Engineering Specifications & Cost Builtup QSS 512 - PDF

# Engineering Specifications & Cost Builtup QSS 512 ## Value Engineering Introduction ### Intro to VE - It is a management technique/program/concept. - First started in 1940s. - Tried and proven for countless owners and manufacturers. - Savings of 50 dollars for each dollar spent on value engineer...

# Engineering Specifications & Cost Builtup QSS 512 ## Value Engineering Introduction ### Intro to VE - It is a management technique/program/concept. - First started in 1940s. - Tried and proven for countless owners and manufacturers. - Savings of 50 dollars for each dollar spent on value engineering is common. ### Audience - Planners, designers, engineers, architects, operators and maintenance personnel, owners, utility companies, developers, investors, contractors, and private companies. ### Advantages - Saving Money - Building more for less money (better value) (better return on investment) - Increasing efficiency - Cutting dependency on energy-intensive buildings (high energy cost) - Fight inflation ### Fathe of VE - Lawrence D. Miles ## Construction Cost Inflation (Graph) ## Definition - Value engineering is a proven management technique using a systematized approach to seek out the best functional balance between the cost, reliability, and performance of a product or project. - The program seeks to improve the management capability of people and to promote progressive change by identifying and removing unnecessary cost. - Value engineering has several techniques that serve as the toolkit of the value analyst. ## ToolKits of VE Study/Area of Studies to be Addressed in VE Study | Sr. No. | Tool/Technique/Management aspects for VE | |---|---| | 1 | Function Analysis | | 2 | Creative Thinking | | 3 | VE Job Plan | | 4 | Cost Models | | 5 | Life Cycle Cositng | | 6 | Evaluation Matrix | | 7 | Functional Analysis Systems Techniques | | 8 | Cost and Worth | | 9 | Habits, Roadblocks, and Attitudes | | 10 | Managing the Owner/Designer/Value Consultant Relationship | ## Terminologies in Value Program ### Value Engineering - Describes a value study on a project or product that is being developed. It analyzes the cost of the project as it is being designed. ### Value Analysis - Describes a value study of a project or product that is already built or designed, and analyses the product to see if it can be improved. ### Value Management/VE Study/Value Program - Identifies the methodology and techniques used in value work, but does not distinguish between engineering of a building or facility and the analysis of a product. It is used to describe the entire field of value endeavors. All three terms describe the application of value tolls/techniques. ## Job Plan - The systematic approach of value engineering is the JOB PLAN. - The JOB PLAN is the road map for defining the required task, and determining the most economical combination of functions to achieve the task. - The JOB PLAN also helps us to identify high cost areas in the design, i.e., items that are at a higher cost than on other similar facilities. - The JOB PLAN also uses the functional approach that makes it necessary for the designer to identify the real requirements of their project. - In defining the project, the analyst uses two-word descriptions such as house personnel, transfer oil, convert energy, purify water, etc. ## Job Plan Steps - Information Phase - Creative Phase - Judgement Phase - Development Phase - Recommendation Phase ## Inventors | Inventors | VE Job Plan | Description | |---|---|---| | Inspiration, Data gathering, Analysis of known facts | Information Phase | Information and background on the subject matter are sought so that patterns and combinations of ideas can be formulated. The required functions of the inventor's quest are broken down and identified. | | Experimentation - new combination | Creative Phase | Ideas are formulated to hopefully arrive at the right formula. | | Analyze and Judge data | Judgement Phase | The inventor needs a place to start, so he begins judging and evaluating his ideas, trying to arrive at the best combination. | | Develop design | Development Phase | The inventor's dream nears the point of success