Philippine Merchant Marine Academy NAV 3 Terrestrial and Coastal Navigation PDF

NAV 3 - Terrestrial and Coastal Navigation 2 PROF MARCOS C. TABERDO JR. Ed.D.  STCW Code Table A- II/ 1 Specification of minimum standard of competence for officers in charge of a navigational watch on ships of 500 gross tonnage or more  STCW Code Table A- II/ 1 F...

NAV 3 - Terrestrial and Coastal Navigation 2 PROF MARCOS C. TABERDO JR. Ed.D.  STCW Code Table A- II/ 1 Specification of minimum standard of competence for officers in charge of a navigational watch on ships of 500 gross tonnage or more  STCW Code Table A- II/ 1 Function: Navigation at the Operational Level Competence: Plan and conduct a passage and determine position  COURSE OUTLINE: References: CHAPTER 1 – POSITION AND POSITION LINES: R1 International Convention on Standards of Plotting of fix position Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Landmarks Lighthouse Seafarers, 1978, as amended. Buoys & beacons R2 Officer in Charge of Navigational Watch (IMO Dead reckoning Position Model Course 7.03) Running fix position R3 International Chamber of Shipping, (2016). Estimated Position Bridge Procedures Guide (Fifth ed.). London: Marisec Publications. R4 International Convention CHAPTER 2- THE SAILING: for the Safety of Life at Sea. 1974, as amended. Plane sailing Textbook: Parallel Sailing National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, American Mercator Sailing Practical Navigator (H.O. Pub No.9) 2017 Edition Great Circle Sailing Composite Sailing (Originally by Nathaniel Bowditch  Learning Outcomes: At the end of this course the cadets should be able to: 1. Determine the ship’s position by use of: 1.1 landmarks 1.2 aids to navigation, including lighthouses, beacons and buoys 1.3 dead reckoning, taking into account winds, tides, currents and estimated speed 2. Determine course and distance from one point to another 3. Plot Running fix position and Dead reckoning position. 4. Calculate set and drift and plot estimated position. 5. Determine courses and distances using: 5.1 Plane sailing 5.2 Parallel Sailing 5.3 Mercator Sailing 5.4 Great Circle Sailing 5.5 Composite Sailing Chapter 1: Position and Position Lines 6  Intended Learning Outcomes: Upon completion of the chapter, the students should be able to: 1. Defines a position 2. Gives the radar distance off a charted object and plots its position circle on a chart 3. Plots a position on the chart from simultaneous cross bearings, bearing and bearing and intersection of arc’s ranges. 4. Plots a running fix position and dead reckoning position on the chart and marks accordingly 5. Plots an estimated position on the chart and marks accordingly 7  Introduction: Marine navigation blends both science and art. A good navigator constantly thinks strategically, operationally, and tactically. He plans each voyage carefully. As it proceeds, he gathers navigational information from a variety of sources, evaluates this information, and determines his ship’s position. He then compares that position with the voyage plan and his operational commitments to his duties and responsibilities as a competent Deck officer. 8  DEFINITION OF TERMS Speed - is the rate of motion, or distance per unit of time (miles/hour). Distance - as customarily used by the navigators, refers to the length of the rhumbline connecting two places and expressed in nautical miles. This may either be length of a rhumbline on an arc of a great circle track. Rhumbline - is a line on the surface of the earth that cuts all the meridian of the same angle. Great Circle Track - is the arc contained or any part of a great circle track. It is the shortest distance between two places on the earth surface. Track - it is the intended or horizontal direction of travel with respect to the earth and also the path of intended travel. The track consist of one or a series of course lines from the point of departure to the destination.  DEFINITION OF TERMS Heading - Is the direction in which a vessel is pointing, expressed as angular distance from north usually from 0000 at north, clockwise through 3600. Heading must not be confused with course. Heading is a constantly changing value as the vessel oscillates or yaws back and forth across the course due to the effect of sea, wind and steering error. Bearing (B, Brg) - Is the direction of one terrestrial point from another, expressed as angular distance from a reference direction, usually from 0000 at reference direction, clockwise through 3600. Azimuth - Is use exclusively for reference to horizontal direction of a point on the celestial sphere from a point on the earth. Bearing and azimuth are sometimes used interchangeably.  DEFINITION OF TERMS Two Types of Bearing 1. True Bearing (T/B) – is measured from the true north. True bearing = Relative bearing + True Heading Thus, if another vessel bears 1270 relative from the ship whose heading is 1500T, the relative bearing is 1270 + 1500 = 2770. If the total exceeds 3600, subtract 3600 from the amount. 