Old English 3.2 PDF

Do Now What do the following sets of words have in common? Bacon, tape, rain, play Be, eve, green, clean, funny Item, pile, tie, light, fly Old, rope, boat, toe, slow Unit, use, blue, grew Justify your answer using metalanguage. Do Now  Do Now Short and long vow...

Do Now What do the following sets of words have in common? Bacon, tape, rain, play Be, eve, green, clean, funny Item, pile, tie, light, fly Old, rope, boat, toe, slow Unit, use, blue, grew Justify your answer using metalanguage. Do Now  Do Now Short and long vowels Old English LISC 450CE ~ 1150CE Old English Learning Intention: Success Criteria: To investigate the linguistic I can identify characteristics of characteristics of Old English. Old English in a sample text. Old English ExpT 450CE ~ 1150CE ~400CE Old English ExpT 450CE ~ 1150CE ~400CE Old English ExpT Historical Context 450CE ~ 1150CE ~450CE, the British Isles were inhabited by groups known as the Celtic Britons, who spoke Brythonic languages. ~450 – 500CE, Germanic tribes (Angles, Saxons, Jutes and Frisians) migrated from mainland Europe over to modern day England. They blended their languages to ease communication between groups. When they settled in the British Isles, they interacted with the Celtic tribes and mixed their dialects. This combination is Old English. Old English ExpT 450CE ~ 1150CE ~500CE Old English ExpT 450CE ~ 1150CE ~500CE Old English ExpT Historical Context 450CE ~ 1150CE ~6th Century – The Gregorian Mission - Ecclesiastical (‘Church’) Latin became powerful as Pope Gregory the Great sent Catholic missionaries from Rome to convert the Anglo-Saxon kings. As Latin gained prestige as the ‘language of the ruling class’, it was able to influence language spoken in English, borrowing some lexicon and grammar. Old English ExpT Historical Context 450CE ~ 1150CE ~8th – 11th Centuries brought multiple Viking Invasions, with parts of England being lost and under Danish laws. Old Norse and Old English have shared elements of morphology, syntax and lexicology. Many irregular morphemes were dropped to aid communications, and Old Norse lexemes were integrated into Old English. Old English ExpT Historical Context 450CE ~ 1150CE ~9th Century – Modern England unified by Alfred the Great, separating land into the Danelaw, Anglo-Saxon states and the lands of the (Celtic) Britons. Each of these regions developed Old English with differing strong influences – The Danelaw is more influenced by Old Norse than the other two. Old English ExpT 450CE ~ 1150CE ~1000CE Old English ExpT Historical Context 450CE ~ 1150CE 1066 – The Norman Conquest End of the rule of the Anglo- Saxon Kings King Edward the Confessor died, his brother, Harold II, took charge, other rulers got mad and attempted to take the throne. Duke of Normandy - William the Conqueror – invaded from France, killing Harold II in the Battle of Hastings. Old English ExpT Historical Context 450CE ~ 1150CE Old English ExpT Key Text 1: Beowulf 450CE ~ 1150CE Read about the text on page 3 of your booklet. 1. What is the central theme of Beowulf? 2. Why is Grendel's name described as "phonaesthetically-significant" in the passage? Old English ExpT Alphabet 450CE ~ 1150CE Roman alphabet replaces most of the Runic alphabet. Graphemes are matched to their nearest equivalent sound in English. Additional graphemes not used anymore are: Thorn ‘þ’, as in /θ/ as in thing Eth ‘ð’ as in /ð/ as in this Wynn ‘ƿ’ as in /w/ as in way Ash ‘æ’ as in /æ/ as in act Spelling was variable – no standardised Very little punctuation was used. A raised dot indicated a pause. Old English ExpT Alphabet 450CE ~ 1150CE There are also a number of digraphs (two letters representing one sound) and trigraphs (three letters representing one sound) seen in Old English. Digraph IPA cg [dʒ] ch (rare) [x] ea /æɑ(ː)/ Trigraph IPA eo /eo(ː)/ cgg (rare) [dʒ] gc (rare) [dʒ] ncg (rare) [ndʒ] ie perhaps /iy(ː)/ io perhaps /iu(ː)/ ng [ŋg], [ndʒ] sc /sk/, /ʃ/ th (rare) /θ/, [ð] uu (rare) /w/ Old English Activity Alphabet: Annotating Beowulf 450CE ~ 1150CE Thorn ‘þ’, as in /θ/ as in thing Old English Activity Alphabet: Annotating Beowulf 450CE ~ 1150CE Eth ‘ð’ as in /ð/ as in this Old English Activity Alphabet: Annotating Beowulf 450CE ~ 1150CE Wynn ‘ƿ’ as in /w/ as in way Appears as modern ‘w’ Old English Activity Alphabet: Annotating Beowulf 450CE ~ 1150CE