Contemporary History of Law 2024 PDF

Rechtswissenschaftliche Fakultät Contemporary History of Law War and Humanity: The Rise of International Humanitarian Law Special Focus FS 2024 Prof. Dr. Elisabetta Fiocchi Malaspina  Rechtswissenschaftliche Fakultät General Overvie...

Rechtswissenschaftliche Fakultät Contemporary History of Law War and Humanity: The Rise of International Humanitarian Law Special Focus FS 2024 Prof. Dr. Elisabetta Fiocchi Malaspina  Rechtswissenschaftliche Fakultät General Overview Wednesday 12:15-13:45 (from 19.02.2024 to 29.05.2024) (variation: Wednesday 8.5 only Podcast, no on site lecture) No lesson (Easter holiday): 6.04.2024 Language of the course: English Office hours: every Wednesday from 10:00 to 12:00, write an email asking for an appointment at [email protected] On site lecture + Zoom: All lectures will be recorded and available as podcast in Olat (until the exams period) Rechtswissenschaftliche Fakultät Guest Lecture Wednesday 6.03 Dr. Tania Atilano (UZH) The military trial against Maximilian of Habsburg in 1867 Rechtswissenschaftliche Fakultät Trip to Geneva – 19 March 2024 International Committe of the Red Cross Archives Palais des Nations, The United Nations Office Registration is mandatory by Wednesday 28.02 Write an email to [email protected] first come, first serve: limited to 18 participants! Rechtswissenschaftliche Fakultät Learning Materials Slides Reading Materials All uploaded in Olat Rechtswissenschaftliche Fakultät War and Humanity: The Rise of International Humanitarian Law The First Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded in Armies in the Field was adopted on 22 August 1864 Rechtswissenschaftliche Fakultät Two lines Protecting the victims of conflict Regulating methods of war Rechtswissenschaftliche Fakultät Towards a Global Legal Perspective «Global legal history as a historical discipline is devoted, in particular, to the phenomena of reproduction and translation of normativity over great spatial expanses. It inquires into the emergence and quality of legal spaces; it asks about the dialectic of universality and particularity, as well as the content and relationship of legal cultures and traditions to one another». Thomas Duve, Global Legal History: A Methodological Approach, in Max Planck Institute for European Legal History Research Paper Series No. 2016-04, 7 Rechtswissenschaftliche Fakultät Keywords of the Course State Sovereignty Constitution Peace/Peace treaties War Violence Enemies of Mankind (In)Equality  Rechtswissenschaftliche Fakultät Main Topics The «modern» development of state theories and the creation of the international law system The complex relations between: violence and law war and law colonialism and law (in)equality of man and law  Rechtswissenschaftliche Fakultät Congress ECSC of Vienna The Rise of Nation-State Imperialism WWI WWII Cold War II Industrial III Industrial I Industrial Revolution Revolution Revolution 1789 1814-15 1870 1918 1945 1951  Rechtswissenschaftliche Fakultät Emer de Vattel (1714-1767) and the war in due form Rechtswissenschaftliche Fakultät Peace as the aim of human society  Rechtswissenschaftliche Fakultät International Humanitarian Law (19th Century) The Lieber Code 1863: set out the rights and the obligations of the armed forces during the war. It is regarded as the first codification of rules regarding warfare. Henry Dunant and the founding of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) in 1863. Declaration of St Petersburg (1868): was the first instrument that limited the use of weapons during war. The Declaration banned the use of explosive and incendiary projectiles. Hague Conventions of 1899 (1) and 1907 (2) Hague Conventions (3) Planned for 1914, did not take place…. Rechtswissenschaftliche Fakultät Colonialism and Law Rechtswissenschaftliche Fakultät Rechtswissenschaftliche Fakultät Dealing with the Colonial Past: Must Statues fall? Rechtswissenschaftliche Fakultät Slavery: Toussaint Louverture (1743-1803) Haitian Revolution- Saint Domingue (1791-1804) Inspired by the French Revolution and its Declaration (1789) “Article 1. Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. Social distinctions may only be founded upon the general good.” Rechtswissenschaftliche Fakultät Universal Declaration of Human Rights- 1948 Art. 4: Ban on Slavery “No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited in all their forms”. Rechtswissenschaftliche Fakultät World War I (1914-1918) Rechtswissenschaftliche Fakultät Causes - Imperialism - Economic competition - Nationalism - Militarism - No international peace organisation Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria (28.06.1914, Sarajevo) Rechtswissenschaftliche Fakultät Chemical Weapons in WWI Chlorine gas Phosgene Mustard gas/sulfur mustard Rechtswissenschaftliche Fakultät WWI casualties Military deaths: 9.721.937 Civilian deaths: 6.821.248 Total deaths: 16.543.185 Military wounded: 21.228.813 Otto Dix, Streichholzhändler, 1920 http://www.centre-robert-schuman.org/userfiles/files/REPERES%20%E2%80%93%20module%201-1-1%20-%20explanatory%20notes%20%E2%80%93%20World%20War%20I%20casualties%20%E2%80%93%20EN.pdf Rechtswissenschaftliche Fakultät Woodrow Wilson- USA Rechtswissenschaftliche Fakultät Fourteen Points - Wilson 1. Open covenants of peace, openly arrived at, after which there shall be no private international understandings of any kind but diplomacy shall proceed always frankly and in the public view. 2. Absolute freedom of navigation upon the seas, outside territorial waters, alike in peace and in war, except as the seas may be closed in whole or in part by international action for the enforcement of international covenants. 3. The removal, so far as possible, of all economic barriers and the establishment of an equality of trade conditions among all the nations consenting to the peace and associating themselves for its maintenance. Rechtswissenschaftliche Fakultät 4. Adequate guarantees given and taken that national armaments will be reduced to the lowest point consistent with domestic safety. 