GIS Principles & Applications PDF

GIS Principles & Applications Dr Ye Tian School of Geography University College Dublin  Class description Introduction: This course provides a comprehensive introduction to Geographic Information Systems (GIS) principles for u...

GIS Principles & Applications Dr Ye Tian School of Geography University College Dublin  Class description Introduction: This course provides a comprehensive introduction to Geographic Information Systems (GIS) principles for undergraduate students. Goal: uncover the power of GIS maps, navigate through geographic coordinate systems, mastering fundamental concepts while tackling real-world challenges, and harnessing spatial data for effective problem-solving. Software: ESRI's ArcGIS Pro, ArcGIS Online. Applications: urban planning, public health, social security, climate change, etc. Reference books: Longley, P. A., Goodchild, M. F., Maguire, D. J. and Rhind, D. W. (2019). Geographic Information Systems and Science. 4th Edition. New York: John Wiley & Sons. Law, M., and Collins, A. (2024). Getting to Know ArcGIS Pro 3.2. Fifth Edition. ESRI Press Tutorial Data: Provided by the instructor Week Lectures Lab Assignment 1 Introduction to GIS development ArcGIS Pro Basics 2 Assignment 1: Selection and review of Application of GIS Maps View 2D and 3D Maps scientific papers on GIS applications 3 Data Representation Introduction to Data Engineering 4 Data Management Understand metadata in GIS 5 Coordinate System and Assignment 1 Submission Due Projection and Transformation Georeferencing 6 Spatial Analysis – Vector data Spatial Analysis with Vector Data 7 8 Spatial Analysis – Raster data Spatial analysis with raster data Reading week Assignment 2: Leveraging GIS to examine Sustainable Development Goals Syllabus 9 In-class discussion: Spatial Spatial analysis application in GIS Analysis Application 10 3D Visualization Practice for 3D Visualization 11 Introduction to Geodatabase Data process in geodatabase Assignment 2 Submission Due 12 Future GIS directions and GIS Performing Random Forest regression career in ArcGIS Pro 13 Reviews + Q & A 14 Written Exams 15  Grades Assessment Grade Submission Deadline Assignment 1: Critical review of selected scientific papers on GIS applications. 20% Weeks 4 - Written submission. Summarize your comments on the paper (e.g., Pros and cons, future applications, etc. ). Assignment 2: Application of GIS to human/physical geography: Socio-economic and/or environmental profile of a country/region. - Submission should include: - A concise summary of the problem and the related 30% Week 7 sustainable development goal - Methodology for examining the issue at hand - Key findings and conclusions of the spatial analysis - At least, three high-quality maps with all necessary map elements Final Test: GIS Test. 2-hour written test on basic GIS skills. - Sitting the test is compulsory 50% Week 9  1. Introduction to GIS development Goals: ❑ Learn basic GIS components ❑ Understand the fundamental GIS uses. ❑ Use of ArcGIS to address business needs.  What is GIS? GIS is the abbreviation for Geographic Information Systems. These systems may have different configurations, functions, and applications, but their core implementation is the same. It is a framework for gathering, managing, and analyzing data. It is rooted in the science of geography. Introduction to GIS http://www.esri.com/what-is-gis/index.html  More about GIS At its core, GIS provides a way to create, manage, visualize, analyze, and interpret geospatial data. Through its unique capabilities, GIS can uncover rich information from data, such as relationships, patterns, and situations, which will enable you to make smarter decisions.  Different terms in GIS GISystems ◦ Emphasis on technology and tools GIScience ◦ The field of research that studies the theory and concepts that underpin GIS GIStudies ◦ Systematic study of the use of geographic information GISS ◦ Geographic Information Science and Systems GIS&T ◦ Geographic Information Science and Technology Story 1: The World First GIS and the Father of GIS Roger Tomlinson and Lee Pratt, CLI (Canada Land Inventory), 1962 The World First GIS: Canada Geographic Information System (CGIS), 1964 The Father of GIS: Dr. Roger Tomlinson (1933-2014) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7vzHDvhLb2w Looking into the Past and Future of GIS A Conversation with Dr. Roger F. Tomlinson http://www.esri.com/news/arcwatch/0509/tomlinson. html  Story 2: GIS and Social Physics 3D Population Potential Model on a Dinning Table Dr. William W. Warntz (1922-1988) Director of the Harvard Laboratory for Computer Graphics and Spatial Analysis (1968-1971) Brought “Social Physics” into Geography. “Every educated person should carry