Indigenous Knowledge and the Philippine Society PDF

4. Indigenous Knowledge and the Philippine Society This module is developed by Aldrin P. Cosme, Science Department, MSU-GSC. All PPT Template is Designed by PoweredTemplate.com at...

4. Indigenous Knowledge and the Philippine Society This module is developed by Aldrin P. Cosme, Science Department, MSU-GSC. All PPT Template is Designed by PoweredTemplate.com at photos and media, unless cited, have Creative Commons License or owned by the https://poweredtemplate.com/cave-paintings-presentation-68604/ author, himself.  Lecture Outcomes At the end of this module, students should be able to: 1. Describe indigenous knowledge; 2. Recognize the importance of Indigenous Knowledge to the advancement of Science and Technology; 3. Propose possible solutions to the problems affecting the indigenous communities of Sarangani Province. This module is developed by Aldrin P. Cosme, Science PPT Template is Designed by PoweredTemplate.com at 2 Department, MSU-GSC https://poweredtemplate.com/cave-paintings-presentation-68604/  Lecture Outline I. The Filipino People A. Ethnolinguistic Groups in the Philippines B. Indigenous People’s Groups II. Indigenous Knowledge (IK) A. What is Indigenous Knowledge? B. Nature of Indigenous Knowledge C. How Indigenous Knowledge Can Contribute to Science and Technology III. Threats to Indigenous Knowledge: The Case of Sarangani Province A. Biocultural Erosion B. Causes of Biocultural Erosion in Sarangani Province C. Impacts of Biocultural Erosion a. Minsan sa Isang Taon (Kara David Documentary) This module is developed by Aldrin P. Cosme, Science PPT Template is Designed by PoweredTemplate.com at 3 Department, MSU-GSC https://poweredtemplate.com/cave-paintings-presentation-68604/  Useful References 1. National Commission for Culture and the Arts. Website: https://ncca.gov.ph/# 2. Patricio, S. F. (Producer), & Samson, P., Jr. (Director). (2012). Minsan sa Isang Taon[Video file]. Philippines: GMA Public Affairs. 3. Peralta, J. T. (2000). Glimpses: Peoples of the Philippines. Manila: National Commission for Culture and the Arts. 4. Zapico, F. L., Aguilar, C. H., Abistano, A., Turner, J. C., & Reyes, L. J. (2015). Biocultural Diversity of Sarangani Province, Philippines: An Ethno- Ecological Analysis. Rice Science, 22(3), 138-146. doi:10.1016/j.rsci.2015.05.018 This module is developed by Aldrin P. Cosme, Science PPT Template is Designed by PoweredTemplate.com at 4 Department, MSU-GSC https://poweredtemplate.com/cave-paintings-presentation-68604/ I. The Filipino People This module is developed by Aldrin P. Cosme, Science PPT Template is Designed by PoweredTemplate.com at 5 Department, MSU-GSC https://poweredtemplate.com/cave-paintings-presentation-68604/  I. The Filipino People There are around 77 major ethnolinguistic groups in the Philippines and within each group, there are several subgroups. The total number of ethnolinguistic groups, including the subgroups, in the Philippines is 244 according to a study in 1988 (Peralta, 2000). Image Credit: Edgar Alan Zeta-Yap This module is developed by Aldrin P. Cosme, Science PPT Template is Designed by PoweredTemplate.com at 6 Department, MSU-GSC https://poweredtemplate.com/cave-paintings-presentation-68604/ A. Ethnolinguistic Groups Each ethnolinguistic group in the Philippines have their language. If Filipinos coming from different ethnolinguistic backgrounds gather, they will surely use different words to refer to a common thing. See the table below as an example. Different Filipino Words for “Fog” (Translations are based on Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database, accessed at: https://abvd.shh.mpg.de/austronesian/) Dupaningan Buhid Language English Ivatan Ilokano Pangasinan Tagalog Agta (Mangyan) Word Fog Kahephep Angep Kelpa Alsap Hamog Linyabu Batak, Language Waray Hiligaynon Cebuano Tboli Maranao Tiruray Palawan Word Yamog Gamhon Tugpu Gabon Lobun Lekep Banasbanas This module is developed by Aldrin P. Cosme, Science PPT Template is Designed by PoweredTemplate.com at 7 Department, MSU-GSC