Introduction to Computer Science Chapter 5 PDF

 INTRODUCTION Speed, capacity, and flexibility determine the power of personal computers. Knowledge of a computer’s power allows you to make good buying decisions and to determine if your current system will run new applications. Comp...

 INTRODUCTION Speed, capacity, and flexibility determine the power of personal computers. Knowledge of a computer’s power allows you to make good buying decisions and to determine if your current system will run new applications. Competent end users need to understand the functionality of the basic components of the system unit. INTRO. TO CS, DR. DALIA RIZK 2  SYSTEM UNIT BASICS Personal Computer - Most widely used type of computer. Five most common types. ▪Smartphones. ▪Tablets. ▪Laptops. ▪Desktops. ▪Wearable Computers. INTRO. TO CS, DR. DALIA RIZK 3  COMPONENTS Although all devices come in many shapes and sizes, they have similarities such as. ▪System boards. ▪Microprocessors. ▪Memory. INTRO. TO CS, DR. DALIA RIZK 4  SYSTEM BOARD System board, also known as the main board or motherboard, controls communication for the entire computer system. All components and devices connect to the system board. Data path and traffic monitor. ▪Allows various components to communicate efficiently with one another. INTRO. TO CS, DR. DALIA RIZK 5  SOCKETS AND CHIPS The system board contains a variety of electronic components. Sockets – the connection point for chips. Chips. ▪Tiny circuit boards etched onto squares of silicon. ▪Also called silicon chip, semiconductor, or integrated circuit. ▪Mounted on chip carriers. INTRO. TO CS, DR. DALIA RIZK 6  SLOTS AND BUS LINES Additional system board components: Slots. ▪Provide a connection point for specialized cards or circuit boards. ▪Provide expansion capabilities for the computer. Bus lines. ▪Connecting lines that provide pathways to support communication among electronic components. INTRO. TO CS, DR. DALIA RIZK 7  MICROPROCESSOR Central Processing Unit (C P U) or Processor. ▪Contained on a single chip call a microprocessor. ▪Brains of the computer. Two Basic Components of the C P U. Control unit. ▪Tells the computer system how to carry out a program’s instruction. Arithmetic-logic unit (A L U). ▪Performs arithmetic and logical operations. INTRO. TO CS, DR. DALIA RIZK 8  MICROPROCESSOR SPEED Chip capacities are expressed in word size. ▪Word is the number of bits that can be processed at one time: 16, 32 or 64. Clock Speed. ▪Processing speed or the number of times the C P U fetches and processes data or instructions in a second. Unit Speed Microsecond Millionth of a second Nanosecond Billionth of a second Picosecond Trillionth of a second Femtosecond Quadrillionth of a second INTRO. TO CS, DR. DALIA RIZK 9  MULTICORE CHIPS Multicore Processors. Two or more separate and independent C PUs within a system unit. ▪Quad-core supports 4 core processes. Parallel Processing. ▪Computer’s ability to divide tasks into parts that can be distributed across each core. ▪Windows 11 and macOS Big Sur support parallel processing. Processor Manufacturer Ryzen 5000 AM D M1 Apple Alder Lake Intel INTRO. TO CS, DR. DALIA RIZK 10  SPECIALTY PROCESSORS Coprocessors. Designed to improve specific computing operations. Graphics Processing Unit (G P U) / Graphics coprocessors. Designed to handle a variety of specialized tasks. ▪3D images. ▪Encrypting data. ▪Standard features in gaming computers. INTRO. TO CS, DR. DALIA RIZK 11  MEMORY Holding area for data, instructions, and information. Contained on chips connected to the system board. Three well-known types of memory chips: ▪RAM: Random Access Memory. ▪ROM: Read Only Memory. ▪Flash Memory. INTRO. TO CS, DR. DALIA RIZK 12  RAM Random Access Memory (RAM) chips hold programs and data that the CPU is presently processing. ▪Volatile or temporary – contents are lost when computer is powered off. Cache memory – temporary, high-speed holding area between the memory and C PU. ▪Additional RAM can be added using an expansion module called a DIMM (Dual in-line memory module). INTRO. TO CS, DR. DALIA RIZK 13  RAM (CONT’D) Virtual Memory. ▪Dividing a program between memory and storage enabling the system to run very large programs. Memory is expressed in bytes. Unit Capacity Megabyte (MB) 1 million bytes Gigabyte (GB) 1 billion bytes Terabyte (TB) 1 trillion bytes Petabyte (PB) 1 quadrillion bytes INTRO. TO CS, DR. DALIA RIZK 14  ROM Read-only memory (ROM). ▪Information stored by the manufacturer. ▪Non-volatile and cannot be changed. C P U can read, or retrieve data and programs in ROM but the computer cannot change ROM. Contain special instructions. ▪Start the computer. ▪Access memory. ▪Handle keyboard input. INTRO. TO CS, DR. DALIA RIZK 15  FLASH MEMORY Flash memory combines the features of: RAM, it can be updated. ROM, it is non-volatile. Contains startup information. BIOS (basic input/output system). ▪Amount of RAM. ▪Type of keyboard, mouse, and secondary storage devices connected. INTRO. TO CS, DR. DALIA RIZK 16  EXPANSION SLOTS AND CARDS Expands your system’s capabilities. SD cards. Expansion cards for phones, tablets, and laptops. ▪ Graphics cards for high quality 3D graphics. ▪ Network interface cards (N IC) connect devices to networks via cables. ▪ Wireless network cards connect devices to networks without cables. INTRO. TO CS, DR. DALIA RIZK 17  BUS LINES/BUS Connect parts of the C P U to each other and various other components on the system board. Pathway for bits representing data and instructions. Bus width. ▪Number of bits that can travel simultaneously down a bus. Architecture and design are tied to the speed and power for the computer. Two basic categories of buses. ▪System bus – connects C P U to memory. ▪Expansion bus – connects