3005PSY Psychology Past Paper PDF

Social Sciences Psychology Counseling Psychology week 1 3005psy, 3005psy week 9, culture, week 8 narrative therapy, 3005psy week 11 suicide, family violence, 3005psy...

Social Sciences Psychology Counseling Psychology week 1 3005psy, 3005psy week 9, culture, week 8 narrative therapy, 3005psy week 11 suicide, family violence, 3005psy week 7 SOLUTION FOCUSSED THERAPY, 3005psy solution focused therapy, 3005PSY WEEK 6 MINDFULNESS AND act, cognitive therapy week 5, 300... Leave the first rating Students also viewed Week 3 - Interpersonal skills: effecti... Understanding PTSD: The Aftermath... chapter 5 validity Topic 6 35 terms 102 terms 37 terms Teacher intellectualgigachad Preview Jeel_Patel842 Preview Jessicavumbaca Preview jen Terms in this set (975) features that define a treatment and make it different from other types of therapy (CBT, GESTALT, ACT) - differences are in terms of outcomes = theoretical model of human behaviour specific factors are = techniques - the type of model employs effects outcomes - can be WITHIN model specific techniques- automatic neg thoughts, core beliefs or both effects outcomes the model/thepry employed - a model is a set of assumption about human behavior = what causes human behaviour- developed prbs from parents specific factors are related to = what changes behaviour- certain events = what maintains behaviour- why anxiety still after car crash passed = what changes problems models provide a theoretical framework, structure and focus to counselling - CBT - Interpersonal therapy - Gestalt - ACT - Dialectical behaviour therapy - narrative therapy specific factors, types of models include - psychodrama - psychodynamic therapy - reality therapy - existential therapy - solution focused - REBT specific factors focus on the maintaining factors of clients probs techniques - procedures, interventions or strategies used by therapists of a model to specific factors are types of produce change week 1 3005psy, 3005psy week 9, culture, week 8 narrative therapy, 3005psy week 11 suicide...  - cog restructuring - I messages - goal setting - roleplaying - empty chair techniques specific factors- types of techniques used - exposure include? - cog diffusion - ACT these are specific to the model to which - active listening they relate - free association - reframing - miracle question - dream interpretation - chain analysis - genograms common factors are used regardless of content of therapy specific to any particular model, but common to most if not all models. Three important common factors are common factors are NOT - therapeutic alliance - client factors (age, disorder, past treatment, IQ, motivation) - expectations for change- clients and therapists what is more important, common or common factors specific factors THE MAIN FACTORS THAT INFLUENCEOUTCOMES - therapeutic relationship 30%= COMMON FACTOR The big 4 common factors are - extra-therapeutic/client factors 40%= COMMON FACTOR - Hope and expectancy 15%= COMMON FACTOR - models and techniques 15%= SPECIFIC FACTORS/THEORY & TECHNIQUES the connection, bond or rapport that is formed between client and counsellor during therapy - includes - positive regard and acceptance (seeing the client as a human being with essential goodness) THE THERAPEUTIC RELATIONSHIP = - caring, warmth and genuineness - purposefullness - trust and confidence - encouragement of risk taking (support for change) - empathy tasks 3 main aspects of therapeutic relationship goals are bonds week 1 3005psy, 3005psy week 9, culture, week 8 narrative therapy, 3005psy week 11 suicide...  extra therapeutic factors 40% factors of the client and their life context exist outside the normal therapeutic process, yet contribute to change such as - social/environmental factors - quality of family relationships - social network - religious affiliations/spirituality - secure employment - financial security - moves/change of job process issues are - death - illness/injury - sense of humour - optimism/pessimism - biological/genetic factors - temperament - disabilit - persistence - resilliance - READINESS FOR CHANGE (internal state of motivation, pre-contemplation, contemplation... 15% - knowing that they are in therapy, client form certain expectations for improvement, which become self-fullfilling prophecies - 15% improve before treatment begins hope and expectancy = - influenced by the degree to which the client or counsellor believes a solution is possible - there are concrete and definate ways for change - degree to which client or counsellor believed the client has the capacity, ability or skills needed to change passive empathy = therapists unbiased understanding of clients experience there are two main types of empathy active empathy= therapists comm of their understanding of clients experience in a ? way which validates and supports client a place in the therapeutic process passive and active empathy have the clients experience of being empathically received allows sharing deep persoanl feelings, facilitates self exploration and letting go of defences one key component of the therapeutic empathy relationship/ common factor is ? which is a central ingredient that promotes reflection and change percieving the internal fram of reference of another with accuracy, as if one were the Rogers said empathy is person, but without ever loosing the 'as if' condition. The 'as if' condition is crucial to accurate empathy you never truly understand a persons experiences as you dont posess their unique the 'as if' assumes traits, personality, upbringing, exeriences, edu, temperament. accurate empathy means to do your best to understand a person and their experience a sympathetic response is expressing care and compassion, STILL YOUR OWN FEELINGS not direct expression of your own feelings, it is trying to understand anothers empathic responding is feelings - innaccurate empathy = therapists presumes to know/imposes their understanding on client 3 traps of empathy include - over-involved = to experience identical feelings to client (missing ' as if') - sympathetic responding = express care and compassion- your own feelings empathy fuels connection weekdrives sympathy 1 3005psy, 3005psy week 9, culture, week 8 narrative therapy, 3005psy week 11 suicide... disconnection  definitions of concepts, assumptions and observations theory includes