https://poweredtemplate.com/cave-paintings-presentation-68604/  A. Ethnolinguistic Groups This map shows the geographical distribution of different ethnolinguistic groups in the Philippines. For a better view, click the link below. Image Credit: Robert Fox, Elizabeth Flory and Jesus Peralta (2007). Link: https://onedrive.live.com/?authkey=%21AO6%2DZqFezWFgZsE&cid=53F9 2505F3BC9C7F&id=53F92505F3BC9C7F%21441&parId=root&o=OneUp This module is developed by Aldrin P. Cosme, Science PPT Template is Designed by PoweredTemplate.com at 8 Department, MSU-GSC https://poweredtemplate.com/cave-paintings-presentation-68604/  A. Ethnolinguistic Groups Along with a common language, customs, traditions, and beliefs are among the major factors that unite every ethnolinguistic group in the Philippines. Due to long years of colonization, however, most ethnolinguistic groups in the archipelago have abandoned some of their cultural identities, including the rich knowledge possessed by their ancestors. This module is developed by Aldrin P. Cosme, Science PPT Template is Designed by PoweredTemplate.com at 9 Department, MSU-GSC https://poweredtemplate.com/cave-paintings-presentation-68604/  B. Indigenous Peoples/ Indigenous Cultural Communities A few ethnolinguistic groups resisted Western influence, and these groups have preserved their cultural heritage. In the Philippines, these groups are granted a special law, the IPRA Law (RA 8371), that was aimed to protect and promote the rights of indigenous cultural communities (ICC), also known as indigenous people (IP). Indigenous Peoples from Mindanao are often regarded as Lumad, the Cebuano word for “Native/Indigenous”. This module is developed by Aldrin P. Cosme, Science PPT Template is Designed by PoweredTemplate.com at 10 Department, MSU-GSC https://poweredtemplate.com/cave-paintings-presentation-68604/  B. Indigenous Peoples/ Indigenous Cultural Communities According to the IPRA Law, Indigenous Cultural Communities/Indigenous Peoples* are: 1. A group of people identified by self-ascription and ascription by others, who have continuously lived as organized community on communally bounded and defined territory; 2. They share common bonds of language, customs, traditions and other distinctive cultural traits; 3. They are historically differentiated from the majority of Filipinos through resistance to political, social and cultural inroads of colonization, non-indigenous religions and cultures; 4. Regarded as indigenous on account of their descent but could have been displaced from their traditional domains or who may have resettled outside their ancestral domains. * For full definition of ICC/IP, please see section 3.h of RA 8371) This module is developed by Aldrin P. Cosme, Science PPT Template is Designed by PoweredTemplate.com at 11 Department, MSU-GSC https://poweredtemplate.com/cave-paintings-presentation-68604/  B. Indigenous Peoples/ Indigenous Cultural Communities After decades of experience, combined with that of their ancestors, indigenous peoples harbor vast knowledge about their environment, including the ecological relationships that exist within their surroundings. These knowledge are untapped resources that, when utilized, can advance modern science and technology. Image Credit: Florence Zapico This module is developed by Aldrin P. Cosme, Science PPT Template is Designed by PoweredTemplate.com at 12 Department, MSU-GSC https://poweredtemplate.com/cave-paintings-presentation-68604/  Activity 6. Lexicon of Filipino Languages (10 Points) 1. Trace your ethnolinguistic ancestry. 2. Add 5 words in the activity posted in Moodle entitled “Lexicon of Filipino Languages” using the language/s of your ethnolinguistic group. These words should be nouns that are used to refer to parts of the body, names of plants or animals, or other living things, ornaments, tools, food, natural phenomena, events, etc. 3. Obscene nouns are prohibited. 