as he begins building. He fails and tries again, each time learning by his mistakes and other people's suggestions. | | Sell to Public | Recommendation | His new invention is complete and ready to go, only to meet with the reluctant supervisor, who sets every road block imaginable. He overcomes these road blocks and feels the true meaning of success. | ## What VE is and What Not? | Sr. No. | What VE is? | What VE is not? | |---|---|---| | 1 | System oriented | Design Review | | 2 | Multidiscipline Team approach | A Cheapening process | | 3 | Life cycle oriented | A requirement done on all design | | 4 | Function oriented | Quality control | | 5 | A proven Management technique | | ## Q to Students? - What can be the reasons for poor value in construction projects? - Which party is responsible for poor value - owner/desinger/contracotr? - How to manage a project/ run a firm without the need of VE? ## All Designs Have Unnecessary Costs - Studies have shown it. - Impossible to bring together innumerable details of a construction project with the best functional balance between cost, performance, and reliability without a VE review. - Design done under the pressure of due date. - The very nature of construction design demands that countless variables be considered and pulled together by a certain date. - Goal of Value consultant is similar to the designer – owner's requirement fulfillment at the most reasonable life cycle cost. - VE consultant uses DEDUCTIVE REASONING (Top-down logic) whereas DESIGNER uses INDUCTIVE REASONING (based on past experience) (Bottom up logic). - VE team sit down with plans and specifications that have been conceptualized to a certain point. ## Reasons for Poor Value* - Lack of time - Due date to deliver final plans - Lack of information - Era of technical explosion (civil example) - Lack of idea - No one can think of everything (non - civil field example) - Misconceptions - Honest misconception (non-civil field example) - Stick to our convictions or be convicted by our stickiness - example BIM - Temporary circumstances that inadvertently become permanent - Routine occurrences - Floor loading rate 100 pounds/ sq. ft. or lighting level 150 foot-candles - Habits - Attitudes - Politics - Lack of fee *This is not an exhaustive list, there can be other reasons also. ## Lack of Information - A picture showing a brick wall with the text "SLUMP BLOCK FINISH - concrete blocks" - Another picture showing a rock wall with the text "ROCK VENEER FINISH - Broken stones" ## Lack of Idea - A drawing of a boat with the text "FORE AND AFT BULKHEADS" and "THWARTSHIP BULKHEADS". - A drawing of 4 bundles of logs secured with metal strapping and the text "Metal strapping". ## Value Engineering History ## Early Development in GE Company - VE applied in construction industry since late 1960s or early 1970s. - First evolved in Manufacturing industry, then into government procurement sections, and eventually into the construction industry. - Initial development of value engineering concept was a product of the GENERAL ELECTRIC (GE) COMPANY. - The man responsible for the development of the value engineering program was Lawrence D. Miles, an electrical engineer with GE. - Miles was assigned to the purchasing department under the direction of vice-president, Harry Erlicher. - Miles (cost conscious engineer) was assigned to purchase department – who was often dissatisfied with the high cost of many of GE's projects. ## War Effort - All types of steel, aluminium, copper, bronze, nickel, and tin were committed to the war effort (WW II). - Shortage of material forced them to look for alternative material and design to meet the same function. The underlying factor was that materials and designs were changed, but the function remained the same. - One example: a pump rotor usually made of stainless steel for underwater use. Stainless steel was unavailable. The manufacturers searched for an alternative that would accomplish the same function. Spalding fibre was tried. Instead of costing 15 dollars like the stainless steel, the Spalding fiber pump rotor cost 5 dollars. It was more impervious to corrosive vapors, lasted longer, and was one-third the cost of the original