Europe-Africa Partnership 2023/24 PDF

EUROPE AND AFRICA COOPERATION AND SECURITY AA. 2023/24 Igiea Lanza di Scalea [email protected] 339-5778637 INTRODUCTION AND PROGRAMME 1. EU-AU RELATIONSHIP (how does it work; EU-AU partnership …) - 2h 2. MIGRANT, MIGRATION AND MIGRATION FLOWS (who is a migrant, push and pull migration factors...

EUROPE AND AFRICA COOPERATION AND SECURITY AA. 2023/24 Igiea Lanza di Scalea [email protected] 339-5778637 INTRODUCTION AND PROGRAMME 1. EU-AU RELATIONSHIP (how does it work; EU-AU partnership …) - 2h 2. MIGRANT, MIGRATION AND MIGRATION FLOWS (who is a migrant, push and pull migration factors, migration flows and roots, ecc) - 2h 3. LIBIAN-TUNISIA CASE - 2h 4. MIGRANT IDENTIKIT - 2h 5. ISLAM AND SHARIA: KNOW TO UNDERSTAND AND TO BETTER OPERATE – 4h 6. COOPERATION SECURITY COOPERATION -4 h (guest; Dr. De Vito/ Dr. Resti) 7. AFRICA FOCUS GROUP – 2h (Guest; Minister Fabrizio Lobasso, MAECI) 8. THE ITALY IN SUDAN CASE -2h (Guest; Dr. Marco Cavalcante, Dr.ssa Silvia Bonanomi, Minister Fabrizio Lobasso ) Africa and Europe are bound together by history and geography EU-AU: historical asymmetry characterized by Europe as the leader of the civilizing mission Despite African independence has freed Africa from European dominance, the country has remained fragile due to serious structural difficulties that prevent full emancipation Some examples? JUST TO START SOME FOOD FOR BRAIN … https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Is2chwkxxsc What do you think? African average salary 294 174 492 85 2,031 576 738 748 2,026 814 1,000 1,348 1,168 1,291 1,273 Morocco South Africa Tunisia Kenya Algeria Namibia Botswana Ghana Uganda Burundi Libya Gambia Ethiopia Sudan Nigeria Think at the african families and the african culture: how can a family composed by 5-6-8 (+) children + parents live with 165 US monthly? Between the most corrupted african countries there are the poorest ones (Sudan, Somali, Libya, Burundi, ecc) JUST TO HAVE AN IDEA ACCORDING TO THE AFRICAN POINT OF VIEW … https://youtu.be/SWdaigM-awI At the time of the colonizing mission, African resources were often extracted and exploited to benefit the colonizers. In any case … African countries al least are very rich: precious minerals, fertile soil, oil and ect. These riches often become land for conflict rather than progress and development Africa’s underdevelopment have never been due to a lack of resources it’s a deficit in effective leadership and knowledge + Climate change and Desertification, floods and cyclones Food crisis, hunger and malnutrition Conflicts after-effects of COVID-19 energy crisis limited benefits from globalization Health problems / Pour education Pour job opportunities and CORRUPTION Actually Jean Claude Junkers (Former President of the European Commission) said… «What happens in Africa matters for Europe and what happens to Europe matters for Africa» Africa is a geopolitical priority for the European Union, it is Europe closest neighbour and our sister continent. Europe and Africa have close economic, cultural and geographical ties Africa-Europe-fixed link: what does it mean? Some examples? How does it work the AU-EU Partnership? The Africa-EU Partnership is the formal political EU-AU channel The African Union (inter-governmental organisation headquartered in Addis Ababa) links together 55 African nations The EU and AU cooperate through different instruments Cotonou Agreement (2000) + Samoa Agreement (2023) Joint Africa-EU Strategy (2007) Regional strategies (Horn of Africa, Guinea gulf, Sahel) Formal dialogues such as the EU- AU vertices COTONOU AGREEMENT Signed in Cotonou- Benin, in 2000  The Cotonou Agreement is the backbone of the partnership between the EU and 79 African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) countries  It aims to contribute to the eradication of poverty, to support the sustainable economy, the cultural and social development of the ACP countries and to help the integration of their economies into the world economy MAIN PRINCIPLES 1) Partners are EQUAL 2) the ACP countries determine their own development policies 3) Cooperation priorities vary according to every country (levels of development) 4) The cooperation should include every sector, even private (not only authorities) ACP Group (OACPS) in April 2020 Caribbean region: Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Saint Kitts and Nevis, St Lucia, St Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname and Trinidad and Tobago. West Africa: Benin, Burkina Faso, Cabo Verde, Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, The Gambia and Togo. Central Africa: Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon and São Tomé and Príncipe. Eastern and Southern Africa: Comoros, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Seychelles, Sudan, Zambia and Zimbabwe. East African community: Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, and Uganda. Southern African development community. Botswana, Eswatini, Lesotho, Mozambique, Namibia and South Africa. Pacific region: Cook Islands, Fiji, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Nauru, Niue, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu and Vanuatu Political dimension and activities promoting human rights and democratic principles; developing peacebuilding policies conflict prevention & conflict resolution; addressing migration issues and security issues (such as terrorism and the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction) Activities focused on economic development (industrial, agricultural and tourism sectors); Activities to improve health, education and nutrition services; Activities to promote and expand trade among ACP countries. In 2010 the C.A. was adapted to focus