4. Post your entries following this format: Language—Word. (E.g. Tagakaolo-Kura) 5. Provide the English translation of the word you posted, or if there is no English translation, provide a definition/description using the English language. (E.g. Horse) 6. Moodle will not allow you to enter words in the same language that have been uploaded by your classmates. This module is developed by Aldrin P. Cosme, Science PPT Template is Designed by PoweredTemplate.com at 13 Department, MSU-GSC https://poweredtemplate.com/cave-paintings-presentation-68604/  Activity 6. Lexicon of Filipino Languages (10 Points) Let’s take Juan Dalomo as an example. He is a GEC 108 student and is also required to provide 5 nouns. His mother is full-blooded B’laan, while his father is Manobo-Tagakaolo. Juan can choose to use words from B’laan or Manobo or Tagakaolo, or combined. Once he decided what language/s and word/s to use, he can now proceed to enter those words in Moodle. See the demonstration in the next pages. This module is developed by Aldrin P. Cosme, Science PPT Template is Designed by PoweredTemplate.com at 14 Department, MSU-GSC https://poweredtemplate.com/cave-paintings-presentation-68604/  Step 1. Click “Add a New Entry” This module is developed by Aldrin P. Cosme, Science PPT Template is Designed by PoweredTemplate.com at 15 Department, MSU-GSC https://poweredtemplate.com/cave-paintings-presentation-68604/  Step 2. Type Your Entries According to the Format This module is developed by Aldrin P. Cosme, Science PPT Template is Designed by PoweredTemplate.com at 16 Department, MSU-GSC https://poweredtemplate.com/cave-paintings-presentation-68604/  Step 3. Provide the English Translation or the Description/Definition This module is developed by Aldrin P. Cosme, Science PPT Template is Designed by PoweredTemplate.com at 17 Department, MSU-GSC https://poweredtemplate.com/cave-paintings-presentation-68604/  Step 4. Click Save Changes This module is developed by Aldrin P. Cosme, Science PPT Template is Designed by PoweredTemplate.com at 18 Department, MSU-GSC https://poweredtemplate.com/cave-paintings-presentation-68604/  You will know if you entered a previously-uploaded word if, after you clicked “Save Changes”, the system won’t accept your entry. This module is developed by Aldrin P. Cosme, Science PPT Template is Designed by PoweredTemplate.com at 19 Department, MSU-GSC https://poweredtemplate.com/cave-paintings-presentation-68604/  You have until April 23, 2021, 11:59 p.m. to post your entries. This module is developed by Aldrin P. Cosme, Science PPT Template is Designed by PoweredTemplate.com at 20 Department, MSU-GSC https://poweredtemplate.com/cave-paintings-presentation-68604/ II. Indigenous Knowledge This module is developed by Aldrin P. Cosme, Science PPT Template is Designed by PoweredTemplate.com at 21 Department, MSU-GSC https://poweredtemplate.com/cave-paintings-presentation-68604/  A. What is Indigenous Knowledge? Indigenous knowledge refers to the understandings, skills, and philosophies developed by societies with long histories of interaction with their natural surroundings.* Image Credits: Business Mirror *UNESCO This module is developed by Aldrin P. Cosme, Science PPT Template is Designed by PoweredTemplate.com at 22 Department, MSU-GSC https://poweredtemplate.com/cave-paintings-presentation-68604/  A. What is Indigenous Knowledge? Indigenous Knowledge (a.k.a. local/folk knowledge) guides the day-to-day affairs of indigenous peoples, especially those who are living in rural areas. It is their basis for making decisions on how to manage their day-to-day lives, their communities, and the natural resources found within their territories. Image Credit; Florence Zapico This module is developed by Aldrin P. Cosme, Science PPT Template is Designed by PoweredTemplate.com at 23 Department, MSU-GSC https://poweredtemplate.com/cave-paintings-presentation-68604/  A. What is Indigenous Knowledge? Medicinal, Agricultural Music & Dance, & Ecological Knowledge Stories & Poetry Artisanat Spiritual Expression Examples of indigenous knowledge are shown in the photo above. Figure Borrowed from: Florence Zapico This module is developed by Aldrin P. Cosme, Science PPT Template is Designed by PoweredTemplate.com at Department, MSU-GSC https://poweredtemplate.com/cave-paintings-presentation-68604/ 