stainless steel. ## Post War - After the war, Erlicher and Miles were in agreement that there must be a mechanism to stimulate these progressive changes. Miles was made a GE purchasing agent in 1944 and applied the functional concept to purchasing. In 1947, Miles was assigned full time the task of reducing costs for General Electric's products. Efforts at cost reduction using the functional concept were noteworthy. - During 1947-1952, Miles developed the functional concept as it relates to cost. It was recognized that people need to be pushed a bit, to be motivated beyond their normal habit solutions. Also unnecessary cost should be identified and removed to stimulate progressive change even when materials and habit solutions are available. For example, if a design has not changed in 18 years, the product is excellent or management has failed to improve it. - As the program developed other subjects were added to broaden the impact of cost reduction and to help stimulate the creative minds of designers, purchasing agents, and sales engineers. Other subjects were added such as creative thinking, evaluaiotn of the basic function, habits, and attitudes, roadblock to change, new materials. - As each session was opened, a presentation was planned that either informed, motivated, or reminded participants to think beyond their normal habit solutions. Many of the subjects were intended to perform all 3 of these functions. - At first, the functional approach was related to decreasing cost. However, other criteria also needed to be accounted for in the final analysis of the project. Was the product safe? Was it saleable to the public? Was it aesthetically pleasing? Etc. The initial thrust of cost reduction was then expanded to evaluate the overall value of the product. - The first value analysis seminars at General Electric were conducted in 1952. - Later it was realized that multidisciplinary team was needed from all parts of the company that were involved in the production and sale of various products. ## Spread of Value Analysis - Through technical papers, articles in journals, and word of mouth, GE's success in value analysis became known. - A US Navy Admiral - GE Vice-president GLEN WARREN – Conversation was on high cost of defence systems. - Invited for VALUE ANALYSIS WORKSHOP. - Navy accepted invitation and initiated a value analysis program in the Navy shipyards. - In 1954 the Navy Bureau of Ships, a division of the department of defence, established a VALUE PROGRAM. The Navy did not call its program value analysis as GE's program had. - GE's program was to take an existing product that was being manufactured and analyze it for unnecessary costs. - The Navy felt it would be more prudent for their needs if they analyzed the engineering drawings before anything was built. - The Navy's program showed excellent results, following the Navy's lead, the US Army and Air Force also launched VALUE ENGINEERING PROGRAM. ## Development of Incentive Clauses - Suppliers and contractors doing work for the government remained untapped area for cost savings. - The department of defence, at that time, was under the direction of Robert McNamara. He suggested that the department of defence should concentrate less on the allowable costs and more on the avoidable costs of defence work. This was in relation to the cost of contracting for government services. - Under the current contract terms the contract is reduced by 5 million dollars and the suppliers' profit is reduced proportionately. - In 1963, the Armed Services Procurement Regulation (ASPR) committee added article 17, section I which made it mandatory that value engineering incentive provisions be included in all procurement exceeding 1 lakh dollars and value programs be include in certain contracts over 10 lakh dollars. ## Value Engineering Society Found - In 1958, the Electronic Industries Association (EIA) formed a committee on value engineering - SAVE (SOCIETY OF AMERICAN VALUE ENGINEERS) - SJVE (SOCIETY OF JAPANESE VALUE ENGINEERS) - INVEST (INDIA VALUE ENGINEERING SOCIETY) ## Introduction into Construction Field - Value engineering was introduced into the construction industry between 1963 and 1965 when contractor