Longitude and Latitude Rotation and Revolution PDF

C SS LONGITUDE AND LATITUDE ROTATION AND REVOLUTION R A RM PA  C SS R Phase 4: Eclipse...

C SS LONGITUDE AND LATITUDE ROTATION AND REVOLUTION R A RM PA  C SS R Phase 4: Eclipse A Age of Earth RM - - Technique used: Radioactive dating -> invented by Ernst Rutherford (1905) Types of Dating - 1. Uranium-lead dating method (oldest rocks) 2. Potassium-argon method 3. Rubidium-strontium method PA 4. Radiocarbon dating method 5. Chlorine-36 dating method 6. Carbon-dating (C ) (latest rocks) 14  Shape of Earth - C B T A SS - R Shape of Earth is Geoid or Oblate Spheroid (a little flat from top and bottom) A - Reason: more Centrifugal Force at Equator bulges earth at Centre and Gravitation force at poles pushes surface towards centre due gravitational force towards the centre, it flat in - top and bottom RM Actual shape ! PA When a body revolves, two types of forces is applicable / Centripetal Force: towards the axis of rotation or centre of curvature (inside) / Centrifugal Force: directed away from the centre of the circle Radius of Earth C * P SS E Equatorial Radius: 6378 km R : A Polar Radius: 6357 km Mean Radius: 6371 RM Why polar radius Equatorial radius? Ans: Earth is bulged at the equator and flattened at the poles Circumference of the Earth PA Polar: 40,007 km i Equatorial: 40,075 km Mean: 40,040 km Why poles circumference Equatorial? Earth is bulged at equator and flattened at the poles  Rotation of Earth tilted at it’s axis ↓ C SS Rotation: spinning on its own axis - I Direction: West to East R One rotation of Earth: 23 hour 56 mins 4 sec Rotational Speed is maximum at Equator and minimum at Poles A W ↓ 22.5 Fastest rotation speed is of #=> - E Jupiter RM - - > - - > 66.5 T - - - - Orbital plane PA - - - - - Revolution of Earth - C SS Revolving around the Sun in Elliptical orbit - W - - R One revolution: 365 days 6 hours 9 minutes and 9 sec Orbital speed: 29.8 km/sec t A · Max orbital speed: Mercury 6 x 4 = 24 hrs ->Leap year concept (366 days) - Min orbital speed: Neptune RM Distance from the Sun - PA ~ When nearest to Sun: Perihelion (January 3rd - 14,75,00,000 km) I When farthest from Sun: Aphelion (July 4 - 15,25,00,000 km)  Perigee: the point of moon’s orbit when it is closest to Earth - Apogee: When moon is farthest from Earth C SS R Inclination of the Earth’s axis - A 1 0 I Axial Inclination: Inclination of Earth on its axis = 23 2 - RM Orbital Inclination: - Inclination of Earth on its orbital 1 plane = 66 O 2 PA Hemisphere - C SS Equal division of Earth in two parts. Equator: divides the globe horizontally into 2 equal parts - Northern and Southern - Hemisphere R Prime Meridian and International Date Line: divides the globe vertically - Eastern and A - e Western Hemisphere RM Latitude and Longitude ↓ Imaginary lines PA Horizontal lines E IIII Vertical lines  Latitude - - Imaginary horizontal lines on the globe that run from East to West a - Angular Distance of a place from the equator 1 degree of latitude = 111 km (approx) C ↑ ↑Total latitudes: 181 ↑ Distance b/w each latitude is same SS Important Latitudes: - 0 : Equator - R... 231 N: Tropic of Cancer 2 - 66 1 N: Arctic Circle A I 2 231 S: Tropic of Capricorn · -- 2 RM 66 1 S: Antarctic Circle I - -- 2 Direct ray of sunlight do not fall ↑ Largest latitude: Equator Sunlight does not falls beyond beyond these tropics I Smallest latitude: Poles (North these tropics and South) PA Uses - 1. In Climatology: I Temperature zones, wind - Responsible for Pressure System - Planetary Winds System 2. Location of place  NH Longitudes - - - Imaginary vertical lines over the globe that run North to South ⑪ - Angular Distance of a plane from Prime Meridian I Distance from each longitude varies from poles C towards equator v Least distance at poles and maximum distance at equator: 111.32 km SS SH I Total longitudes: 360 A. ↑ All longitudes divide Earth into 2 equal parts - R All longitudes are Great Circle (circle in case of longitudes) A Important Meridians - Prime Meridian: 0 degree longitude (passes from RM - Greenwich, London) ↑ International Date Line: 180 degree Meridian ↓ Zig-Zag lines PA International Date Line I 8 C SS R A Prime Meridian - RM It passes through Greenwich in London : Countries: 8 - UK France Spain Algeria PA Mali Burkina Faso Togo Ghana I TRICK: BSF GAMe in TOGO Kingdom  360 = 24 hrs - 360 = 1 hr I - 24 15 = 1 hr - 15 = 60 mins - 1 = 60 = 4 mins I C - 15 ↑ Prime Meridian will increase the time by 1 hr Moving East away from prime meridian, will Moving each 15 towards West of Prime v ↑ SS increase the time by an hour for every 15°, ↑ Meridian will ifdecrease consecutively we move the timefrom to West by 1the hr prime meridian, the time will decrease by an hour Solstice and Equinox R A - 23rd Sep I RM 22nd Dec - Overhead e 21st June Rays in - Tropic of ↓ I Overhead Rays fall Capricorn Longest day and PA · - 21st March Shortest night W Day and Night: due to Rotation - Seasons: - 1. Revolution 2. Tilt  Solstice Summer - June 21 Winter - Dec 22 C - - 1. Vertical rays on Tropic of Cancer 1. Vertical rays on Tropic of 2. Northern Hemisphere gets more heat Capricorn SS 3. Continuous sun rays on North Pole for 6 months, continuous days 4. known as Kark Sankranthi I 2. Southern Hemisphere gets more heat Insolation: incoming solar 3. Continuous Sun rays on South radiations Pole for 6 months, continuous daylight R 4. known as Makar Sankranthi A Equinox - - RM - Direct rays of the Sun fall on the Equator & At this position neither of the poles is titled towards the Sun - So, the entire Earth experiences Equal days and nights Vernal Equinox - - I March 21: It is spring in the NH and PA autumn in the SH Autumnal Equinox - - Sep 23: it is autumn in NH and spring in SH  - C SS Sun (at its constant position) is obscured by the moon t New Moon - Amavasya R I A RM Moon is blocking Sun’s light PA Total Solar Eclipse Annular Solar Eclipse Partial Solar Eclipse  Lunar Eclipse - C ↓ SS - Full Moon condition- Purnima Earth blocks Sun’s light (light refraction) -> scatters more R causing blue colour light to vanish and red - scatters less light to reach moon A RM PA Red Moon Blue moon ↓ 2 full moon in a month  C SS ~ Lunar Eclipse + Perigee -> Moon appears bigger than its normal size ↓ Super Moon condition R Penumbra A - -> Umbra RM Iight shadow (Penumbra) of IIIII- Dark Shadow (Umbra) ↳x ⑳@= - PA