24  A. What is Indigenous Knowledge? Figure Borrowed from: Florence Zapico This module is developed by Aldrin P. Cosme, Science PPT Template is Designed by PoweredTemplate.com at 25 Department, MSU-GSC https://poweredtemplate.com/cave-paintings-presentation-68604/  B. Characteristics of Indigenous Knowledge 1. Unique The word Lumad, which is used to refer to IP groups in Mindanao, is borrowed from the Cebuano language. This was adopted by IPs themselves because there is no word for “native” from any indigenous language in Mindanao that is common to all indigenous peoples group*. This simple fact alone clearly shows how unique every IK system is. This uniqueness is not only limited to language but also to other aspects of their culture, from their traditional medicine, agriculture, politics, and even religion. *Further reading: https://ncca.gov.ph/about-ncca- 3/subcommissions/subcommission-on-cultural-heritagesch/historical- research/lumad-in-mindanao/ This module is developed by Aldrin P. Cosme, Science PPT Template is Designed by PoweredTemplate.com at 26 Department, MSU-GSC https://poweredtemplate.com/cave-paintings-presentation-68604/  B. Characteristics of Indigenous Knowledge 2. Dynamic Though IK is based on previous experiences, it is not rooted to a particular point in history. It is constantly developing, adapting, and growing over time—it is dynamic. Before, IP groups can be identified by their clothing. Today, that is no longer the case. For example, these children belong to the T’boli tribe of Maasim, Sarangani Province. Unlike their ancestors, they are not wearing garments made from T’nalak cloth. Unless they speak, you will not know that they are T’boli. IPs have also adopted other modern cultures, such as following Abrahamic religions, speaking non-native languages, engaging in intermarriage, to name a few. These practices, however, do not mean that they no longer belong to their tribe. These simply show that their IK system, which includes their culture, evolve, adapt, and change over time. IK is dynamic. This module is developed by Aldrin P. Cosme, Science PPT Template is Designed by PoweredTemplate.com at 27 Department, MSU-GSC https://poweredtemplate.com/cave-paintings-presentation-68604/  B. Characteristics of Indigenous Knowledge 3. Cumulative IK is a body of knowledge and skills developed from centuries of living close to nature. These knowledge and skills are passed on to the next generation. The younger generation may learn something new from their own experiences and incorporate it into the existing knowledge of the community. The child in the photo was harvesting upland rice. Her skills, tools, and the technical know-how in identifying which plants are ready to harvest based on appearance come from centuries-long knowledge practiced and improved by her parents and other members of their tribes. This module is developed by Aldrin P. Cosme, Science PPT Template is Designed by PoweredTemplate.com at 28 Department, MSU-GSC https://poweredtemplate.com/cave-paintings-presentation-68604/  B. Characteristics of Indigenous Knowledge 4. Orally-transmitted IK is transmitted orally because most of the IP groups in the Philippines do not have a writing system. Baybayin is considered to be the old writing system in the Philippines but not all IP groups in the country practice it. In the Philippine context, having a writing system is the exemption, rather than the rule. The old generation of the tribes with no writing system transfers their knowledge to the young generation orally in the form of folk stories, songs, poems, and in their daily living. This is the reason why indigenous language must be preserved because it is the only bridge between indigenous knowledge and the next generation. This module is developed by Aldrin P. Cosme, Science PPT Template is Designed by PoweredTemplate.com at Department, MSU-GSC Image Credit: Nicoletta Lanese 29 https://poweredtemplate.com/cave-paintings-presentation-68604/  B. Characteristics of Indigenous Knowledge 5. Holistic IK incorporates all aspects of