sharing clauses were added to construction contracts. - In 1964, the Army Corps of Engineers included incentive clauses in their contracts. - The Bureau of Reclamation, a division of the department of the interior, included contractor sharing clauses in 1966 - In 1970, the United States Congress endorsed contractor incentive clauses for the department of Transportation and the General Services Administration (GSA), public building service. - In 1973, the General Services Administration (GSA), Public Building Services introduced the first value engineering service clause requiring value engineering studies on their construction projects. (this was done by realizing that major savings of is when applying value engineering during design stage). - To ensure that the principles of value engineering were used to their fullest, the GSA asked the SAVE to develop a certification program for value practitioners. The status of certified value specialist (CVS) was established by SAVE as a standard recognizing competence in the field of value engineering. - SAVE was interested in establishing a seminar on value engineering for the construction industry. The 40hr. Workshop was sponsored jointly by AMERICAN CONSTULTING ENGINEER'S COUNCIL (ACEC) and the AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS (AIA). ## Thank You ## Habits, Roadblocks, and Attitudes - Can you look back at yourself and identify some of your actions in your day to day life which are because of habit patterns rather than applying mind? - Can you look back at your life and identify some situations where you/any person displays resistance to new ideas/concepts? What can be reasons for this resistance? ## Habits - Disadvantage: Force of habit allows the continued duplication of an old design or a manufacturing process. - Advantage: Speedier formation of drawings through a quicker conceptualization, easy to achieve due dates, avoid penalties. - Problem in changing Habits – ATTITUDE - 99 +/- 99 - 999 - rearrange to get 100 as the result - A Child is a creature of impulse, and an adult is a creature of habits; the older we get, the more the grip of habit on our conduct – G.B.Cheever - Habit works more constantly and with greater force than reason..... by Locke - Knowledge is fluid, always changing, always growing, very often requiring you to let go of a firmly held idea. Habit is just the opposite. Habit is rigid, unbending, unchanging, ungiving, unyielding, and naturally, because knowledge and habit are so diametrically opposed to each other, they often get in each other's way. ## Inventing | Sr. No. | Machine | Inventor | |---|---|---| | 1 | Sewing Machine | Poet and a cabinet maker | | 2 | Cotton gin | Teacher | | 3 | Type setting machine | Watchmaker | | 4 | Pneumatic Tyre | Veterinarian | ## Videos - Is experience always bad? - Are habits always bad? - No, but not good in all situations. - Example where habits are good: typing, reading, army for combat situations, modern assembly systems run on habits, driving a car etc. - Example where habits are bad: Design of a project, construction procedure etc. ## Attitudes - Attitudes support the continuation of existing habits and are susceptible to roadblocks. - Attitude kill good ideas before the ideas have a chance to develop. ## Roadblocks to New or Different Ideas - IT NEEDS HIGHER APPROVAL - HE IS TOO AMBITIOUS FOR US - WE DID IT THIS WAY LAST TIME - IT TAKES TOO LONG TO LOOK INTO - THE DRAFTING ROOM DOESN'T LIKE CHANGES ## Attitude Screen - A diagram showing a human head with the words "Tilt Up Walls", "Plastic Equipment", "Value Engineering", "Powdered Metal", and "Bastard" written around it, and each word has check boxes next to them. There is also a grid-like pattern on the left side of the image. Figure 2-2. Attitude Screen. Unclouded at birth and gradually tempered by experiences - A quote by Jiddu Krishnamurti saying "Seeing, observing, listening. these are the greatest acts" - A quote by Jiddu Krishnamurti underneath the first quote saying "The ability to observe without evaluating in the highest form of intelligence." ## Fidic Conditions of Contract - Clause 13.2 - Value Engineering - The Contractor may, at any time, submit to the