidence. The quality of the evidence often impacts the warrant. Qualities of an Effective Persuasive Speech 1. Well – defined goal. What is your specific goal in mind? Do you expect your audience to think differently, act differently, or both after they listen to your speech? 2. Clear main point. Is the main point of your speech clear to you? Is it specific and focused? 3. Sufficient supporting ideas. Do you have actual statements, reliable sources, or solid evidence to support your main point? Do you have enough number of supporting statements? 4. Logical reasoning (concrete reasons why your listeners should support your ideas) How will you state your arguments? Will you use any of the following? Deductive (general to specific evidence) Inductive (specific evidence to general evidence) Causal (cause and effect) Analogy (compared to things or situation) 5. Effective and powerful ways to gain the attention of your audience. Do you use any of the following effective techniques to grab the attention of your listeners and engage them in your speech? Powerful and relevant questions Striking statistics Shocking incident Memorable anecdotes Humorous observations or experiences 6. Compelling ideas to make your target audience feel and think. Do you appeal to your listeners’ minds? Do you appeal to your listeners’ hearts? 7. Salient motives to target the salient needs of your audience. Do you motivate your audience by incorporating ideas and thoughts important to their growth and development as individuals? Types of Persuasive Speech 1. Speech that Questions Fact This questions the existence of a particular event or happening. Poses questions of fact, derives conclusions from different sources of information and attempts to convince the audience to believe in his/her ideas. 2. Speech that Questions Value Focuses on questions of value regarding topics on the self, family, friendship, religion, government, freedom, love, and money. The speaker makes a statement or claim, attempts to convince the audience why something or someone is worthy of emulation, and justifies it based on standards. 3. Speech that Questions Policy Question the current state of things which can impact the future. The speaker asks relevant questions that can help in making a decision on whether or not something should be implemented, observed, or done. 4. Speech that Refutes Either responds to or disproves the claims of others while defending and promoting own claims. Methods of Persuasion             According to Lucas (2011) the audience can be persuaded by the following reasons: 1. They perceive that the speaker has credibility. Explain how you become an expert on the topic; share how well you read, investigated, or researched the topic. Connect your experiences, beliefs, values, or attitudes with your audience’s. Practice more often so you can deliver your speech with conviction. 2. They are convinced by the evidence presented by the speaker. Specify evidence. Avoid outdated evidence. Choose reputable or credible sources for your evidence. 3. They are convinced by the speaker’s reasoning. Avoid logical fallacies or errors in reasoning. Ad hominem – attacking the character of the person instead of the argument. Circular Argument – the idea stated is being repeated. False Analogy – happens when two (2) things, which might be alike in some respects, are compared and assumed to be similar in other ways. False Authority – happens when a statement of a person who is not considered to be an expert in the field in question is used in an argument. False Cause and Effect – the connection between two consecutive events is not clear. Hasty Generalization – a conclusion is drawn from insufficient evidence. Red Herring – the answer does not address the question. Their emotions are touched by the speaker’s ideas or use of language. Internalize what you are saying, show conviction in what you’re saying. Use emotion appropriately. Use it as an accessory not to replace evidence and reasoning.   ENTERTAINMENT SPEECH Aims to share goodwill, joy, and pleasure with the audience, with the primary goal of making the audience feel relaxed, to make them enjoy, and to laugh. To make the speech entertaining, the speaker may: tell jokes; share funny stories; dramatize experiences; and recall a scary story. Steps in Writing Entertainment Speech 1. Choose! Choose a light topic. 2. Enjoy! Exude confidence and enjoy the moment. 3. Simplify! Simplify the flow of your speech. 4. Visualize! Be highly descriptive and use vivid words.