Nucleic Acid - Lesson 16 PDF

LESSON 16 NUCLEIC ACID LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 1. Compare the structures of the DNA and RNA molecule. 2. Describe the molecular structure of DNA and RNA. INTRODUCTIO N WHAT IS NUCLEIC ACID? Nucleic acids are biological macromolecules that store and transmit genetic informa...

LESSON 16 NUCLEIC ACID LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 1. Compare the structures of the DNA and RNA molecule. 2. Describe the molecular structure of DNA and RNA. INTRODUCTIO N WHAT IS NUCLEIC ACID? Nucleic acids are biological macromolecules that store and transmit genetic information, and they come in two main types: DNA and RNA. TYPES OF NUCLEIC ACID DNA RNA GETTING TO KNOW THE DNA AND RNA STRUCTURE DIRECTION: CHOOSE THE LETTER OF THE BEST ANSWER. 1. The DNA and RNA are made up of three components, EXCEPT…… A. Sugar C. Uracil B. Phosphate group D. Nitrogenous base DIRECTION: CHOOSE THE LETTER OF THE BEST ANSWER. 1. The DNA and RNA are made up of three components, EXCEPT…… A. Sugar C. Uracil B. Phosphate group D. Nitrogenous base 2. Which of the statement below supports the process of replication of DNA? A. DNA is double strand while RNA is single strand. B. The sugar in DNA is deoxyribose while in RNA is ribose. C. DNA has adenine, thymine, cytosine and guanine base. D. RNA has adenine, uracil, cytosine and guanine base. 2. Which of the statement below supports the process of replication of DNA? A. DNA is double strand while RNA is single strand. B. The sugar in DNA is deoxyribose while in RNA is ribose. C. DNA has adenine, thymine, cytosine and guanine base. D. RNA has adenine, uracil, cytosine and guanine base. 3. Which of the following pairs is properly matched? A. DNA: cytoplasm, RNA: nucleus B. DNA: nucleus , RNA: nucleus C. DNA: nucleus, RNA: cytoplasm D. DNA: cytoplasm , RNA: cytoplasm 3. Which of the following pairs is properly matched? A. DNA: cytoplasm, RNA: nucleus B. DNA: nucleus , RNA: nucleus C. DNA: nucleus, RNA: cytoplasm D. DNA: cytoplasm , RNA: cytoplasm 4. Which of the following nitrogenous base can only be found in DNA? A. Adenine B. Thymine C. Guanine D. Cytosine 4. Which of the following nitrogenous base can only be found in DNA? A. Adenine B. Thymine C. Guanine D. Cytosine 5. Which of the following nitrogenous base can only be found in RNA? A. Adenine B. Thymine C. Uracil D. Cytosine 5. Which of the following nitrogenous base can only be found in RNA? A. Adenine B. Thymine C. Uracil D. Cytosine NUCLEIC ACID NUCLEOTIDES IT IS A THREE-SUBUNIT IT IS AN MOLECULE IN WHICH A UNBRANCHED PENTOSE SUGAR IS BONDED TO BOTH A PHOSPHATE POLYMER GROUP AND A NITROGEN- CONTAINING CONTAINING HETEROCYCLIC MONOMER UNITS BASE. CALLED NUCLEOTIDES. PENTOSE SUGAR Are a type of monosaccharide that contains five carbon atoms per molecule. Two common forms of pentose sugars: ribose and deoxyribose. The only difference between these two sugars occurs at carbon 2’. -Oh group present on this carbon in Ribose becomes an -h atom in’ - deoxyribose. NITROGEN- CONTAINING HETEROCYCLIC BASES Nitrogen-containing Are organic compounds heterocyclic bases are an composed of a ring of important class of organic a carbon and nitrogen compounds found in wide atoms with at least one range of biological additional atom. molecules, including nucleic acids, amino acids, vitamins, drugs, and alkaloids. NITROGEN-CONTAINING HETEROCYCLIC BASES PYRIMIDINE PURINE PYRIMIDINE CYTOSINE (C): CYTOSINE IS ONE OF THE THREE PYRIMIDINE BASES IN DNA AND RNA. IT FORMS HYDROGEN BONDS WITH GUANINE. THYMINE (T): THYMINE IS A PYRIMIDINE BASE FOUND IN DNA. IT PAIRS WITH ADENINE THROUGH HYDROGEN BONDS IN DNA. URACIL (U): URACIL IS A PYRIMIDINE BASE FOUND IN RNA, WHERE IT REPLACES THYMINE. IT PAIRS WITH ADENINE THROUGH HYDROGEN BONDS IN RNA. THYMINE (T) CYTOSINE (C) URACIL (U) PURINE ADENINE (A): ADENINE IS ONE OF THE TWO PURINE BASES FOUND IN DNA AND RNA. IT FORMS TWO HYDROGEN BONDS WITH THYMINE IN DNA (OR URACIL IN RNA). GUANINE (G): GUANINE IS THE OTHER PURINE BASE. IT PAIRS WITH CYTOSINE THROUGH THREE HYDROGEN BONDS IN DNA. ADENINE (A) GUANINE (G) PHOSPHATE Third component of a nucleotide Provides negative charge to the nucleotide. Charge allows for easyPHOSPHORIC HYDROGEN separation of DNA strands during ACID PHOSPHATE ION replication and transcription. NUCLEOSIDE FORMATION Is a two-subunit molecule in which a pentose sugar is bonded to a nitrogen- containing heterocyclic base.  The base is always attached to the C1' of the sugar, which is always in a β-configuration. For purine bases, attachment is through n9:for pyrimidine bases, N1 is involved. The bond connecting the sugar and base is a β-n- glycosidic linkage A molecule of water is formed as the two molecules bond together; a consideration reaction occurs.  RNA DNA NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOSIDES RIBOSE-ADENINE DEOXYRIBOSE-ADENINE RIBOSE-CYTOSINE DEOXYRIBOSE-CYTOSINE RIBOSE-GUANINE DEOXYRIBOSE-GUANINE RIBOSE-URACIL DEOXYRIBOSE-THYMINE  for pyrimidine bases, the suffix -idine is used (e.g. cytidine, thymidine, uridine) for purine bases, the suffix -iosine is used (adenosine, guanosine) the prefix deoxy is used to indicate that the sugar present is deoxyribose. no prefix is used when the sugar is present in ribose. using these rules, the nucleoside containing ribose and adenine is called adenosine. the nucleoside containing deoxyribose and thymine is called deoxythymidine.  The phosphate group is attached to the sugar at the C5' position through a phosphodiester linkage, As with nucleoside formation, a molecule of water is produced in nucleotide formation. Overall, two molecules of water are produced by combining sugar, base, and phosphate into a nucleotide. Nucleotides are named by appending the term 5' monophosphate to the name of the nucleoside from which they are derived. The addition of a phosphate group to the nucleoside adenosine produces the nucleotide adenosine 5' monophosphate. PRIMARY NUCLEIC ACID STRUCTURE Primary nucleic acid structure is the sequence in which nucleotides are linked together in a nucleic acid. Because the sugar-phosphate backbone of a given nucleic acid does not vary, the primary structure of nucleic acid depends only on the sequence of bases present. LET’S SUMMARIZE WHAT WE HAVE LEARNED WATCH THE VIDEO AND BE READY FOR SHORT QUIZ AFTER QUIZ 1-3. WHAT ARE THE 3 SUB-UNIT MOLECULES OF NUCLEOTIDES? 4-5. WHAT ARE THE TWO KINDS OF NITROGENOUS BASES? 6-9. WHAT ARE THE NITROGENOUS BASES OF DNA? 10-13. WHAT ARE THE NITROGENOUS BASES OF RNA? 14-15. GIVE THE COMPLEMENTARY DNA AND RNA SEQUENCE 14. DNA- A – G – G – C – T – C - T 15. RNA- U- C- A- G – G- C 1-3. The 3 sub-unit molecules of nucleotides: - phosphate group - five-carbon sugar - nitrogenous base 4-5. The two kinds of nitrogenous bases: - Purines - Pyrimidines 6-9. The nitrogenous bases of DNA: Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C), Thymine (T) 10-13. The nitrogenous bases of RNA: Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C), Uracil (U) 14. DNA- A - G- G- C- T- C- T T- C- C- G - A- G - A 15. RNA- U- C- A- G - G- C A- G- U- C - C- G