5. A free, open-minded, and absolutely impartial adjustment of all colonial claims, based upon a strict observance of the principle that in determining all such questions of sovereignty the interests of the populations concerned must have equal weight with the equitable claims of the government whose title is to be determined. Rechtswissenschaftliche Fakultät 14. A general association of nations must be formed under specific covenants for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike. Rechtswissenschaftliche Fakultät Paris Peace Conference (18.01.1919- 21.01.1920) David Lloyd George, Vittorio Emanuele Orlando, Georges Clemenceau und Woodrow Wilson Rechtswissenschaftliche Fakultät  Rechtswissenschaftliche Fakultät The League of Nations (1920-1946) - Officially started its works on 10.01.1920 in London - First general assembly, Wilson Palace, Geneva, 15.11.1920 Today: headquarters of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights Rechtswissenschaftliche Fakultät The League of Nations (1920-1946) “In order to promote international cooperation and to achieve international peace and security: by the acceptance of obligations not to resort to war by the prescription of open, just and honourable relations between nations by the firm establishment of the understandings of international law as the actual rule of conduct among Governments, and by the maintenance of justice and a scrupulous respect for all treaty obligations in the dealings of organised peoples with one another Agree to this Covenant of the League of Nations”. Rechtswissenschaftliche Fakultät ARTICLE 14 The Council shall formulate and submit to the Members of the League for adoption plans for the establishment of a Permanent Court of International Justice. The Court shall be competent to hear and determine any dispute of an international character which the parties thereto submit to it. The Court may also give an advisory opinion upon any dispute or question referred to it by the Council or by the Assembly. Permanent Court of International Justice (1922-1946), predecessor of the International Court of Justice Rechtswissenschaftliche Fakultät ARTICLE 22 To those colonies and territories which as a consequence of the late war have ceased to be under the sovereignty of the States which formerly governed them and which are inhabited by peoples not yet able to stand by themselves under the strenuous conditions of the modern world, there should be applied the principle that the well-being and development of such peoples form a sacred trust of civilisation and that securities for the performance of this trust should be embodied in this Covenant. The best method of giving practical effect to this principle is that the tutelage of such peoples should be entrusted to advanced nations who by reason of their resources, their experience or their geographical position can best undertake this responsibility, and who are willing to accept it, and that this tutelage should be exercised by them as Mandatories on behalf of the League. […] Rechtswissenschaftliche Fakultät Women and Peace: Zurich Congress 1919  Rechtswissenschaftliche Fakultät World War II (1939-1945) Worldwide Casulaties Battle deaths: 15.000.000 Battle wounded: 25.000.000 Civilian deaths: 45.000.000 http://www.centre-robert-schuman.org/userfiles/files/REPERES%20%E2%80%93%20module%201-2-0%20 %20explanatory%20notes%20%E2%80%93%20World%20War%20II%20casualties%20%E2%80%93%20EN.pdf Rechtswissenschaftliche Fakultät The United Nations (San Francisco Conference, 25th April 1945) Rechtswissenschaftliche Fakultät Atomic Bombs (Hiroshima 06.08.1945 – Nagasaki 09.08.1945)  Rechtswissenschaftliche Fakultät The United Nations, 24th October 1945 Creation of the UN Its Charter is ratified by the five permanent members of the Security Council and the majority of other signatories Rechtswissenschaftliche Fakultät “WE THE PEOPLES OF THE UNITED NATIONS DETERMINED to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war, which twice in our lifetime has brought untold sorrow to mankind, and to regain faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person, in the equal rights of men and women and of nations large and small, and to establish conditions under which justice and respect for the obligations arising from treaties and other sources of international law can be maintained, and to promote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom, AND FOR THESE ENDS to practice tolerance and live together in peace with one another as good neighbours, and to unite our strength to maintain international peace and security, and to ensure, by the acceptance of principles and the institution of methods, that armed force shall not be used, save in the common interest, and to employ international machinery for the promotion of the economic and social advancement of all peoples […]”. Rechtswissenschaftliche Fakultät Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) “The General Assembly, Proclaims this Universal Declaration of Human Rights as a common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations, to the end that every individual and every organ of society, keeping this Declaration constantly in mind, shall strive by teaching and education to promote respect for these rights and freedoms and by progressive measures, national and international, to secure their universal and effective recognition and observance, both among the peoples of Member States themselves and among the peoples of territories under their jurisdiction”. Rechtswissenschaftliche Fakultät Crimes against humanity Nuremberg Trials (1945-1949) International Military Tribunal of Nuremberg - 20.11.1945-1.10.1946 (indictments against 24 leading figures of the Third Reich) - Death Executions: 16.10.1946