life— spirituality, history, cultural practices, social interactions, politics, language, natural resource management, etc. In indigenous cultural communities, decisions are made based on their indigenous knowledge. Image Credit: Florence Zapico This module is developed by Aldrin P. Cosme, Science PPT Template is Designed by PoweredTemplate.com at 30 Department, MSU-GSC https://poweredtemplate.com/cave-paintings-presentation-68604/ C. How Indigenous Knowledge Can Contribute to Science and Technology IK is an untapped resource. The centuries-old knowledge owned by indigenous communities remains unknown to the scientific world. Only a few scientists integrate IK into their studies. Most of the time, integrating IK to mainstream science yields surprising results. Image Credit: Mike Raia This module is developed by Aldrin P. Cosme, Science PPT Template is Designed by PoweredTemplate.com at 31 Department, MSU-GSC https://poweredtemplate.com/cave-paintings-presentation-68604/ C. How Indigenous Knowledge Can Contribute to Science and Technology Tu Youyou, along with 2 other scientists, won the 2015 Nobel Prize for Medicine after she discovered artemisinin and dihydroartemisinin, compounds derived from the herb Artemisia annua. This herb is used in traditional Chinese medicine. This pharmaceutical chemist from China used the information from ancient Chinese medicine texts to extract the active compounds of the plant.* This is an example of the endless possibilities indigenous knowledge can do if it is utilized by scientists. Further Reading: http://www.laskerfoundation.org/media/filer_public/93/c2/93c20cb8-8451- 4bb6-a46d-e6969c54f19a/2011_c_youyou.pdf This module is developed by Aldrin P. Cosme, Science PPT Template is Designed by PoweredTemplate.com at 32 Department, MSU-GSC https://poweredtemplate.com/cave-paintings-presentation-68604/ C. How Indigenous Knowledge Can Contribute to Science and Technology Ascof Lagundi is the most commercialized cough remedy medicine in the Philippines and the embodiment of what IK can become if utilized. Before Lagundi (Vitex negundo) became syrup or capsule, Filipino herbolaryo (albularyo) have been using it to treat a wide array of diseases. These healers use their knowledge to prepare and administer herbal medicine. The first detailed account of traditional medicine in the Philippines using Lagundi was written by a Jesuit Priest in 1900. In the 1970s- 1980s, extensive research was conducted by scientists from UP Manila to gather data from 1000 herbolaryo. Using the information they had, they were able to isolate the active compound of Lagundi. After long years of testing, research and development, Lagundi was finally commercialized by Pascual Laboratories as Ascof Lagundi. Further Reading: https://www.wipo.int/ipadvantage/en/details.jsp?id=3661 This module is developed by Aldrin P. Cosme, Science PPT Template is Designed by PoweredTemplate.com at 33 Department, MSU-GSC https://poweredtemplate.com/cave-paintings-presentation-68604/ C. How Indigenous Knowledge Can Contribute to Science and Technology Nobody knows what indigenous knowledge still has to offer to modern science or the impacts if IK is integrated into research and development. In the Philippines, however, there is a paucity of information regarding the indigenous knowledge system. Thus, the things that IK has to offer remain an endless possibility. This module is developed by Aldrin P. Cosme, Science PPT Template is Designed by PoweredTemplate.com at 34 Department, MSU-GSC https://poweredtemplate.com/cave-paintings-presentation-68604/ III. Threats to Indigenous Knowledge This module is developed by Aldrin P. Cosme, Science PPT Template is Designed by PoweredTemplate.com at 35 Department, MSU-GSC https://poweredtemplate.com/cave-paintings-presentation-68604/ III. Threats to Indigenous Knowledge Indigenous Knowledge Systems (IKS) of different IP groups in the Philippines face different degrees of threats. Without intervention, IKS and their potential could be lost forever. Image Credit: Florence Zapico This module is developed by Aldrin P. Cosme, Science PPT Template