on issues such as climate change, sustainability of fisheries, HIV, and in 2017 with the SUISTAINABLE development goals (2030) «POST COTONOU – SAMOA AGREEMENT» On 15 November 2023 the agreement was renewed “Samoa Agreement” SA: Legal framework between EU and 79 of the OACPS More or less, 2 billion people are covered by the agreement The Samoa Agreement will be active for 20 years Six priority areas: Democracy, justice and human rights sustainable economic growth and development climate change human and social development peace and security migration and mobility The agreement focuses on a common strategy combined with three regional protocols for Africa, the Caribbean and the Pacific with a special attention on the regions’ specific needs Joint Africa-EU strategy oThe joint Africa-EU strategy was adopted in 2007 as the formal channel for EU relations with African countries oIt is implemented through periodical action plans: in 2014, EU and African countries agreed on the roadmap for 2014-2017 (five key priorities) oIn 2017 AU and EU issued a joint communication for a renewed impetus of the Africa-EU joint partnership (2017-2020) oIn 2020 the European Commission and the European External Action Service (EEAS) issued a joint communication entitled Towards a comprehensive strategy with Africa focusing on 5 KP Towards a comprehensive strategy with Africa WORKING TOGETHER TO IMPLEMENT THE PARTNERSHIP STRENGTHEN THE INTERNATIONAL RULES-BASED ORDER AND THE MULTILATERAL SYSTEM WITH THE UNITED NATIONS AT ITS CORE Towards a comprehensive strategy with Africa “The 5 K-P” 1. A partnership for the green transition and energy access Energy EU supported renewable energy projects in Africa ACTION Maximise the benefits of the green transition and minimise threats to the environment 10 560 1483 3083 Hydropower Solar Wind Geotermal Towards a comprehensive strategy with Africa “The 5 K-P” 2. A partnership for digital transformation Numbers of internet users in Africa in 2005 17 million Numbers of internet users in Africa in 2017 330 million ACTION Boost the continent digital transformation Towards a comprehensive strategy with Africa “The 5 K-P” 3. A partnership for sustainable growth and jobs EU: 222 Billion USA: 42 Billion CHINA: 38 Billion ACTIONS Increase investments resilient to the impacts of climate change; boost regional and continental economic integration, (African Continental Free Trade Agreement); attract investors; intensify learning, knowledge and skills capacities; protecting and improving social rights, and eradicating child labour Towards a comprehensive strategy with Africa “The 5 K-P” 4. A partnership for peace, security and governance  There are currently 10 EU Common Security and Defence Policy missions in Africa  The EU has contributed €253.6 million to the G5 Sahel Joint Force to combat terrorism and to improve regional security ACTIONS Deepen EU support to African peace efforts through a more strategic form of cooperation especially in regions where tensions and vulnerabilities are higher; integrating good governance, democracy, human rights, the rule of law; ensure resilience by linking humanitarian, development, peace and security missions at all stages of the cycle of conflicts and crises Towards a comprehensive strategy with Africa “The 5 K-P” 5. A partnership on migration and mobility The EU Trust Fund for Africa in figures (€ million) 72.7 958.2 1,393.60 943.1 1,094.10 Greater economic and employment opportunities Strengthening resilience of communities Improved migration management Improved governance and conflict prevention Other/Cross-cutting FORMAL DIALOGUES The EU-Africa partnership is developed through formal dialogues at various levels EU-AU summits held every 3 years involving both heads of state or government ministerial (or troika) meetings held regularly Involving representatives from African and EU countries, the African Union Commission and EU institutions, including the Council of the EU Commission to commission meetings (EU-AU) The sixth EU-AU summit took place on 17 and 18 February 2022 in Brussels « joint vision for a renewed partnership.» Two Unions, a joint vision for 2030 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ftV1Os-sJiM VI EU-AU SUMMIT Two Unions, a joint vision for 2030 The aims of the partnership are: 1) solidarity; 2)Peace and security 3) sustainable and sustained economic development and prosperity It aims to promote: common priorities, shared values, international law It aims to preserve common public goods, human rights, gender equality, women’s empowerment, climate, environment and biodiversity It also aims to preserve: sustainable and inclusive economic growth Education even by strengthening the ERASMUS + programme Healthcare and access to health What does involve the VI EU-AU SUMMIT? 150 billion € to promote: digital transition & green transition, human development, education + job opportunities 450 million vaccine doses shared by the Team Europe Renewed cooperation for peace and security (fight instability, radicalisation, terrorism) + Strengthen peace and security missions + training & equipment for African defence and secutity forces https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QcocfFBPHL8 Migration and mobility to fight the roots causes of irregular migration; identify pathways for legal migration opportunities; combact people smuggling and trafficking; Fight against the «brain drain» helping young people to enhance their skill and employment opportunities Commitment to multilateralism Reduce global inequalities; strengthen solidarity; promote international cooperation; mitigate climate change; accelerate Africa’s energy transition, fundamental for its industrialization and the fight against climate change