Biogeography: Landscape Ecology and Global Biodiversity PDF

Landscape Ecology and Global Biodiversity What influences number of species from regional to global levels? Copyright © 2021 W. H. Freeman and Company. All rights reserved.  Legacy Effects of Humans Roman villages, France Calcium Phosphorus Introduce...

Landscape Ecology and Global Biodiversity What influences number of species from regional to global levels? Copyright © 2021 W. H. Freeman and Company. All rights reserved.  Legacy Effects of Humans Roman villages, France Calcium Phosphorus Introduced plants Species–Area Curve for Amphibians & Reptiles West Indies islands A Species–Area Curve for Southeast Asian Birds  Oceanic vs Continental Islands Cedar glades Lakes Mountain tops Wetlands in Ontario, Canada  Species–area Curve S = cAZ log(S) = log(c) + z*log(A) A = Area S = Number of species z = slope  Species–area Curve ands l isl nta ntine -0.25 Co 0.15 Number of species Example, nds a Cedar glades in isl nic 0.4 - middle TN = 0.17 a ce 0.2 O Area Habitat Fragmentation – Contiguous Forests into Islands of Forests Decrease Area Effect on Species Richness Continental Number of species Oceanic Area Fragmentation of Terrestrial Habitats from the Flooding of Lago Guri, Venezuela Effect of Habitat Fragmentation on Edge Habitat Environmental Changes at Edge Interior Birds End-up Nesting on Edge Nest Predation is Higher Along Edges Small mammals Sedláček et al. Tropical Conservation  Brood Parasitism is Higher at Edge Brown-headed cowbird Wilson’s warbler feeding cowbird Nature Preserve Design  Building Corridors Alberta, Canada  Corridor Examples Crabs on Christmas Island, Elephants in Kenya Indian Ocean Monkey bridge, Brazil  The Equilibrium Theory of Island Biogeography incorporates both habitat area and isolation. Late 1960s Edward O. Wilson Robert H. MacArthur Island Area and Isolation Affects Bird Species Richness Islands various distances from New Guinea Island Area and Isolation Affects Mountaintop Mammals in Southwestern United States Achieving an Equilibrium Number of Species on an Island Effects of Island Size on the Equilibrium Number of Species Effects of Island Isolation on the Equilibrium Number of Species Combined Effects of Island Size and Isolation on Species Richness  Test of Island Biogeography Theory Southern Florida Before-After Experimental Design Test of Island Biogeography Theory Biodiversity is highest near the equator and declines toward the poles. LATITUDINAL DIVERSITY GRADIENT (LDG) Patterns in Global Diversity Comparison to Murfreesboro Area Location Number of species (spp.) Rutherford 276 bird spp. County, TN 0.4 bird spp./mi2 25 tree spp. 0.04 tree spp./mi2 La Selva 496 bird spp. Biological 83 bird Station, spp./mi2 Costa Rica 420 tree spp. 70 tree Patterns of Marine Biodiversity  What Causes the LDG? Many suggested causes but still unresolved. 3 general ideas 1. History – Glaciation  1. History – Glaciation Equatorial regions Northern regions Species diversity Time Species diversity Time 2. Differences in Rates 3. Energy–diversity Hypothesis Vertebrates in North America Reaches a plateau  related to temperatur e becoming a stressor