about in his mind’s eye an instantaneously available globe. The globe should be in life colors and rotating slowly in the sunlight. On it the mind’s eye should see at least the continental outlines, major political divisions, vegetation and climatic belts, primal atmospheric and oceanic circulation, the earth’s outstanding cities and their economic flows, and ultimately the people themselves and the quality of life.” — William Warntz (1968), on a proposal to initiated a Department of Geography at Harvard Examples of GIS For example, let’s observe how a port might use GIS to provide a safe and secure environment. Hundreds of ships come in and out of a port every day. With GIS, the ships can be tracked using real-time maps to help the captains safely reach their designated wharves. Cameras set up throughout the port can also be mapped using GIS; these cameras ensure the security of the premises by monitoring traffic. Additionally, when roads become blocked by cargo loading, construction, or maintenance, emergency personnel can use GIS to quickly navigate open areas to respond to an incident. Examples of GIS As a second example, consider how a clothing retailer might use GIS to simplify the site selection for its next store. With GIS, the retailer can access information such as crime reports, competitor locations, and the spending habits of people within a certain distance of a proposed site. By providing quick and easy access to such data, GIS can help clothing retailers find the best potential location for their next venture. Examples of GIS Finally, GIS could help the managers of a shellfish farm better understand the details of its operation by allowing them to efficiently track their staff’s work. Using GIS, field workers can upload water sample results, inventory reports, or shoreline debris data, which managers can then visualize in real time. The managers can view drone footage of their farm beds at low tide, to better understand elevation. Such information is critical to determining the optimal depth for each species and ensuring that crops are not washed away. Summary GIS application As these examples demonstrate, GIS is essential to understanding what has happened, what is happening, and what will happen in a particular geographic area. It solves spatial problems using geographic understanding so that we can make better decisions about the issues we face on global and local scales.  Identifying GIS uses Port safety and security, retail site selection, and shellfish management are just a few potential uses for a GIS. Consider now an organization working to reduce elephant poaching in Africa. Q: What are some ways this organization might use GIS to help achieve its mission? Mapping known elephant trails Knowing where convicted poachers live Mapping wildlife sanctuaries or conservation parks  GIS components A GIS provides you with the tools needed to solve spatial problems. A GIS is made up of five components: hardware, software, data, people, and workflows (methods). Each component contributes to the overall system that enables you to make smarter decisions. (GISOutlook)  GIS components - Hardware A GIS is implemented on hardware that includes centralized computer servers, desktop computers, and handheld devices such as smartphones. The ability to create, share, and use geographic information is enabled by these hardware devices. (Geographic Book)  GIS components - Software GIS software provides the functions and tools needed to store, analyze, and display geographic data. The software also provides the tools needed to input, manipulate, and query geographic data. (Muenchow et al. 2017)  GIS components - Data GIS data is data that contains location information such as addresses, postal codes, and x,y locations. A GIS manages and integrates geographic information with data from other sources to perform (EDUCBA) visualization and analysis.  GIS components - People People use GIS software to perform tasks on geographic data and might include administrators, analysts, cartographers, and fieldworkers. A GIS provides little value without a user to manage the system and develop plans to apply GIS to real- world problems. (National Geographic Society)  GIS components – Workflows/Methods A GIS has workflows/methods composed of unique structured plans and business rules. Organizations develop workflows/methods to improve efficiency by defining processes and repeatable tasks. (Prince) Geographic information Geographic information is made up of two types of information: attribute (or attributes) and location. Attributes: describe non-location information, such as ID numbers, names, and values. Location: describes where an object resides on the earth and includes x,y coordinates, latitude and