Neuro 8 PDF

Neuro 8  Topics Brain 9.5 – Brainstem: Medulla, Pons, Midbrain, Reticular formation (282- 285) – Cerebellum (285) – Diencephalon: Thalamus, hypothalamus (285-286) pineal gland and pituitary (205-209, 218) – Cerebrum: Ba...

Neuro 8  Topics Brain 9.5 – Brainstem: Medulla, Pons, Midbrain, Reticular formation (282- 285) – Cerebellum (285) – Diencephalon: Thalamus, hypothalamus (285-286) pineal gland and pituitary (205-209, 218) – Cerebrum: Basal ganglia, limbic system, cerebral cortex (287-289) Sensory physiology. Ch 10: 10.0, 10.1 (308-315) – General properties – Transduction – Receptive fields – CNS integration – Coding and processing (modality, location, intensity and duration) http://pollev.com/bmsc207  > middle Pons and midbrain have tracks - all Pons: contains nuclei and tracts passing through -relays information between the cerebellum and cerebrum -assists the medulla in the coordination of breathing 3 motor info passes blu Midbrain (mesencephalon): junction (mesencephalon) between lower brainstem and diencephalon (nuclei and tracts) -primary function is controlling eye movement -also relays auditory and visual reflexes (movement of body in response to these stimuli) > controls unconscious contractions - -contains the substantia nigra muscle Parkinsons  Reticular formation -nuclei dispersed throughout brain -extends throughout the brainstem: small clusters of neuronal cell bodies interspersed among tracts (ascending and descending) from role + wakening main sleep -important in awake X and consciousness, an are arousal, attention -projects/filters and alertness sensory info to -RAS inactivated cortex during sleep, damage can induce coma -regulates muscle tone, assists in vital functions (HR, BP, Resp rate)  Cerebellum -Second largest brain structure -two cerebellar hemispheres > - a ton of neurons -processes sensory information 112neuros a brain related to movement and coordinates the execution of movement By -sends feedback signals to motor areas of the cerebral cortex, via its connections to the thalamus and pons helping to correct any errors and smooth the movements -main area regulating posture and balance  Diencephalon -lies between the brain stem and cerebrum D -two primary structures: thalamus and hypothalamus -two endocrine structures: pineal gland and pituitary > - all sensory info through go Thalamus (relay center): receives sensory info from optic tract, ears, spinal cord and motor info from cerebellum and projects info to cerebrum for processing Pineal gland- cyclically releases melatonin involved in circadian rhythm and sleep/wake  Diencephalon Hypothalamus: the I center for homeostasis man -influences autonomic and endocrine function us onitors > - know what's a lot of under eined variables  Pituitary Output of the hypothalamus u ↳ difftissues t tissue Posterior pituitary is neural tissue Anterior pituitary is endocrine tissue Posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) pituitary hypoth. - from axons/neuronstion -large prep roduc sys reinal sys T Anterior pituitary to don't needa Hypothalamic- hypophyseal portal system Control growth, metabolism and reproduction  Cerebrum Largest and most distinctive part of the brain - > little # Gray matter include: Cerebral cortex, basalGregions ganglia, and limbic system White matter: tracts> a - lot 4 Area of higher processing, to “Seat of intelligence”tabilitya Two hemispheres divided into 4 lobes, connected by corpus callosum left and & righhemisphere  Basal nuclei (ganglia) in ↳ cell bodies -three nuclei collectively PNS ↓ · even if termed the basal ganglia CNS (nuclei) -globus pallidus talke and -putamen -caudate nucleus thought into emer to -major job is regulating the initiation and termination of movement -receives input from cerebral cortex and provides output to motor portions of the cortex  Limbic system Limbic system “emotional brain” plays a primary role in a range of emotions, including pain, pleasure, docility, affection, and anger. Also believed to play a primary role in learning 2 and memory 3 major components: Cingulate gyrus Amygdala Hippocampus  i Cerebral cortex -outermost layer of the cerebrum -integrating center for the CNS Sulci vs gyri Functionally divided into three specializations: 1. Sensory areas (translate sensory input into perception) 2. Motor areas (direct skeletal muscle movement) 3. Association areas (integrate information from sensory and motor areas and help direct voluntary behaviours and deal with complex integrative functions) Each hemisphere is anatomically divided into four lobes sensory motor special senses  Cerebral lateralization (dominance) > - averages Distribution of functional areas in the two hemispheres is not symmetrical Cortex can undergo plasticity  Ch 10. Sensory physiology Sensory systems provide us with information about the environment Nitrogens outside and inside our body  General properties of sensory systems physical converts stimuli + O > - elec. sign. A sensory neuron with a transducer (receptor), that coverts a physical stimulus into an intracellular signal (change in membrane potential) -Usually through the opening or closing of gated channels ↓ in specialized to response R physical · mP en Stimulus bi - L -nonenoronal cells. Pain/Itch/ Special senses Temperature Touch/ proprioception Ge in Bear. (except olfactory) hair -Non-neuronal cell transduces  Sensory Receptors converted to ! on -based receptor (GP) stimulus potential -blood chemoreceptors -nociceptors -hypothalamic glucose sensing neurons can ! converting -taste, smell initiate stimulus AP -touch -Proprioceptors -nociceptors -auditory (hair cells) -Balance (cupula) -Vision (rods and cones) -Thermal receptors -nociceptors Physical stimuli are transduced into receptor potentials (graded potentials) Receptor potentials reaching threshold induce action potentials Mechanically gated channels -converts mechanical stimulus into electrical signal -Receptor potential aka generator potential (equivalent to graded potential)  Receptive fields Sensory neurons are activated by stimuli that fall within a specific physical area Somatosensory neurons bring information to the CNS