Fundamental Elements of Statistics PDF

FUNDAMENTAL ELEMENTS OF STATISTICS LEARNING OBJECTIVES Explain the basic concepts, uses and importance of statistics. Identify the fundamental elements of statistics. Distinguish sample from population. Classify variables into discrete and continuous. FUNDAMENTAL ELE...

FUNDAMENTAL ELEMENTS OF STATISTICS LEARNING OBJECTIVES Explain the basic concepts, uses and importance of statistics. Identify the fundamental elements of statistics. Distinguish sample from population. Classify variables into discrete and continuous. FUNDAMENTAL ELEMENTS OF STATISTICS DATA POPULATION SAMPLE VARIABLE DATA ❑ Data is any quantitative or qualitative facts. ✔ Test scores ✔ Weight of Grade 8 students ✔ The number of users accessing a website. ✔ Photographs ✔ Audio recordings ✔ Inventory level in a stockroom on a specific date. ✔ Biodata  DATA NOTE: Data is different with information. Data Information Data is a raw form of Information is a group of knowledge which do not data that collectively carries carry any specific meaning. a logical meaning. Data does not depend on Information depends on information. data. Unorganized and Organized and referred to in insufficient for decision- decision-making. making.  DATA NOTE: Data is different with information. Data Information Test scores Average score of a class The number of users Understanding that changes accessing a website. to a website have led to an increase or decrease in number of visitors. Inventory level in a Understanding supply stockroom on a specific issues based on the trends date. of inventory. DATA ❑ Data are the values that the variables can assume. ❑ Data can come in the form of text, observations, figures, images, numbers, graphs, or symbols. ✔ Text- chats, posts, letters, conversations ✔ Observations- habits, records ✔ Figures- shapes, timeline ✔ Images- photographs, screenshots ✔ Numbers- age, scores, number of users ✔ Graphs- pie graph, bar graph, histogram ✔ Symbols- heart symbol, dove symbol, owl symbol ❑ Data can be classified into two according to its nature: ✔ Quantitative Data ✔ Qualitative Data POPULATION ❑ Population refers to the totality of all the elements or persons. ❑ It is the complete or entire collection of elements to be studied. ❑ For example: ✔ The members of the faculty of a school ✔ The graduating class ✔ The Visayan-speaking employees of a company ✔ Grade 8 students from Saint Jude Catholic School ✔ Presidents of the Philippines POPULATION ❑ A particular variable of a population can be associated to the population. ❑ For example: ✔ ages of graduating students ✔ IQ scores of the employees ✔ income of single parents ✔ hair color of the members of the family ✔ skin color ❑ The usual notation for population is N. ❑ A PARAMETER is any statistical information or attribute taken from a population. SAMPLE ❑ Sample is a part of a population determined by sampling procedures. ❑ A sample is a subset of a population. ❑ For example: ✔ Female students of Grade 8 students. ▪ Grade 8 students is the population. ▪ Female students is the sample. ✔ All students whose surname begins with A of Grade 10 students. ▪ Grade 10 students is the population. ▪ All students whose surname begins with A is the sample. ❑ The usual notation for sample is n. ❑ A STATISTIC is any statistical information or attribute taken from a sample.  POPULATION VS. SAMPLE Population refers to the totality Sample is a part of a of all the elements or persons. population determined by It is the complete or entire sampling procedures. collection of elements to be A sample is a subset of a studied. population. Population is larger than Sample is a smaller unit than sample. population. Population cannot be derived A sample can be derived from from a sample. population. Example: Example: ✔ All students from Saint ✔ Grade 8 students from Jude Catholic School Saint Jude Catholic School  TRY IT! Population or Sample? Directions: Identify which of the following pairs in each item is a population or sample. On the given blank, write P if it is a population, and S if it is a sample. 1. National Capital Region City of Manila 2. Cup of Flour Sack of Flour 3. Southeast Asia Philippines 4. Philippines Mindanao 5. All students in a class Top 10 students  TRY IT! Population or Sample? Directions: Identify which of the following pairs in each item is a population or sample. On the given blank, write P if it is a population, and S if it is a sample. 1. P National Capital Region S City of Manila 2. S Cup of Flour P Sack of Flour 3. P Southeast Asia S Philippines 4. P Philippines S Mindanao 5. P All students in a class S Top 10 students VARIABLE ❑ Variable is a specific factor, property, or characteristic of a population or a sample which differentiates a sample or group of samples from another group. ❑ For example: ✔ The scores obtained from a coeducation class may differ by gender. ▪ Hence, gender is considered variable. ✔ In a Catholic congregation. × Religion cannot be considered a variable since every member of the population is Catholic. VARIABLE ❑ There are two types of variables- qualitative and quantitative. ✔ Qualitative Variables ▪ words or codes that represent a class or category ▪ examples: gender, religion, marital status, highest educational attainment ✔ Quantitative Variables ▪ are numbers that represent an amount or count ▪ Examples: height, weight, household size, number of registered cars ▪ Quantitative variables can be further classified as discrete or continuous.  VARIABLE DISCRETE VARIABLE CONTINUOUS VARIABLE A variable that can be obtained A variable that can be obtained by counting. by measuring objects or Examples: attributes. ✔ Number of days It can assume all values ✔ Number of siblings. between any two specific values ✔ Number of clothes in a including decimals like 0.5, 1.2, closet etc. ✔ Pair of socks in a drawer Examples: ✔ Subjects taken by Grade 8 ✔ Weight of a student. during Monday. ✔ Temperature in a room. ✔ Number of teachers in JHS. ✔ Area of a classroom ✔ Speed of a car  TRY IT! Discrete or Continuous? Directions: Tell whether each item is a Discrete Variable or Continuous Variable. On the space provided each item number, write D if it is a discrete variable, and C if it is a continuous variable. 1. The number of hair strands. 2. The number of female students in a class. 3. The number of test questions you answered correctly. 4. The amount of rain that falls in a storm. 5. The pair of shoes you have in your house.  TRY IT! Discrete or Continuous? Directions: Tell whether each item is a Discrete Variable or Continuous Variable. On the space provided each item number, write D if it is a discrete variable, and C if it is a continuous variable. 1. D The number of hair strands. 2. D The number of female students in a class. 3. D The number of test questions you answered correctly. 4. C The amount of rain that falls in a storm. 5. D The pair of shoes you have in your house.  TRY IT! Discrete or Continuous? Directions: Tell whether each item is a Discrete Variable or Continuous Variable. On the space provided each item number, write D if it is a discrete variable, and C if it is a continuous variable. 6. The speed of a car. 7. The number of likes in your Facebook post. 8. The speed of the wind. 9. The weight of the meat you bought on the market. 10. The number of eggs in a tray.  TRY IT! Discrete or Continuous? Directions: Tell whether each item is a Discrete Variable or Continuous Variable. On the space provided each item number, write D if it is a discrete variable, and C if it is a continuous variable. 6. C The speed of a car. 7. D The number of likes in your Facebook post. 8. C The speed of the wind. 9. C The weight of the meat you bought on the market. 10. D The number of eggs in a tray. Statistics is a broad field of Mathematics which requires deep understanding of its fundamental elements.  Assignment: Prepare for a short quiz next meeting on the fundamental elements of Statistics. See you next meeting!