is Designed by PoweredTemplate.com at 36 Department, MSU-GSC https://poweredtemplate.com/cave-paintings-presentation-68604/ A. Biocultural Erosion Threats to indigenous knowledge system are part of a bigger problem affecting indigenous people called the biocultural erosion. It is the loss of biocultural diversity, which includes the loss of biodiversity, culture, and language. Image Credit: Florence Zapico This module is developed by Aldrin P. Cosme, Science PPT Template is Designed by PoweredTemplate.com at 37 Department, MSU-GSC https://poweredtemplate.com/cave-paintings-presentation-68604/ A. Biocultural Erosion To understand biocultural erosion further, take a look at the photo of rice on the left. T’bolis have a name for this variety and it is used for special occasions. The local extinction, i.e. permanent loss, of this variety could indicate biocultural erosion, i.e. loss of culture may also be going on. This module is developed by Aldrin P. Cosme, Science PPT Template is Designed by PoweredTemplate.com at 38 Department, MSU-GSC https://poweredtemplate.com/cave-paintings-presentation-68604/ A. Biocultural Erosion One of the occasions where this variety is used is during a tribal wedding. There is a part of the marriage rites where this variety is eaten by the couple, along with other food. For them, eating this variety could strengthen their marriage. If this variety is lost, then that part of the marriage rites will no longer be observed or will be changed. This module is developed by Aldrin P. Cosme, Science PPT Template is Designed by PoweredTemplate.com at 39 Department, MSU-GSC https://poweredtemplate.com/cave-paintings-presentation-68604/ B. Causes of Biocultural Erosion in Sarangani Province In general, each IK System in the Philippines is under threat due to a variety of reasons. From this point on, however, the discussion will be focused on the biocultural erosion in Sarangani Province, where 3 recognized indigenous cultural communities viz. Tagakaolo, B’laan, and T’boli, are thriving. Image Credit: Florence Zapico This module is developed by Aldrin P. Cosme, Science PPT Template is Designed by PoweredTemplate.com at 40 Department, MSU-GSC https://poweredtemplate.com/cave-paintings-presentation-68604/ B. Causes of Biocultural Erosion in Sarangani Province Sarangani Province is the southernmost province in the Philippines and is made up of 7 municipalities. The western municipalities of the Province (Maasim, Kiamba, Maitum) are occupied by T’boli tribes, while the B’laan tribes are concentrated in the eastern municipalities (Malungon, Alabel, Malapatan, Glan). Finally, Tagakaolos exclusively reside in Datal Anggas in Alabel and the municipality of Malungon. Sarangani is one of the leading provinces in the Philippines in terms of poverty, undernutrition, *Further Reading: and food insecurity.* http://www.ipcinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/ipcinfo/docs/1_I PC_Philippines_Mindanao_ChronicFI_2015Jan20182020.pdf This module is developed by Aldrin P. Cosme, Science PPT Template is Designed by PoweredTemplate.com at 41 Department, MSU-GSC https://poweredtemplate.com/cave-paintings-presentation-68604/ B. Causes of Biocultural Erosion in Sarangani Province 1. Lack of Respect to Indigenous Knowledge Modern society, even scientists, often regard IK as baseless, pragmatic, and less progressive. This social pressure caused tribal youths to devalue their native culture, migrate to lowland areas, and adopt new value systems. Without this young generation, who will inherit the vast wealth of knowledge of their tribe? This problem is not only affecting youths. Most upland farmers intentionally refrain from their traditional farming rituals to avoid being labeled as “backward”, “old- fashioned”, or “antiquated”. Image Credit: Florence Zapico This module is developed by Aldrin P. Cosme, Science PPT Template is Designed by PoweredTemplate.com at 42 Department, MSU-GSC https://poweredtemplate.com/cave-paintings-presentation-68604/ B. Causes of Biocultural Erosion in Sarangani Province 2. Modern Agriculture Modern agriculture