10/08 Development - PSYC 001 Notes PDF

10/08 - Development - PSYC 001 Notes Chapter 11: The Developing Mind Developmental Psychology: Growth and change over time (Conception to Death) (Physical, Social-Emotional, & Cognitive Development) Big Questions in Development 1. Stability Vs. Change (How much...

10/08 - Development - PSYC 001 Notes Chapter 11: The Developing Mind Developmental Psychology: Growth and change over time (Conception to Death) (Physical, Social-Emotional, & Cognitive Development) Big Questions in Development 1. Stability Vs. Change (How much do we change/how much do we stay the same) 2. Nature Vs. Nature 3. Stage (Discontinuos) Development Vs. Continuous Development Continuity & Stages Continuous - Gradual, slow change and process (smooth slope of progression) Stages - Sudden change Prenatal Development & The Newborn Conception Prenatal Development The component newborn Twin & adoption studies Development Stages Before Birth 1. Germinal Stage (Zygote) - Shortest Stage - First two weeks after fertilization - Moves through fallopian tubes to uterus and implants in the lining 2. Embryonic Stage (Embryo) - Most Developmental Stage - Two weeks - two months after fertilization - Weeks 3-8  - Week 4: Central nervous system differentiates into separate components - Week 6: Expression of gene on Y chromosome (Either Male or Female) 3. Fetal Stage (Fetus) - Longest Stage - Two months after fertilization to birth Risks to Prenatal Development 1. Teratogen: - Chemical agent which harms the zygote - Include prescription & over-the-counter medication - Recreational drugs are most common and preventable source of adverse effects 2. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: - Produces several physical abnormalities. Including: - Growth retardation - Reduced IQ - Cognitive/Behavioral problems - Attention problems - Poor impulse control What Newborns Can Do Reflexive Behavior that operate immediately: Turn their head to source of a touch Open their month Search for mother’s nipple Suck on objects Grasp objects Stepping reflex Activity: Sleep 16-18 hours Alert looking Physical movement of arms and legs Newborn Senses - High sensitivity to smells - Can recognize mother by smells - Fetus can hear well - Young infants cannot see detail Physical Changes in Infancy & Childhood Nervous System Development: - Rapid growth in gray matter or neural cell bodies - Between birth & three months, brain grows 64%, about half the size of adult brain - Twice as many synapses Use It or Lose It Principle: - Children raised in enriching environments are likely to have the best outcomes - Children living in unenriching environments retain too few connections, which may lead to intellectual disabilities Head to Toe Development: - Controlling muscles of neck and shoulders to look around @ two months - Torso control @ 3 months - Legs for crawling/walking @ 6-9 months Brain Development Triples in weight first 3 years of life Order of Development 1. Visual cortex 2. Hearing & language areas 3. Prefrontal cortex  Role of the Environment Erikson’s Psychosocial Development Theory - How we interact with others affects our sense of self, or identity - Development of personality takes place throughout the lifespan - At each stage, there is conflict to resolve Infants Develop Attach Theoretical Views of Attachment Behaviorists viewed attachment as learned behavior based on caregiver’s attention Harry F. Harlow - Inborn need for contact comfort Ainsworth & Bowlby - Attachment is instinctive in humans Attachment Theory Infants need a secure base (someone to trust) a.k.a their caregiver - Secure attachment leads to subsequent healthy development - Insecure attachment leads to unhealthy development Attachment style affects relationships throughout life Deprivation of Attachment Failure to attach in early life contributes to adverse consequences Parenting Styles Strictness Warmth & Involvement Most Common Childbearing Approaches: 1. Authoritarian : 🠝in Control 🠟in Warmth 2. Authoritative : Positive: 🠝in Love & Warmth 🠝in Control 3. Permissive : Negative :🠝in Love & Warmth 🠟in Control 4. Uninvolved : 🠟in Love & Warmth 🠟in Control Stage Theory Development: Development is discontinuous: Different capacities emerge at each stage Happens in a specific order Relates to age Cognitive Development: Cognition: Mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating Piaget’s Perspective: - A child’s mind develops through a series of stages - Children are constantly trying to construct a more advanced understanding of the world Cognitive Development: Piaget’s Perspective Schema: Concepts or framework that organizes and interprets organization People use and adjust schemas through: - Assimilation: Interpreting new experiencing through existing schemas (Taking new information and put into an existing box) - Accommodation: Adapting current understandings to incorporate new information (THinking outside the box) - New information HAS TO be added to expand information  Age Stage Description 0-2 Sensorimotor - Experience world through senses and actions 3-6 Preoperational - Words and images to represent concepts - Lack logical reasoning 7-11 Concrete-operational - Understand concrete events - Perform arithmetic operations 12- Formal-operational - Formal Operations - Utilize abstract reasoning 1. Sensorimotor Stage (0-2 years) - Jaxon - Begins at birth and lasts until the child’s second birthday - Characterized by active exploration of the environment ( touch, taste, smell, hearing, sight) - Child explores world through sensory and motor activity - Object Permanence: The ability to form mental representations of objects that are no longer present. Occurs around 8 months. 