Engineer a written proposal which (in the Contractor's opinion) will, if adopted, (i) accelerate completion, (ii) reduce the cost of the Employer of executing, maintaining or operating the Works, (iii) improve the efficiency or value to the Employer of the completed Works, or (iv) otherwise be of benefit to the Employer. ## Job Plan Steps - Information Phase - Creative Phase - Judgement Phase - Development Phase - Recommendation Phase ## Reasons for VE Study (Job Plan Study) - Organized - Forces a concise description of purpose - Zeroes in on high cost areas - Forces people to think deeper than their normal habit solutions - Objective - Universal ## Versions of Job Plan - **EPA-Six-phase Job Plan** - Information Phase - Creative Phase - Analytical Phase - Investigation Phase - Recommendation Phase - Implementation Phase - **Standard-Five Phase Job Plan** - Information Phase - Creative Phase - Judgement Phase - Development Phase - Recommendation Phase - **GSA Job Plan-Eight-Phase Job Plan** - Information Phase - Functional Analysis - Creative Phase - Judgement Phase - Development Phase - Presentation Phase - Implementation Phase - Follow-up ## Information Phase - Defining the project - Background information that leads to the design - Information that went into the development of design - Rationale used by designer for the development of the project - Assumptions made in the design criteria, in selecting materials and equipment's - Limitations on project - Sensitivity to the costs involved in owning and operating a facility - Areas that have high cost ## Project Constraints - Not subjected to VE Study - Examples in WASTE WATER TREATMENT PLANT - Effluent criteria established by the health department - Plant design capacity - No bypass to the river - Provisions to be provided for interim solids handling - Architecture to blend in with surroundings. ## Information Needed from Designer and Owner - At the beginning of VE wksp, Designer asked to give oral presentation on the project design. ## Example from a Case - Table with the heading "Table 3-3. Information Needed from Designer and Owner" - **Study 1-Conceptual Design** - Facilities Plan - Design Criteria: Process Loadings; storage volumes; structural, heating, planning loads, etc. - Design Calculations - Soil and Foundation Reports - Alternate Designs Considered - Pertinent Correspondence with Government Agencies - Permit Requirements - Regulations covering Construction for Docks or Structures in Navigable Waterways - Design Drawings - Specifications - Operations Schedule and Estimated Costs - Maintenance Schedule and Estimated Costs - Power Rate Schedule - Estimate of Construction Cost (Quantity Take-Off) - Appropriate Building Codes - Architectural Concepts - Pilot Plant Results - **Study 2-Working Plans and Specifications** - Design Plans - Specifications - Calculations - Cost Estimate - Equipment Specifications and Drawings - Operations Schedule - Maintenance Schedule - Information Provided in Study 1 ## Information Phase - Site visit - A picture is worth a thousand words. - Get the facts well so that you can do a competent job. - Analyzing cost information - First assignment of Value Engineer's is to review the cost information and validate it. - Accuracy of cost information is mandatory. - All VE Study are based on Life cycle cost. - Serves as a basis for comparison of future Value engineering recommendations. - Second assignment is to construct COST MODEL. ## Cost Model - A screenshot of a software program with the heading "Trade Summary: Candy Demo Job - Valuation 4" showing different costs for various trades. - A pie chart showing the distribution of costs by trade. ## Cost Model - A table with the headings "PROJECT", "LOCATION", "CLIENT", "DATE", "PAGE OF", "ITEM NO", "DESCRIPTION", "PERCENT OF COST", "ITEM COST". There are empty rows on the table to fill in. - The table is titled "INFORMATION PHASE COST MODEL" - The table is titled "SYSTEM BREAKDOWN" - The table is titled "COST (SHEET _______)" - **Figure 3-1. Sample Worksheet-Cost Matrix.