Ash ‘æ’ as in /æ/ as in act Old English ExpT Phonetics & Phonology 450CE ~ 1150CE Additional phonemes: Voiceless alveolar nasal / / Voiceless lateral approximant / / Voiceless palatal fricative / / Voiceless labial-velar fricative / / Voiced velar fricative / / Old English ExpT Phonetics & Phonology 450CE ~ 1150CE Old English had six simple vowels, spelled a, æ, i, o, u and y, and probably a seventh, spelled ie. It also had two diphthongs (moving vowels); ea and eo. Each of these sounds came in short and long versions. Long vowels are always marked with macrons (e.g. ā) in modern editions and also in some scholarly editions. However, vowels are never so marked in Old English manuscripts. The Old English word stān is the same word as Modern English stone. Some other examples are: rāp—rope, bāt — boat. Other vowels have also undergone some changes for example; changes in fōt (foot), cēne (keen), but the identity of these words with their modern descendants is still readily apparent. Old English ExpT Phonetics & Phonology 450CE ~ 1150CE Short Vowels Long Vowels Old English IPA Symbol 1 Mnemonic Old English Old IPA Sym Mnemonic Old English Example Vowel Example 1 English bol y y French tu cynn ‘kin, Vowel family’ ȳ yː French ruse cȳþþ ‘kith, friends’ i ɪ bit scip, ‘ship’ ī iː beat wīte, ‘punishment’ e ɛ bet ecg, ‘ecg, ē eː bait ēþel, ‘homeland, sword’ territory’ ɑː a ɑ father pað, ‘path’ ā aunt stān, ‘stone’ ǣ æː bat bæde, ‘bade, i.e. asked, æ æ bad cræft, ‘skill commanded’ or trade’ ō oː boat gōd, ‘good’ o ɔ bought god, ‘God’ ū uː boot brūcan, ‘to enjoy’ u ʊ book sunu, ‘son’ Old English ExpT Phonetics & Phonology 450CE ~ 1150CE F is pronounced the same as the modern English [f] when at the start or end of a word, or when it is beside an unvoiced consonant. However, it is pronounced like [v] if it comes between two vowels (heofan, seofan, yfel), or between a vowel and a voiced consonant within a word (wulfas). S also changes in the same way, being pronounced like [z] when between two vowels (dysig, husian, ceosan). C is pronounced [tʃ] like 'ch' when before a front vowel (i, e, æ), for example, cild, lice, ceaster are pronounced 'child', 'lich', and 'chester'. If 'c' comes before a back vowel (a, o, u) or a consonant, it is pronounced like [k] , for example, cyning, cræft, cnapa. G can be pronounced one of three ways depending on what it occurs in a word. Before front vowels (i, e, æ), the 'g' is pronounced [j] , like a modern 'y' in 'yet'. For example, þegen, geond, werig. If 'g' is before or after a consonant or back vowel (a, o, u), the g is pronounced [g] like in 'garden'. For example, god, gar, lang. Between two back vowels, g is pronounced [ɣ]. For example, boga, dragan. This sound is no longer used in modern English and is hard for Anglophones to pronounce. Old English ExpT Phonetics & Phonology 450CE ~ 1150CE Sc is pronounced [ ʃ ] like the modern English 'sh', so words like biscop, scip, and fisc are all pronounced like their modern English equivalents, bishop, ship, and fish. There are only two instances where 'sc' is pronounced like 'sk'. The first is if the 'sc' occurs due to a compound like 'iscald - ice cold'. The second is when 'sc' occurs before or after a back vowel (a, o, u). For example, ascian and tusc are pronounced 'askian' and 'tusk'. Cg in Old English is pronounced [ʒ] like 'dg' in modern English. So 'brycg' is pronounced just like its modern equivalent 'bridge'. Similarly, 'ecg' is pronounced like its modern equivalent 'edge’. As you may have noticed, in many instances where a consonant changes sound in Old English, it is preserved in the modern English spelling. We write 'heaven', 'ship', 'bridge', 'ask' and 'dizzy' as these are how the words have always been pronounced and the letters we use to represent these sounds have evolved. However, it is important to remember that there are no silent letters in Old English so all letters are pronounced. Old English Activity 450CE ~ 1150CE Phonetics & Phonology: Annotating Beowulf F is pronounced the same as the modern English [f] when at the start or end of a word, or when it is beside an unvoiced consonant. However, it is pronounced like [v] if it comes between two vowels (heofan, seofan, yfel), or between a vowel and a voiced consonant within a word (wulfas). Therefore, ‘gyfen’ is pronounced ‘given’ Old English ExpT Morphology - Nouns 