they are tested to see if they work theories of psychotherapy and counselling theories of individual personality, they are are based on - logically organised laws/ relationships that constitute explanation in a discipline precision and clarity comprehensiveness when using theories we need to consider usefulness testability theories are based on rules that are clear and specific - should use operational definitions, which specify operations and procedures used theories- precision and clarity = to measure variables - should be parsimonious - should explain an area with as few assumptions as possible the more comprehensive a theory, the more widely it can be applied, also the more theories- comprehensiveness vulnerable to error theory must b tested and confirmed - experience shows theories are valid and effective but research must show it is theories- testability effective to bring about change in individual behaviour - when concepts are clearly defined, hypotheses can be stated precisely and tested good theories lead to new hypotheses to be tested - should be helpful to practitioners theories - usefulness - good theories should help clients to function better - theories give systematic ways to assess clients problems - theories are the most powerful tool a therapist has interactions between therapist and client to help with problems related to - disorders of thinking psychotherapy and counselling are both - emotional suffering - behaviour problems theories need ethical and legal approval brief psychotherpay depends on the agencies philosophy and resources 3 -40 sessions HMO's/ health maintenance orgs put limits how many sessions they will pay for on clients seek treatment that lasts weeks to months- not years brief psychotherapy AKA short term psychotherapy and time limited therapy brief and s.term therapy has limits on the number of sessions has a number of sessions required for completion, with specific issues raised in each time limited therapy = phase of limited sessions psychoanalysis addresses the issue of long term and brief therapeutic treatments jungian, existential, person-centered and methodologies with treatment lenghts less than 6-12 months gestalt therapies dont have REBT, behaviour, cog and reality therapies how some problems require less time than others show some family therapies are designed for 5-10 meetings theories deal with applications to areas such as - social problems - education theories- current trends - families, groups other trends reflect challenges to - existing theoretical concepts - development of new ones week 1 3005psy, 3005psy week 9, culture, week 8 narrative therapy, 3005psy week 11 suicide...  - the growth and development of treatment manuals - evidence based treatments 4 different trends (theory) are - the influence of contructivism on the theory - practice of psychotherapy and mindfulness - describe skills and sequence of using skills that therapists should use - specify procedures clearly - allow researchers to investigate the effectiveness of a method, as all therapists treatment manuals = using the method in research can be checked to see if they comply with the directions - can be examined for their validity - can be used in evidence based treatments evidence based psychotherapy evidence based treatment AKA = empirically supported therapy research supported psychotherapy EBT/evidence based treatments is defined clearly specified treatments shown to be efficacious in controlled research with a as deliniated population RCT's with experimental and control group and random assignment controlled research in EBT uses - progress should be monitored for 12-24 months psychotherapy must follow the treatment manual, have clear goals and treatment planning EBT is specific to psychological disorders and to specific populations EBT treatments are infomed by research both behavioural and cognitive treatments in combination because these treatments are - brief most research supported therapies use - use treatment manuals - specific about goals - use research methds psychoanalysis is used to treat depression depression can also be treated with gestalt therapy depression OCD GAD behaviour therapy is used to treat PTSD- EMDR phobic disorders borderline disorder- dialectical behaviour therapy depression cognitive therapy is used to treat anxiety OCD The idea of non-directiveness is related to the necessary and sufficient conditions for client change person centered therapy has 6 of these to bring about personality/psychotherapeutic change ICEPUP - Incongruence necessary and sufficient conditions for - Congruence and genuineness client change - - empathy - psychological contact - unconditional positive regard - perception of empathy and acceptance client must be psychologically vulnerable- fearful/anxious/distressed - in the distress is an incongruence of the clients perception of self and actual incongruence = experience - some clients not aware the incongruence, when becoming aware they are more week 1 3005psy, 3005psy week 9, culture, open week 8 to the therapeutic narrative therapy, 3005psy week 11 suicide... experience  therapist must genuinely be themself - be fully aware of their body, comm with others, be spontaneous and open in congruence and genuineness = relationship with others - congruence incorporates being empathic and offering unconditional pos regard the therapist is his actual self in his encounter with client, he openly has feelings and attitudes that are flowing in him at the moment, which involves self- awareness. genuineness (Rogers, 1966) defined as Therapists feelings are available and he is able to live and experience them in he relationship and comm them if they persist is to enter another's world without being influenced by ones own views and values - ppl must have sufficient seperateness so dont get lost in perceptual world of other person to be empathic - involves being sensitive moment to moment to the changing felt meanings which flow in other person to whatever they are experiencing - we temporarily live their life, move about in it delicately, without judgement, amke meaning of what they are scarcely aware must be a relationship where 2 ppl are capable of having some impact on each other psychological contact = - Brodley, 2000 describes prescence as-therapist is not just in same room with client but brings forth their