** ## Wastewater Treatment Plant - A table titled "COST MATRIX FOR WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT" with the following headings: | Headings | |-------------------------------------------| | Influent Facilities & Pump Sta. | | Primary R.B.C.'s | | Clarifier & Pump Sta. | | Final Clarifier & Pump Sta. | | Sludge Processing & Chem. Storage | | Solilos System Thickener | | Support System Tunnel | | Control Bidg | | Site Work | | Percent | | Totals | | Total | | Contingencies 20% | - The table has a total of 12 rows representing different cost categories and columns for each category listed above. - The table is "Taken from a study conducted by Arthur Beard Engineers, Inc and Greeley and Hansen." - **Figure 3-2. Completed Cost Matrix for a Wastewater Treatment Plant. (Courtesy of Arthur Beard Engineers and Greeley and Hansen)** ## Cost Model - A diagram of a highway bridge with the text "HIGHWAY BRIDGE V.E. STUDY GRAPHICAL COST MODEL". - It shows different parts of the bridge and their estimated cost next to them: | Part of Bridge | Cost | |---|---| | Spaning Members | $2,220,740 | | Ples | $1,028,700 | | Bridge Deck | $901,150 | | Safts | $598,400 | | Excavation | $494,400 | | Approach Embankments | $366,000 | | Footings | $347,250 | | Parapets | $156,960 | | Roadway Surfacing | $156,100 | | Protective Coatings | $100,000 | | Mobilization | $90,000 | | Misc. Roadway Items | $55,000 | | Expansion Joints | $32,000 | | Drainage | $27,900 | | Navigational Lighting | $25,000 | - **Figure 4-3. Graphical Cost Model-Funktion Analysis of a Bridge.** ## Information Phase - Function Analysis - Identify what it is we are trying to do, and also to identify the associated cost. - Clearly define the work involved, and the requirements for the project. - Also, to separate those nonessential areas of the project that are being provided for support more than to perform the specified requirements. - Function analysis forces conciseness by identifying the work or function to be performed. - Description on Function analysis worksheet - Function classification: BASIC and SECONDARY - Identify COST and WORTH related to each Function - Calculate COST-TO-WORTH for the overall system - VE after the above study, still he is not sure of the process and elements involved in the project, it may be helpful to prepare a FAST (FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS SYSTMES TECHNIQUE) DIAGRAM. - FAST is actually a road map of a function which helps to delineate the steps that are taken in a project in order to achieve its purpose and objective. - **Figure 4-1. Pole Mounted Luminaire. Example for Funtion Analysis.** - A diagram of a lamp post with the text "12'-0'" and "3'-0'" and "2'-0" MIN" and "18" DIA." written next to it. - **Table 4-4. Functional Analysis Pole Mounted Luminaire** | Parts | Function | Basic | Secondary | |---|---|---|---| | Foundation | Support Load | | S | | | Resist Loads | | S | | | Transfer Loads | | S | | Anchor Bolts | Transfer Load | B | S | | | Hold Pole | B | S | | Base | Holds Pole | B | S | | | Supports Pole | | S | | | Covers Bolts | | | | Pole | Raises Fixture | B | S | | | Supports Arm | | | | | Protects Wire | | | | Extension Arm | Holds fixture | | S | | | Spreads Light | B | | | | Protects Wire | | S | | Housing (Fixture) | Holds Bulb | B | S | | | Transfers Electricity | | S | | | Diffuses Light | B | S | | | Reflects Light | B | S | | | Produces Light | B | | | | Dissipates Heat | | S | - When the scope of the decision is the pole lamp as a whole, the light bulb is the only element delivering the basic function. - **Table 4-5. Functional Analysis Pole Mounted Luminaire** | Parts | Function | Basic | Secondary | |---|---|---|---| | Foundation | Support Load | B | S | | | Resist Loads | | S | | | Transfer Load | B | S | | Anchor Bolts | Transfer Load | B | S | | | Hold Pole | B | S | | Base | Holds Pole | B | S | | | Supports Pole | B | S | | | Covers Bolts | | S | | Pole | Raises Fixture | B | S | | | Supports Arm | B | S | | | Protects Wire | B | | | Extension Arm | Holds fixture | B | S | | | Spreads Light | B | S | | | Protects Wire | | S | | Housing (Fixture) | Holds Bulb | B | S | | | Transfers Elect. | B | S | | | Diffuses Light | B | S | | | Reflects Light | B | S | | | Produces Light | B | S | | | Dissipates Heat | | S | - **Figure 4-5. Functional Analysis Systems Technique: Long Range Plans, Typical Company.