2. Pre-operational (2-7 years) - Use of symbols, egocentrism, and limits on ability to think logically - Believes that appearances are real - Better speech & communication - Can imagine the future and reflect on the past - Developed basic mathematical skills - Have difficulty discerning imagination from reality (Animism) Conservation of Matter: understanding that something doesn’t change even if it looks different, shaped is not related to quantity 3. Concrete-operational (7-11) - Beginning of logical thought - Problems of conservation are more easily solved by logical thinking - Thinking becomes logical  - Decentration: Focusing on more than one dimension at a time (Taking pieces and putting them together) - Reversibility: Recognition that processes can be undone 4. Formal Operational (12-) - Be able to think about hypothetical situations - Can handle abstract concepts - Improves problem-solving skills Adolescent Egocentrism: - Imaginary Audience - Personal Fable Alternative Approaches to Cognitive Development 1. Lev Vgotsky: - Humans gain knowledge and develop cognitively by interacting socially and collaboratively - Humans are learning from each other - The More Knowledge Other (MKO) - relying on the knowledge of others in order to develop ideas & cognitive functioning - Zone of Proximal Development - difference between what a child achieves alone and what a child can achieve with guidance from someone skilled - ZPD is area where most guidance should be given, allowing children to develop skills they will use later on 2. Information Professing: - Extends Piaget’s theory by describing specific changes in reasoning ability - Rate of information processing increases with age 3. Naive Theories: - Young children understand even without interaction or experience  The Individual Mind: Personality Psychology Psychodynamic Theory of Personality: - Explanation of personality based on ideas from Sigmund Freud - Emphasizes unconscious forces and early childhood experiences - Theory is controversial 1. Id: Basic, selfish, primitive instincts (Unconscious Mind), does not understand delayed gratification 2. Ego: Reality and rationality, mediator of the Id and Superego 3. Superego: Morals and virtues, internalization of society’s ethics and rule, the ideal and perfect person (Moral Storehouse) Freud Stages of Development Defense Mechanism: - Protective behavior that reduces anxiety - Helps us channel potentially self-destructive/painful psychic energy into more manageable behaviors Psychosexual Stages: - Developing personality would deal with sexual impulses of the id - Five Psychosexual Stages: Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital - Personality is result of conflict during these stages Humanistic Approaches to Personality Considered all humans to be unique Human nature is inherently good Strive for personal growth Abraham Maslow on Healthy Personality: 1. Basic needs (food, water, shelter, feeling of belonging) must be secured before a person can self-actualize Carl Rogers on Healthy Personality: Fully becoming the person you have the potential to be requires positive regard from others (warmth, acceptance, and love) Problems arise when conditions of worth are impose - Requirements you must meet in order to earn the positive regard or another Trait Theory Traits: - Stable personality characteristics - Realization that traits are clustered together Central Traits: - Characteristics that define/differentiate a person; a description of someone The Big Five 1. O: Openness to Experience - High in open 2. C: Conscientiousness 3. Extroversion 4. A: Agreeableness 5. N: Neuroticism - Anxiety, hostility, depression. self-consciousness, impulsive, vulnerable - Opposite trait indicates emotional stability - Most people should be low in neuroticism - Low in neuroticism allows people to be more emotionally stable The Big Five predicts: - Physical and mental health Assessing Personality: Validity and reliability separate professional assessments from “amatuer” tests on the Internet Psychologists assess personality to:  - Aid in therapy - As part of legal matters - As part of employment process Personality Inventories: 1. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventories 2. NEO-PI-3 - Objective personality test that measures BIg Five personality traits - Focuses on assessment of “normal” traits - 240 questions Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) Clients create stories in response to cards that show people in undefined situations Not standardized Scoring varies widely