1-CCB41302 Introduction.pdf

INTRODUCTION TO PETROLEUM REFINING At the end of this chapter, you should be able: 1. To have the basic knowledge about petroleum and crude oil characteristics and processes 2. To acknowledge a bit about the history of petroleum 1.1 Introduction What is PETROLEUM?  Petro (rock) an...

INTRODUCTION TO PETROLEUM REFINING At the end of this chapter, you should be able: 1. To have the basic knowledge about petroleum and crude oil characteristics and processes 2. To acknowledge a bit about the history of petroleum 1.1 Introduction What is PETROLEUM?  Petro (rock) and oleum (oil)  Also known as crude oil Complex mixture of hydrocarbons and natural gas (NG) Hydrocarbons + NG = Petroleum PETROLEUM Hydrocarbons: contain hydrogen and carbon. NG: oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur  Petrochemicals  During refining of crude oil and the processing of natural gas, many by-products are produced  Also called as petroleum distillates  Chemical products derived from petroleum Aromatics (ex: benzene, Olefins; CnH2n toluene, xylene) (ex: ethylene, propylene, Synthesis gas (CO + H2) to butadiene) form ammonia and methanol HOW PETROLEUM & NG ARE FORMED?  HISTORY: North America -Distillation process starts to be used 1846: Canadian archeologist, widely. Abraham Gesner, developed a Petroleum distillation process -In 1850s, USA (kerosine was the main product) already produced kerosene at the rate of 8 million barrels per year 1859: Edwin Drake drilled the first oil for petroleum extraction (first mechanical drilling technique which is simple and effective) HISTORY: North America 1860s: Rapid growth of petroleum companies 1895: Standard Oil (biggest oil enterprise in US) tried to share the Petroleum market with Russia government but Russia rejected HISTORY: North America 1911: Standard Oil break-up to 34 companies HISTORY: North America 1928: Exxon, Mobil, Chevron, Texaco, Gulf, British Petroleum (BP) and Shell formed an international Organization called Seven Sisters plays important roles in petroleum extraction development and in transportation 1930s: Automobile industry was developed the level of petroleum production was sustained the prices of fuels and petroleum products were stabilized  ONSHORE DRILLING Drill Bits Lowering the Bit and Drill Collar into the Well Hole Positioning the Hoisting Equipment Working on an Onshore Drilling Rig OFFSHORE DRILLING PETROLEUM PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE In the oil industry, "Upstream" refers to petroleum exploration and production aspects (E&P). https://www.planete-energies.com/en/media/article/search-oil-or-gas-deposit “Midstream" business consists of transportation and processing. Pipelines and other transport systems can be used to move crude oil from production sites to refineries and deliver the various refined products to ‘downstream’ distributors. Horizon Singapore Terminals Pascagoula Refinery's (Subsidiary of Emirates National Oil Marine Terminal Company (ENOC)-owned Horizon Terminals Ltd) Ras Tanura Oil Terminal, Saudi Oil Terminal in Primorsk, Eastern Arabia Gulf of Finland Netherlands Antilles, Curacao, Shell oil refinery, one of world's largest refinery. An Oil Refinery  Transport Capacity Tanker truck 200 barrels Railroad tanker 1,500 barrels Barge 15,000 barrels Super tanker 1 millions barrels Large liquid 2 millions pipeline barrels/day Large gas pipeline 1 billion cubic feet/day Source: Petroleum Museum, Miri, Sarawak An oil feeder line in Kuwait Oil carriers in Prigorodnoye, Russia Railroad tanker Tanker truck "Downstream" business deals with marketing and sales which reaches consumers, represented by gasoline stations. Also involves processing and purifying of raw NG. Global oil production continued to grow in 2022 (4.2%), driven by the Gulf countries and the United States. The latter confirmed their leadership position, secured for several years by the exploitation of ”Shale Oil” Characteristics of Crude Oil Quality of crude oil is described based on 1. Density/ Specific gravity 2. Sulfur content, % Light vs Heavy Good Quality?  Classification of Oil  Quality of crude oil based on MATURATION  HIGHER QUALITYLIGHTER COLOUR (golden or amber)  Colors of Crude Oil NORTHEASTERN UTAH NORTHWESTERN ILLINOIS PANHANDLE REGION TEXAS  Good Quality? PANHANDLE REGION TEXAS UPPER NILE, SUDAN A B  FROM A BARREL OF OIL Distillation FROM A BARREL OF OIL THE TRANSFORMATION Refining Process Platform Platform ~ July 1882 , recorded by British Resident of the Baram district in Sarawak. ~ Oil was used by the local residents for medicinal purposes and later for lighting lamps and waterproofing boats. ~ The first oil well (the Grand Old Lady) was drilled by Shell (previously known as Anglo- Saxon Petroleum Company) in The Grand Old Lady, Miri, 1910 Sarawak ~ 1910, Sarawak Shell was granted the sole right to explore for petroleum in Sarawak struck oil in the town of Miri Lutong Oil Refinery, Miri ~ 1914, Shell also built Malaysia's first oil refinery in Lutong, Miri Brighton Beach Oil Refinery, Miri ~ 1950s, sea exploration ~ 1962, two areas offshore in Sarawak ~ 1968, exploration in peninsular Malaysia ~ 1971, first oil field discovered.  “Orient Explorer” - a jack-up rig, was the first offshore rig used in Malaysia Source: Petroleum Museum, Miri, Sarawak Present Malaysia’s oil and gas fields can be found mainly offshore of Peninsula Malaysia and east coast. Most of the country's oil fields contain low-sulfur, high- quality crude. 37 oil fields and 11 gas fields and others are under development.  Oil fields that produces high quality blends of crude can be found in the east of Peninsula Malaysia mainly, Tapis, Labuan, Miri, Bintulu and Dulang.  More than half of the country's oil production comes from the Tapis field - very light and sweet with API gravity of 44° and sulfur content of 0.08% by weight  January 2010 - producing 693,000 barrels of oils and 192 million cubic metres of gas per day  Esso Production Malaysia Inc. (EPMI), an affiliate of ExxonMobil Corporation, is the largest crude oil producer in Peninsular Malaysia, accounting for nearly half of Malaysia's crude oil production.  EPMI operates 7 fields near the peninsula, and one-third of its production comes from the Seligi field.  The Seligi-F platform, with its 28 wells, is the newest satellite in the Seligi field, located 165 miles off the coast of Terengganu , Peninsular Malaysia. Source: Petroleum Museum, Miri, Sarawak ~ Malaysia has 6 refineries, with a total processing capacity of 544 832 bbl/d. Petronas -Kerteh (Terengganu) -Sungai Udang (Melaka) Shell -Port Dickson (Negeri Sembilan) -Lutong (Sarawak) ExxonMobil -Port Dickson (Negeri Sembilan)  The 3 largest refineries are: 1. Shell Port Dickson refinery (155,000 bbl/d) 2. Petronas Melaka-I (92, 832 bbl/d) 3. Melaka-II refineries (126, 000 bbl/d) Thank you  A BARREL OF OIL 1 bbl = 42 US gallons = 35 Imperial gallons = 5.61 ft3 = 158.8 l Oil prices (above $100/barrel), Venezuela has larger reserves than Saudi Arabia due to its crude reserves derived from bitumen