is currently facing several problems whose combined impacts could pose challenges to global food security in the next decades. In the upland communities, these impacts are not only affecting food security but also the tribe’s biocultural diversity. This module is developed by Aldrin P. Cosme, Science PPT Template is Designed by PoweredTemplate.com at 43 Department, MSU-GSC https://poweredtemplate.com/cave-paintings-presentation-68604/ B. Causes of Biocultural Erosion in Sarangani Province 2. Modern Agriculture Swidden farming is inherent in the traditional agricultural practices of upland people. It was not destructive before because its impacts are distributed. Before, an upland farmer only has one swidden farm that produces enough harvest for the needs of his family. This farm is rain-fed and depends on the natural fertility of the soil. When soil fertility is low, let’s say after 10 years of use, the same farmer will abandon the farm and open another swidden farm by burning a portion of the forest. He will use this newly- burnt forest until its natural fertility is depleted. When that happens, because his lands are vast, he will burn another portion of the forest to become his new farm. This process repeats until the farmer utilized all of his lands. This module is developed by Aldrin P. Cosme, Science PPT Template is Designed by PoweredTemplate.com at 44 Department, MSU-GSC https://poweredtemplate.com/cave-paintings-presentation-68604/  The figure above shows the natural succession of swidden farms in the upland areas assuming that traditional agriculture is followed. Let’s say the farmer has 4 tracks of land and the natural fertility of the soil becomes depleted after 10 years of farming. Thus, each field he opens is used for a maximum of 10 years. By the time the fourth field’s (F4) fertility is depleted, F1, F2, and F3 have been recovering for 30, 20, and 10 years, respectively. This duration is enough for natural succession to occur—in F1, there may be trees; in F2 there could be shrubs, and in F3, there could be bushes. This scheme allows the impacts of swidden farming to be distributed over time and space, thus it is not that destructive to the environment. This module is developed by Aldrin P. Cosme, Science PPT Template is Designed by PoweredTemplate.com at 45 Department, MSU-GSC https://poweredtemplate.com/cave-paintings-presentation-68604/ B. Causes of Biocultural Erosion in Sarangani Province 2. Modern Agriculture Due to shrinking land sizes, upland farmers are adopting modernized agriculture, which is characterized by sedentary farming, the use of modern varieties, and agrochemical inputs. None of these are part of the traditional agriculture in the upland areas. Unfortunately, the introduction of modern, high yielding varieties to the upland farms displaced the traditional rice landraces. Upland areas are usually poverty- stricken communities. Thus, adopting the input-extensive modern agriculture forced farmers to borrow money to purchase agricultural inputs. When drought spell strikes, since their farms are rain-fed, farmers would suffer huge losses. In the end, their losses are not only money but also This upland farmer is spraying insecticide to their traditional varieties, which are more adapted to the his rice farm—a practice that is not part of traditional upland agriculture. upland’s environmental conditions. This ultimately poses a challenge to the upland food security. Image Credit: Florence Zapico This module is developed by Aldrin P. Cosme, Science PPT Template is Designed by PoweredTemplate.com at 46 Department, MSU-GSC https://poweredtemplate.com/cave-paintings-presentation-68604/ B. Causes of Biocultural Erosion in Sarangani Province 3. Severe Environmental Degradation Shrinking land sizes has forced indigenous farmers to extend their swidden farms to remote hinterlands. Due to the need of having an additional income, some farmers practice charcoal making and logging, which compounded the deforestation caused by swidden farming. In Sarangani uplands, burnt hills and cogon fields are common sights (see