** - When the scope is reduced to each part or subsystem then each area of scope will have a basic function. ## FAST Technique - A diagram showing a flow chart with the text "How" and "Design Objective" and "Design Criteria" and "Higher Order Function" and "Basic Function" and "Sequential Function" and "Sequential Function" and "Sequential Function" and "Lower Order Function" and "Why". There are boxes and arrows connected to each word. The words "Concurrentor Synonymous Functions", "Support Function", "Scope of Problem Under Study, Higher Order Scope Line, Lower Order Scope Line" are also on the diagram. - A diagram with the text "How", "Function Purify Water", "Higher Order", "Why", "Function Remove Pollutants", "Lower Order", and "Critical Path Functions", "Support Functions". ## FAST Example - Warehouse Foundation - A diagram with the text "How", "Avoid liquefaction", "Control settlement", "Spread Load to SBC", "Transfer Load", "When". There are boxes and arrows for each word, and text under the boxes saying "Construct foundation", "Select Suitable foundation", "Design foundation", "Improve SBC", "Identify Techniques", "Scope of Study", "Investigate alternatives", "Why", "Identify Suitable Soil Strata" ## FAST Example - Improve Profitability - A diagram with the text "HOW?", "WHY?", "Maintain Competitive Position", "Create Competitive Position", "Improve Profitability" "Keep Plant Loaded Efficiently", "Retain Existing Skills". There are boxes and arrows for each word, and text under the boxes saying "Reduce Labor Fluctuations", "Secure Contracts", "Offset Existing Order Reduction", "Avoid Cash-Flow-Drop", "Enable Rapid Production Build-Up", "Obtain Modern Tools (Auto. Semi-auto. NC", "Achieve Improved Manuf'g. Efficiency ", "Maintain Financial Objectives", "Develop Service Depts. Enginering. Planning Prod.Cont. Q.C.", "Provide Wider Product Base", "Develop New Devices", "(Specifically) Develop Electronic Panels", "Expand R&D Develop", "Develop Total Marketing Plans", "Improve Customer Relations", "Improve Marketing Effort" ## FAST Technique - Class Exercise ## Creative Phase - Ideas come as a result of work done in the Information Phase and from group and individual creative sessions. - Creative techniques are used to foster an open atmosphere of a free flow of information. - Creative and judgement phase worksheet used in VE. - The ideas are immediately recorded before it is forgotten. - Judgements are suspended during the development of creative ideas. ## Creative Phase - CREATIVE PROCESS TOOLKIT - Imagination - Inspiration - Illumination - A picture of a bullet train and the text "The Bullet Train Inspired By Kingfishers" underneath. - A picture of a bird in a nest and the text "60 Feet" and "Z", "25 Feet' and "h", "α", "Y". It also shows a picture of a glider flying over a mountain. ## Creative Phase - CREATIVE PROCESS IN VE STUDY - The team members must believe that improvements are possible. - Be receptive to new ideas. - Eliminate the word “impossible" from thinking process. - SUSPEND JUDGEMENT - Develop as many ideas as possible. - Look for association of ideas. - Don't be afraid to experiment. - Encourage all team members to participate. - Test your own views in the form of questions - Help team members work through their ideas. - Record all ideas. ## Jdugement Phase - Used to screen the ideas previously listed in the creative phase. - Criteria to screen creative ideas; - Cost benefits to the recommendation - Does the proposal idea meet the required functional requirements? - Are the original design requirements excessive? - What is the impact on the design and construction schedule of the project? - Is there excessive redesign required to implement the idea? - Is there improvement over the original design? - Has the proposed design been used in the past? - Is there a past record of performance on the new design proposal? - Does the idea materially affect the aesthetics of the building or project? ## Creative & Judgement Phase - Table with the heading "PROJECT", "LOCATION", "CLIENT", "DATE", "PAGE OF", "NO", "CREATIVE IDEA", "ADVANTAGES", "DISADVANTAGES", "IDEA RATING", "THE VALUE ENGINEERING JOB