450CE ~ 1150CE ‘Cases’ in Old English are a system of inflectional morphemes used to denote the grammatical role of nouns. There are four main grammatical cases in Old English, known by the Latin terms; The Nominative is used for the Subject Accusative is used for the Direct Object Genitive is used to express possession Dative is used for the Indirect Object Old English ExpT Morphology - Nouns 450CE ~ 1150CE Look for: -es, -e, -as, -a, -um Approximate Singular Old English English Translation Nominative (subject) stān stone Accusative (direct object) stān stone Genitive (possession) stānes of the stone Dative (indirect object) stāne to/for the stone Approximate Plural Old English English Translation Nominative (subject) stānas stones Accusative (direct object) stānas stones Genitive (possession) stāna of the stones Dative (indirect object) stānum to/for the stones Old English ExpT Morphology - Nouns 450CE ~ 1150CE Old English nouns had grammatical gender, singular and plural number, and were also classified as "strong" or "weak" according to the distinctness of their inflectional endings. The gender of Old English is not dependent upon considerations of sex. Old English nouns belong to one of three genders: masculine, feminine and neuter. stān is masculine cwēn ‘queen’ is feminine wīf ‘wife’ is neuter Old English ExpT Morphology - Verbs 450CE ~ 1150CE Verbs also used inflectional morphemes to mark various changes. Grammatical person – first, second, third Number – single, plural Tense – past, present, future Verbs also have three moods: Indicative, used for statements of fact (I love him) Imperative, used for commands (Love me!) Subjunctive, used for hypothetical statements (If I loved you) and reported speech (He said he loved me). Verbs are divided into two classes: the weak and the strong (regular and irregular verbs) Weak verbs (regular) are those that require 'ed' at the end but the vowel remain same - walk, walked, walked Strong verbs (irregular) are those in which vowel is changed or modified - sing, sang, sung. Old English ExpT Morphology - Verbs 450CE ~ 1150CE Singular Neuter Feminine Weak Masculine Weak Feminine Approx % of nouns 25% 25% 9% 5% Modern English ship gift man tongue Nominative (subject) scip giefu guma tunge Accusative (direct object) scip giefe guman tungan Genitive (possession) scipes giefe guman tungan Dative (indirect object) scipe giefe guman tungan Plural Neuter Feminine Weak Masculine Weak Feminine Nominative (subject) scipu giefa guman tungan Accusative (direct object) scipu giefa guman tungan Genitive (possession) scipa giefa gumena tungena Dative (indirect object) scipum giefum gumum tungum Old English Activity Morphology: Annotating Beowulf 450CE ~ 1150CE Genitive is used to express possession Dative is used for the Indirect Object Therefore: Feorum gumena = the lives of man Old English ExpT Lexicology 450CE ~ 1150CE The vocabulary of Old English is almost purely Germanic. Old Norse borrowings; pronouns and basic verbs. Old English verse showed a lack of function words making it compact. Only a few Celtic words remain. Dialects of Kentish, Mercian, Northumbrian and West Saxon carried around 50,000 words each and were largely mutually intelligible. Old English ExpT Syntax 450CE ~ 1150CE Inflectional languages falls into two classes: synthetic and analytic. A synthetic language is one which indicates the relation of words is a sentence largely by means of inflections. Analytic languages make extensive use of prepositions and auxiliary verbs and depend upon word order to show other relationships. Modern English is an analytic language and Old English is a synthetic language. Old English did have some conventions around the placement of the verb, or other elements for emphasis. Old English ExpT Syntax 450CE ~ 1150CE Old English Activity Lexicology/Syntax: Annotating Beowulf 450CE ~ 1150CE Using the list on the previous slide and https://www.oldenglishtranslator.co.uk/, find and translate 4 content words and 2 function words. Old English Activity KLT: Old English Text 2 450CE ~ 1150CE Using the resources in this powerpoint, annotate & fill in the table for Old English Text 2. Text and translation source: https://stella.glasgow.ac.uk/readings/oe-5- caedmons-hymn.html Translator: https://www.oldenglishtranslator.co.uk/ Further reading: https://lrc.la.utexas.edu/eieol/engol