longitude, zip code, and street address. Imagine that friends Paul and Greg have decided to meet at Paul's house. To help with navigation, Paul tells Greg that he lives in a blue, one-story house. Although this attribute information gives Greg an idea of what Paul's house looks like, Greg will not be able to find the home without a location component such as a street address. Combining the home's description and address creates geographic information that can be Attribute information combined with location information accurately placed on a map for others to find. creates geographic information that can be placed on a map. Exploring geographic information Geographic information can be found in all different formats and within a variety of documents and datasets. Q: What two types of location information can be found on the birth certificate?? Choose two answers. A. File date B. File number C. Mother's place of birth D. Place of birth E. Name Scenario 1: Birth certificate Exploring geographic information Q: What four types of attribute information can be found on the driver's license? Choose four answers. A. Date of birth B. Name C. Address D. Height E. ID number Scenario 2: Driver's license Exploring geographic information Q: What two types of location information can be found on the crash report? Choose two answers. A. City/town B. Driver's address C. ID number D. Time of crash E. Speed limit Scenario 3: Crash report  Exploring geographic information Q: What geographic location information can be found on the website? A. Company address B. Phone number C. Page title D. URL Scenario 4: Website  GIS capability Description Spatial analytics allow individuals to move beyond exploring the visual aspects of their data to using tools based on spatial algorithms to identify trends, patterns, and relationships in data. Spatial analytics GIS capabilities Field operations enable an organization's office staff and fieldworkers to access the same authoritative data sources via mobile devices, reducing reliance on paper-based methods and increasing Field operations productivity and efficiency. GIS opens the door to a powerful set of Mapping and visualization allow individuals to view data from multiple sources, such as capabilities that enable users to benefit spreadsheets, databases, and live data feeds, from location-based analytics. Mapping and visualization on a map. Real-time GIS monitors and displays data These capabilities give access to rich obtained from sensors or devices at specific locations, enabling individuals to make real-time information through the use of tools Real-time GIS decisions. that visualize and analyze data. Three-dimensional GIS transforms 2D data into 3D models, bringing real-world context to maps and providing new ways to add dimension to 3D GIS data for visualization and analysis. Imagery and remote sensing provide tools and workflows that individuals can use to extract information from imagery and remotely sensed Imagery and data. remote sensing Data collection and management functions allow individuals to access, use, integrate, and store business data in a GIS. Data collection and management “Real-time visualization and analytics” “Field operations” “Spatial analytics” “3D GIS” “Mapping and visualization” “Imagery and remote sensing” “Data collection and management” - A hydrologist uses stream gauges to monitor the water flow during storms. - An analyst looks at crime trends within a city based on the locations of arrests over time. - An architect designs a new building and would like to see a 3D model of its proposed footprint. - A storm causes damage to a town. Emergency workers are dispatched with mobile devices to collect data on flooded areas around town. - A GIS analyst adds the locations of new parcels within the county to a database. -A retail analyst compiles data from different sources into a single map to share with store executives. -A conservation group uses multispectral imagery collected from drones to analyze deforestation over time. Introduction to ESRI products ArcGIS is a system that allows organizations to take advantage of GIS capabilities. By utilizing ArcGIS products, organizations can create, manage, share, visualize, and analyze spatial data. An explanation of the major components of ArcGIS follows. What is ArcGIS? What is ArcGIS? ArcGIS Online ArcGIS Online is a cloud-based Web GIS deployment for mapping and analysis that can be used anytime and anywhere as long as you have access to a mobile device and an internet connection. ArcGIS Online enables you to connect people, locations, and data using interactive maps. These maps can be used to share insight with specific groups within your organization or with the entire world. (USA Wildfires) ArcGIS