Classification System: Binomial Nomenclature & Phylogeny PDF

# CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM: - BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE & PHYLOGENY - classification systems are essential tools for organizing and understanding the diversity of life. ## History of Classification System - **The Linnaean System** - Developed by Carolus Linnaeus in the 18th century. - A system for...

# CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM: - BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE & PHYLOGENY - classification systems are essential tools for organizing and understanding the diversity of life. ## History of Classification System - **The Linnaean System** - Developed by Carolus Linnaeus in the 18th century. - A system for classifying living things, which has been developed into the modern classification system. - Carolus Linnaeus (Carl Linnaeus) - he was the first scientist to develop a hierarchical naming structure that conveys information about the species and its closest relative. - Father of taxonomy - the book Genera Plantarum presented a system called the "natural characters" of genera-morphological description of all the parts of the flower and plants. ## Hierarchy of Biological Classification - SPECIES - GENUS - FAMILY - ORDER - CLASS - PHYLUM - KINGDOM # Binomial Nomenclature - Is a formal system for naming all species of living organisms using two distinct names: the genus name and the species identifier. - *Etymology (Latin): bi - two, nominal - name - International Codes of Nomenclature - International code of Zoological Nomenclature - International code of Botanic Nomenclature # Rules for writing scientific Names of organisms: 1. Write in italics since it is in Latin. 2. The first word identifies the genus and the second word identifies the species. 3. Underlined if handwritten, and italicized if typed. 4. Capitalized the first letter of the genus. # PHYLOGENETIC CLASSIFICATION - **Systematic** - the reconstruction and study of evolutionary relationships from a common ancestor. - *Produces a Phylogeny - the evolutionary history and relationship of an organism or group of organisms does not rely on taxonomy. # Phylogeny - Refers to the evolutionary history and relationships among species or groups of organisms. - Phylogenetic Tree - A graphical representation of the evolutionary relationships between biological entities. # 2 Types of Phylogenetic Tree - Rooted - single lineage (at base) represents a common ancestor. - Unrooted - shows relationships but not a common ancestor. ## Parts of a Phylogenetic Tree - **Clades** - groups of species that include a common ancestor and all its descendants. - any branch or lineage that forms a tree. - **Branch point (Node)** - a splitting that represents a single lineage evolving into two clades. - a point where branches split - **Root** - the common ancestor of all taxa in the tree. - **Tips (Terminal Nodes)** - the endpoint of the branches, representing the most recent species. - **Branches** - a lines that connect nodes, represent evolutionary paths or relationships between species.