PLAN". There are empty boxes that can be filled in. - **Figure 3-4. Sample Worksheet-Creative and Judgement Phase (Creative Idea Listing and Idea Evaluation)** - LIST ALL CREATIVE IDEAS BEFORE PROCEEDING TO JUDGEMENT PHASE. IO MOST DESIRABLE I LEAST DESIRABLE ## Creative Phase - Example - **Table 12.1 Comparison of qualitative features of various alternatives** | Item No. | Creative Idea Listing | Advantages | Disadvantages | Idea Rating | |---|---|---|---|---| | A1 | Strap Footings | a. Controls settlement |a. High cost | 5 | | | | b. Simple to design and construct | b. Time-consuming | | A2 | Concrete Piers | a. Good for soils having shallow hard strata | a. Complexity increases with greater depth | 4 | | A3 | Deep Vibratory Compaction | a. Simple and cost-effective for soils having less than 15 percent fines | a. Bearing capacity can only be doubled | 3 | | | | b. Improves soil by compaction | b. Stiffness of soil remains low | | A4 | Vibrated Stone Columns | a. Reduces sub-structure cost | a. Stiffness is less than RAP | 1 | | | | b. Improved densification | b. Lower resistance to lateral forces | | | | c. Act as sand drain | | A5 | Rammed Aggregate Piers (RAP) | a. Reduces complexity and cost | a. Design is complex for high uplift pressure | 2 | | | | b. Improves the soil radially | b. Soil is not compacted | | | | c. Lowers settlement | ## Judgement Phase - **Table 12.6. Comparison of qualitative features of various alternatives for sub-base** | S. No | Creative Ideas Listing | Advantages | Disadvantages | Idea Rating | |---|---|---|---|---| | 1 | MSWI bottom ash | a. Particles are well graded as that of sandy gravel | a. Non availability | 2 | | | | b. Good bearing strength | b. High porosity leads to leaching | | | | c. Low deformation under load than the gravel | c. Organic content must be less than two percent | | | | |d. Performance is impaired by presence of high amount of incombustible material | | 2 | Recycled concrete | a. Can be grated as per requirements | a. Impurities must be kept to a minimum | 3 | | | | b. Low cost | b. Crushing and grading requires mechanical set-up | | 3 | Air-cooled blast furnace slag (AcBFS) | a. Available neat steel-plant sites for free | a. Use limited to local areas as transporting them over a long distance may be costly | 1 | | | | b. High bearing strength as compared to sandy gravels | | | | c. High durability | | | | d. Organic content is minimum | | 4 | Coal fly-ash stabilized bases | a. Fly-ash when added to lime gives cementative properties and can be used to stabilize weak soils | a. The thickness of the stabilized layer can be determined by the CBR method, which requires testing | 4 | | | | b. The thickness of lime fly-ash soil layer for use as sub-base or base course is designed in accordance with IRC:37, 1984, with a minimum thickness of 150 mm | b. The percentages of addition of fly ash and lime in the soil can be determined by the test done by the specimens, which is cumbersome and should be done by a reputed authority| | 5 | Quarry waste | a. Screening of mining can be utilized as a filler material in bases | a. Screening are non-uniform in grading and can vary across different sites | 5 | | | | b. Marble slurry can be utilized | b. Filter press has to be used to generate value-added product from marble slurry | ## Development Phase - Study takes the ideas remaining after judgement and further develops into workable solutions. - Technical expertise of the team members play an important role. - How do you divide up the ideas for development among the team members. ## Judgement Phase - **Table 12.5 Analysis matrix** | S. No. | Criteria | Assigned Weights | Deep Vibratory Compaction | Rank | Score | Vibrated Stone Column | Rank| Score | Rammed Aggregate Piers | Rank | Score | |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| | A | Cost | 10.0 | | 4 | 40.0 | | 4| 40.0 | | 3 | 30.0 | | B | Soil Compaction | 4.5 | | 3 | 13.5 | | 4 | 18.0 | | 3 | 13.5| | C | Construction Time | 1.0 | | 4 | 4.0 | | 3 | 3.0 | | 3 | 3.0 | | D | Liquefaction Control | 6.5 | | 1 | 6.5 | | 2 | 13.0 | | 4 | 26.0 | | E | Uplift Resistance | 5.0 | | 1 | 5.0 | | 3 | 15.0 | | 4 | 20.0 | | F | Lateral Resistance | 2.0 | | 2 |