Pro ArcGIS Pro is a desktop application that provides tools for data management, visualization, and analysis of 2D and 3D data. ArcGIS Pro has advanced cartographic tools for creating maps for print, apps, dashboards, and the web. ArcGIS Pro is closely integrated with the ArcGIS system, which allows sharing of data across ArcGIS Online and ArcGIS Enterprise. ArcGIS Pro What is ArcGIS Pro, and why would you and your organization want to use it? ArcGIS Pro: The World's Leading GIS Software Work in ArcGIS Pro is centred around projects. ArcGIS Pro allows you to store multiple items, such as maps, layouts, tables, and charts, in a single project and work with By default, an ArcGIS Pro project's structure is designed to them as needed. contain all the project's data efficiently. When a new project is created, many supporting items are also created by default for use in the project. These items consist of a geodatabase to house your data and folders to organize your folder connections, maps, styles, toolboxes, and layouts.  Key components of the ArcGIS Pro The ArcGIS Pro user interface consists of three main components: a ribbon Introducing ArcGIS Pro View that includes tabs, groups, and tools or buttons; views; and dockable panes. Ribbon Tab Group Tool/button View Pane  Sharing GIS content If you are connected to an ArcGIS Online or ArcGIS Enterprise portal, you can publish your GIS content so that others can access it. From the Share tab, you can share your GIS content directly to your ArcGIS Online or ArcGIS Enterprise portal. You can share your content as a web map, which contains the data layers and basemaps used to create your map, or as a web layer containing the data layers used in your map. You can also share your content as one of a variety of packages. Packages are used to share the contents of a map, a project, or a layer and can be published to a portal or sent directly to a desired party. Sharing GIS content Right-clicking a specific layer in the Contents pane and pointing to the Sharing option enables you to share a single layer as a layer package or share the layer to your organization’s portal. An important step in sharing your GIS content is to review the descriptive information that will be published with it. This information includes a summary, which is a brief description of the purpose of the content that you are sharing, and tags, which are searchable key terms that can be used by others to locate your content. Both the summary and tags are required and will be auto populated from the layer’s metadata. You then choose which folder in your portal you want to publish the content to and which groups the content will be shared with. Finally, you click Publish to publish your data. Sharing GIS content After your content has been published, it can be viewed in the portal. You can review the descriptive information for the item by clicking it from your portal content, and you can open it in Map Viewer to begin exploring and using the data. Once you have successfully published and shared content to your portal, it can be discovered and used by anyone with proper access. ArcGIS Enterprise ArcGIS Enterprise is a Web GIS that is deployed within your organization's firewall and that contains tools to make maps, analyze data, solve problems, and share geospatial data. ArcGIS Mobile Apps ArcGIS has a large collection of location- based apps that work wherever you go. These apps provide tools to navigate routes, collect data, track location, share information, and more. Organizations can take advantage of these mobile apps to support their field activities in connected or disconnected environments.  Integrating different data formats A variety of data formats can be added as layers to a map. A GIS is capable of consuming data from various business systems; spatially locating that data is based on fields that contain spatial information, such as addresses, postal codes, and x,y coordinates. Below are examples of data formats and spatial information that can be added to a map： A CSV file displays x,y coordinates. Addresses are included in an Excel file. A JSON file contains zip (postal) codes Using GIS to improve decision-making The ability to incorporate geographic data into a GIS gives you access to a wide range of tools to use with your data. Adding geographic data to a GIS offers a new approach to problem- solving. The visual aspects of a map enable you to improve your decision- making processes so that you can work more efficiently to keep the lights on across your city. GIS Explained: Visualizing Data for Informed Decision-Making Summary 1. Basic concepts of GIS 2. GIS components 3. Understand geographic information 4. ESRI ArcGIS software suites 5. Representing the real word with GIS