2. Relative Bearing (R/B) – is one relative to the heading or the vessel itself. is measured from the 0000 at the ship’s heading, clockwise to 3600. To convert a bearing from north to a relative bearing, subtract the heading. Relative Bearing = True bearing – True Heading  True Bearing (T/B) – is measured from the true north. True bearing = Relative bearing + True Heading Example: True course is 0900, the relative bearing of a beacon is 3200, what is the True 3200 Bearing of the beacon? T/Co. 0900 R/Brg. + 3200 T/Brg. 4100 - 3600 T/Brg. 0500  Relative Bearing (R/B) – is one relative to the heading or the vessel itself. is measured from the 0000 at the ship’s heading, clockwise to 3600 Relative Bearing = T/Brg – T/Hdg Example: T/Hdg. 0900;T/Bearing of beacon is 0500 What is the relative bearing of the beacon? - T/Hdg. 0900 T/Brg. 0500 T/Brg. 0500 + 3600 = 4100 T/Hdg. - 0900 - 0900 R/Brg. 3200 Example: T/Hdg. 1800; T/Bearing of Beacon is 2250 What is the relative bearing of the Beacon? R/Brg. = T/Brg – T/Hdg. 0450R T/Brg. 2250 T/Hdg. - 1800 R/Brg. 0450 SEATWORK/EXERCISE: 1. Solve for True Bearing: a. 165 0 R/B; T/Hdg 3150 b. 205 0 R/B; T/Co 0800 c. 075 0 R/B; T/Hdg 1350 d. 318 0 R/B; T/Hdg 2450 2. Solve for Relative Bearing: a. 325 0 T/B; T/Hdg 1600 b. 065 0 T/B; T/Hdg 2150 c. 133 0 T/B; T/Hdg 1450 d. 238 0 T/B; T/Hdg 1680  SEATWORK/EXERCISE: 1. Solve for True Bearing: a. 165 0 R/B; T/Hdg 3150 b. 205 0 R/B; T/Hdg 0800 c. 075 0 R/B; T/Hdg 1350 d. 318 0 R/B; T/Hdg 2450 a. R/B 165 0 b. R/B 205 0 c. R/B 075 0 d. R/B 318 0 + T/H 315 0 + T/H 080 0 + T/H 135 0 + T/H 245 0 T/B 480 0 T/B 285 0 T/B 210 0 T/B 563 0 - 3600 - 3600 T/B 120 0 T/B 203 0  SEATWORK/EXERCISE: 2. Solve for Relative Bearing: a. 325 0 T/B; T/Hdg 1600 b. 065 0 T/B; T/Hdg 2150 c. 133 0 T/B; T/Hdg 1450 d. 238 0 T/B; T/Hdg 1680 a. T/B 325 0 b. T/B 065 0 c. T/B 133 0 d. T/B 238 0 - T/H 160 0 - T/H 215 0 - T/H 145 0 - T/H 168 0 R/B 165 0 R/B 210 0 R/B 348 0 T/B 070 0  DEFINITION OF TERMS Position on the Earth - A position on the surface of the earth maybe defined in two magnitudes called coordinates (customarily used are latitude and longitude). Latitude of a Place – Latitude of any given place in the arc of any meridian contained between the equator and the given place. Longitude of a Place – The longitude of any given longitude is the arc of the equator contained between the prime meridian and the meridian passing through the place. 18  DEFINITION OF TERMS Line of Position (LOP): The locus of points along which a ship's position must lie. A minimum of two LOPs are necessary to establish a fix. It is standard practice to use at least three LOPs when obtaining a fix position. Leading lights or Range lights: A pair of lights or day marks deliberately placed to mark a narrow channel. Position fix: The intersection of various LOPs. Cross bearing: The use of LOPs of several navigational aids to obtain a position ix. Remember to use an optimal angular spread. Running fix: The use of an advanced LOP. Make sure to use only the corresponding DR positions. Also don't use the EP for advancing the first LOP. 19  DEFINITION OF TERMS Dead reckoning: Determining a position by plotting courses and speeds from a known position. It is also used to predict when lights become visible or to determine the set and rate of a current. Course: (C) The direction in which a vessel is steered or is intended to be steered (direction through the water). is the intended horizontal direction of travel measured from 0000 clockwise through 3600, where 0000 is North Knots - the speed of the ship through the water (knot is one nautical mile per hour) 20  DEFINITION OF TERMS Set - The direction in which the current is flowing. Ebb – direction of current away from the shore Flood – direction of current towards the shore Drift - The speed (in knots) of the current Default heading is True course (M = magnetic, C = compass). Default time is 24 hour clock ship time else UTC. SOUNDING A measurement of the depth of water. 21 Measuring Courses To measure courses, use the chart’s compass rose nearest to the chart area currently in use. Transfer course lines to and from the compass rose using parallel rulers or triangles. The navigator can measure direction at any convenient place on a Mercator chart because the meridians are parallel to each other and a line making an angle with any one makes the same angle with all others. Compass roses may give both true and magnetic directions. True directions are on the outside of the rose; magnetic directions are on the inside. For most purposes, use true directions. 22 23 Measuring Distances Measure distances using the chart’s latitude scale. Assuming that one minute of latitude equals one nautical mile introduces no significant error. Since the Mercator chart’s latitude scale expands as latitude increases, on small scale charts one must measure distances on the latitude scale closest to the area of interest, that is, at the same latitude, or directly to the side. On large scale charts, such as harbor charts, one can use either the latitude scale or the distance scale provided. To measure long distances on small-scale charts, break the distance into a number of segments and measure each segment at its mid latitude. 24 TO BE CONTINUED!!!