C P U to other components. INTRO. TO CS, DR. DALIA RIZK 18  EXPANSION BUSES Principle types: Universal Serial Bus (U S B). ▪Connects external U S B devices onto the U S B bus. FireWire. ▪Primarily used to connect audio and video equipment to the system board. P C I Express (P C Ie). ▪Single dedicated path for each connected device. INTRO. TO CS, DR. DALIA RIZK 19  PORTS Socket for connecting external devices to the system unit. Some ports connect directly to the system board, others connect to cards inserted into slots on the system board. Two Types. ▪Standard Ports. ▪Specialized Ports. INTRO. TO CS, DR. DALIA RIZK 20  STANDARD PORTS U S B. ▪Keyboards, mice, printers, storage devices. ▪Variations of U S B ports include: U S B-A, U S B-B, U S B-C, and Thunderbolt 3 (a high-speed version of U S B-C). H D M I – High-Definition Multimedia Interface. ▪High-definition video and audio. Ethernet. ▪High speed networking. INTRO. TO CS, DR. DALIA RIZK 21  SPECIALIZED PORTS DisplayPort (D P). ▪Connects to large monitors. ▪Popular on gaming computers. D V I (Digital Video Interface). ▪Connect digital monitors to computer. ▪Can only send video signals, not audio. FireWire. ▪High-speed connections to FireWire devices such as camcorders and storage devices. INTRO. TO CS, DR. DALIA RIZK 22  VON NEUMANN MODEL In the 1940s, a mathematician called John Von Neumann described the architecture of a computer system. Most computers in use are designed based on such model. Figure 1. Components of Von Neumann Model INTRO. TO CS, DR. DALIA RIZK 23  VON NEUMANN MODEL (CONT’D) Computers have Data Processors: accept input data, process data, delivers output. Data: are raw and unorganized facts that need to be processed to get information from it, data are insufficient to deliver a meaning Information: processed data which is organized, structured, and presented in a meaningful context. Hardware: is the physical components of a computer system. Software: describes the various programs used to operate a computer system. INTRO. TO CS, DR. DALIA RIZK 24  COMPONENTS OF VON NEUMANN MODEL Input / Output architecture (Peripheral Devices): Input device: usually a keyboard and mouse in order to make users interact with computers Output device: such as a screen or monitor, printer, or other device to display outputs. Devices like CD-ROM fall into more than one category in that users can use a CD-ROM to read data or music (input) as well as to write data to a CD (output). INTRO. TO CS, DR. DALIA RIZK 25  COMPONENTS OF VON NEUMANN MODEL (CONT’D) Memory The computer memory can hold both data and also the program processing that data. Memory in modern computers is known as RAM (Random Access Memory). Primary Memory: store data or information and programs temporarily. Secondary Memory (represented in secondary storage devices). This type of memory permanently store large amounts of data. Examples of this memory are such as a hard drive or a flash memory. INTRO. TO CS, DR. DALIA RIZK 26  COMPONENTS OF VON NEUMANN MODEL (CONT’D) Central processing unit (CPU): is the brain of the computer and responsible for executing instructions. It is composed of: 1. The Arithmetic/ Logic Unit (ALU) performs arithmetic operations (+, -, x, /) and logic operations (=, , and, or, not,...). It is composed of: ▪ Circuits: responsible for performing arithmetic/logic operations, ▪ Registers: responsible for storing intermediate computational results, ▪ Buses: connects between circuits and registers. An individual bus permits communication between devices using one data channel. INTRO. TO CS, DR. DALIA RIZK 27  COMPONENTS OF VON NEUMANN MODEL (CONT’D) 2. The Control Unit ▪It regulates the flow of data within the processor ▪It receives data from the user and translates it into signals that are delivered to the central data processor. ▪It instructs the computer’s arithmetic/logic unit, memory, and input and output devices on how to respond to the instructions supplied to the processor. INTRO. TO CS, DR. DALIA RIZK 28  COMPONENTS OF VON NEUMANN MODEL (CONT’D) System bus ▪ Is a pathway composed of cables and connectors used to carry data between a computer microprocessor and the main memory. ▪ Provides a communication path for the data and control signals moving between the major components of the computer system. ▪ Design and dimensions of the system bus are based on the specific processor technology of the motherboard. ▪ Works using, the Data bus, the Address bus and the Control bus. INTRO. TO CS, DR. DALIA RIZK 29  COMPONENTS OF VON NEUMANN MODEL (CONT’D) Data Bus: Carries the data that needs processing Address Bus: Determines where data should be sent Control Bus: Determines data processing state, ▪Without the control bus, the CPU cannot determine whether the system is receiving or sending data. ▪The control bus regulates which direction the write and read information need to go. ▪The control bus contains a control line for write instructions and a control line for read instructions. INTRO. TO CS, DR. DALIA RIZK 30  OPEN ENDED QUESTIONS 1. Describe the five most common types of personal computers. 2. Describe system boards including sockets, chips, chip carriers, slots, and bus lines. 3. Discuss microprocessor components, chips, and specialty processors. 4. Define computer memory, including RAM, ROM, and flash memory. 5. Define expansion slots, cards (including graphics cards), network interface cards, wireless network cards, and S D cards. 6. Describe bus lines, bus width, system bus, and expansion bus. 7. Define ports including standard and specialized ports. Give examples of each. 8. Describe power supply including power supply units and A C adapters. 9. Discuss electronic data and instructions. INTRO. TO CS, DR. DALIA RIZK 31