photo), which indicated severe environmental degradation. This module is developed by Aldrin P. Cosme, Science PPT Template is Designed by PoweredTemplate.com at Department, MSU-GSC https://poweredtemplate.com/cave-paintings-presentation-68604/ 47 B. Causes of Biocultural Erosion in Sarangani Province To learn more about the biocultural diversity in Sarangani Province, along with its threats, please read the article below. Zapico, F. L., Aguilar, C. H., Abistano, A., Turner, J. C., & Reyes, L. J. (2015). Biocultural Diversity of Sarangani Province, Philippines: An Ethno-Ecological Analysis. Rice Science, 22(3), 138-146. doi:10.1016/j.rsci.2015.05.018 This module is developed by Aldrin P. Cosme, Science PPT Template is Designed by PoweredTemplate.com at 48 Department, MSU-GSC https://poweredtemplate.com/cave-paintings-presentation-68604/  C. Impacts of Biocultural Erosion One of the most direct impacts of biocultural erosion in Sarangani Province is food insecurity. To give you a brief account of this problem, please watch the documentary Minsan sa Isang Taon on Youtube. Use this link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yW9tT0XafhY&t=5s This module is developed by Aldrin P. Cosme, Science PPT Template is Designed by PoweredTemplate.com at 49 Department, MSU-GSC https://poweredtemplate.com/cave-paintings-presentation-68604/  Activity 7: What Can You Do? 1. Work with your group in Activity 4 (Design Thinking). 2. After watching the documentary Minsan sa Isang Taon and reading article in page 48, choose a very specific problem in the upland communities of Sarangani Province. Your problem-of-choice must be decided as a group. 3. Then, shortly discuss the dynamics of the problem you chose. Make sure to understand the different facets of the issue, including but not limited to socioeconomic, cultural, political, and environmental aspects. This module is developed by Aldrin P. Cosme, Science PPT Template is Designed by PoweredTemplate.com at 50 Department, MSU-GSC https://poweredtemplate.com/cave-paintings-presentation-68604/  Activity 7: What Can You Do? 4. As a group, propose any possible solution you can do to solve the problem you chose and discussed. 5. Consider the dynamics of the problem, your present resources, network, and capacities in formulating your interventions. 6. Finally, write a 300-500 word-essay on the interventions you formulated as a group. 7. Communicate with your instructor on how to submit your output. This module is developed by Aldrin P. Cosme, Science PPT Template is Designed by PoweredTemplate.com at 51 Department, MSU-GSC https://poweredtemplate.com/cave-paintings-presentation-68604/  Activity 7 Grading Criteria Criterion Points Basis of Rating Originality 10 Report of Online Plagiarism Checker (Check Access at: https://smallseotools.com/plagiarism-checker/) Form 5 Report of Grammarly (Grammar and Organization) (Check Access at: https://www.grammarly.com/grammar-check) Content 15 Good (8-10 points): Has a defined problem, relevant solutions, and word count is between 300-500 words Satisfactory (5-7 points): Doesn’t have a defined problem, or doesn’t have relevant solutions, or word count is not within the recommended range Needs Improvement (1-4 points): Doesn’t have a defined problem and doesn’t have relevant solutions, or doesn’t have a defined problem and word count is not within the recommended range, or doesn’t have relevant solutions and word count is not within the recommended range This module is developed by Aldrin P. Cosme, Science PPT Template is Designed by PoweredTemplate.com at 52 Department, MSU-GSC https://poweredtemplate.com/cave-paintings-presentation-68604/  You have until April 30, 2021, 11:59 pm to submit your essays. This module is developed by Aldrin P. Cosme, Science PPT Template is Designed by PoweredTemplate.com at 53 Department, MSU-GSC https://poweredtemplate.com/cave-paintings-presentation-68604/ This module is developed by Aldrin P. Cosme, Science PPT Template is Designed by PoweredTemplate.com at 54 Department, MSU-GSC https://poweredtemplate.com/cave-paintings-presentation-68604/