abilities to attend to and be engaged by client AKA acceptance - therapist has no conditions of acceptance, accepts and appriciates client as is - therapist accepts even if client lies unconditional positive regard = - acceptance is not agreement - conditions of worth imposed on client by others not fostered by therapist - as client values the UPR of therapist, this increases the clients pos self regard Bozarth, 2007 views UPR as a primary condition of therapeutic change perception of empathy and acceptance client must percieve that they are understood and accepted not directing clients non-directiveness = - reflect their experiences, by not asking questions or making suggestions- frees client to grow psychologically that it actually is directive when used on context of empathy and UPR as helps client grow and work towards increasing pos therapeutic change one perspective on being non-directive is - questions from client to counsellor can be answered directly, while still being in spirit of non-directiveness the clients experience in therapy, the opportunity for clients to express fears, anxiety, guilt, anger or shame they are not therapeutic relationship offers able to accept within themselves when the 6 necessary and sufficient accept themslevs and others and express themsleves creatively conditions are met, the client is able to themself in new ways, taking responsibility for themself, process of self exploration, in therapy, the client experiences deeper understanding of self and positive change - clients learn they are responsible for themselves in the therapeutic relationship and more broadly experiencing responsibility -= - clients may be frustrated by therapists emphasis on clients experience, person- centered therapists believe clients soon accept and welcome it - client gradually appreciates the empathy, UPR of therapist they feel cared for and experiencing the therapist = fully accepted - assists client to care for themselves better and others - by exploring feelings that are deeply felt, rather than feelings that should be experiencing the process of exploration = sensed, client experiences feeling of total honesty and self awareness, contradictions can be explored self exploration, client realizes that deepest layers of personality are forward moving and realistic experiencing the self - clients explore who they really are and their inner world and drop pretences about week 1 3005psy, 3005psy week 9, whoculture, week they should be 8 narrative therapy, 3005psy week 11 suicide... experiencing change when client has sufficient positive self regard they may be ready to cease therapy when looking at the number needed to just as effective as asprin for headaches treat, CBT for anxiety is metaanalyses show clients undergoing 80% of untreated samples therapy are better off than 75% of clients significantly improve after ? 26/6 months sessions/months of therapy 8-10 sessions 50% of clients show improvements after - most gains maintained in l.term a proportion of clients will relapse and require ongoing treatment (lack of self efficacy, social support) maintenance of therapy gains are clients attribute improvement to their own efforts enhanced if one factor associated with treatment the type pf presenting problem outcomes is - treatment gains are better for depression and anxiety then for eating disorders clients who do better after therapy in the are those who leave therapy with self-efficacy and capacity to solve own problems long term... Clark soon relaised that it was essential to a cognitive component/framework to more fully assess the functioning of clients include ? to empathic understanding Clark began to clarify the difference expressing empathy as a mode of communication and experiencing empathy as an between attitudinal engagement einfuhlung = a means of coming to know how a particular work of art through the Robert Vischer, 1873 coined the term projection of human feelings. The word derives from an individuals psychological aesthetic experience of feeling oneself into or to feel within Theodor Lipps developed a theory that einfulhung, into to realm of interpersonal functioning, he broadened its meaning into extended on the area of understanding others from a psychological vantage point Lipps conceptualised the response of a projection and immitationwhereby a person feels into the experience of another person by detailing a process of individual as a means of knowing empathy. In his later writings, he discussed the process of feeling oneself into in US, Titchener translated einfuhlung into situationsthat individuals experience as an imaginative aspect of empathy experiential it is possible to conceptually organise the communication construct of empathy into 3 modes in a observational treatment context - these modes represent broad categorisations across diverse theoretical orientations a way of being or an attitude that is a critical variable in therapeutic change, he and others later emphasized an experiential mode of empathy- where therapist assumes Rogers recognised empathy as a transitory engagement with a client in an attempt to grasp the inner experience and meanings of a person. The practitioner resonates in a bodily felt response to a clients functioning and conveys aspects of this interaction to the client empathy as a mode of comm...... for empathy to engender therapeutic gain, it must be communicated to an individual a therapist may utilise empathy as a means of aquiring psychological data relating to a client, therapist then transforms the knowledge into an interpretation or related with respect to an observational mode of interventions. This process of observing and explaining suggests a deeper quality of empathy.... empathic understanding as a client achieves a broader perspective relating to their experience Rogers, 1966 determned that the presence one of the definable variables that, in addition to congruence and UPR, affect of empathy was progress and success in therapy Rogers was insistent that empathy be an attitude in therapy viewed as week 1 3005psy, 3005psy week 9, culture, week 8 narrative therapy, 3005psy week 11 suicide... Rogers, a fundamental aspect of empathic it is essential for practitioners to grasp the internal frame of reference as a client attitude is that percieves it and endeavour to comm key aspects of this experience to client