Basic Concepts of Agricultural Power and Energy PDF

Basic Concepts of Agricultural Power and Energy Prepared by: Daniel Sierra COURSE The chapter aims to: OBJECTIVES Familiarize the basic concept of power and energy; Identify the basic sources of farm power;...

Basic Concepts of Agricultural Power and Energy Prepared by: Daniel Sierra COURSE The chapter aims to: OBJECTIVES Familiarize the basic concept of power and energy; Identify the basic sources of farm power; Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of different sources of power; and, Determine the different sources of renewable energy available and has potential in the Philippines. COURSE Power and Energy OUTLINE Sources of Power Human power Animal power Engine power Electrical power Renewable energy Energy Energy is the capacity for doing work. In physics, it is the quantitative property that must be transferred to an object in order to perform work on, or to heat, the object. The SI unit of energy is the Joule (J), which is the energy transferred to an object by the work of moving it a distance of 1 meter against a force of 1 Newton. Power Power is the rate at which work is done or energy converted. Types of Energy Potential Energy Kinetic Energy The scientific unit of power is the watt (W), which is equal to 1J/s Forms of Energy Light energy Heat energy Mechanical Energy Electrical Energy Gravitational Energy Farm Power Farm Power is an essential input in agriculture for timely field operations for increasing production and productivity of land. It is used for operating different types of agricultural machineries. It is the most expensive and most critical inputs when growing crops. Sources of Farm Power 1. Human power 2. Animal power 3. Engine power 4. Electrical power 5. Renewable energy Human Power Human power is the main source for operating small implements and tools at the farm. Stationary work like chaff cutting, lifting, water, threshing, winnowing, etc. are also done by manual labor. A mature human being can continuously develop an output of 0.10 hp if he is in good physical condition, well-fed and working in a favorable environment.  Human Power Source: Beegy, 1972 Human Power Advantages: Easily available and used for all types of work. Disadvantages: Costliest power compared to all other farms of power, very low efficiency, requires full maintenance when not in use and affected by weather condition and seasons. Animal Power Animals are still widely used as the major power source in many countries. Land preparation, weed management, crop threshing and transport are undertaken using animal power. Common animal power source in the country includes carabaos, oxen, and horses. Draft or work animals can develop an output of 0.7-1.3 horsepower. Animal Power James Watt of Scotland, to determine the power performance of his steam engines, ran a series of tests with average horses and found that the average horse was able to lift 33,000 pounds of coal one foot in one minute. 1 hp = 33,000 ft-lb/min = 550 ft-lb/s = 0.746 kW Animal Power James Watt of Scotland, to determine the power performance of his steam engines, ran a series of tests with average horses and found that the average horse was able to lift 33,000 pounds of coal one foot in one minute. 1 hp = 33,000 ft-lb/min = 550 ft-lb/s = 0.746 kW Animal Power Note: Test animals could not pull beyond 250 kg Source: Test data of the National Carabao Research Center, Institute of Animal Science, UPLB, 1990. Animal Power Advantages: Easily available, used for all types of work, low initial investment, generates farm produce and manure as fertilizer. Disadvantages: Not very efficient, seasons and weather affect the efficiency, cannot work at a stretch, require full maintenance when there is no farm work, creates unhealthy and dirty atmosphere and slow in doing work. Animal Power Draft (D) is the total force parallel to the direction of travel that is required to pull the implement. Drawbar horsepower (DHP) is the power transferred to move an implement from the power source. Animal Power DHP = D x S Where: DHP – draft horsepower, hp D – draft, kg S – speed, m/s Animal Power Sample Problem: A 400 kg buffalo pull a 50 kg load travelling at a speed of 4.5 kph, compute the draft horsepower. Animal Power Sample Problem: If a cattle can has a draft horsepower of 0.7 hp, what is the maximum load (in kg) it can pull at the speed of 4 kph. Mechanical Power Tractors are most the common engines used in agriculture. It can be two-wheel or four- wheel tractors. Tractor is highly efficient compared to human and animal power in farm operations. Mechanical Power Advantages: Efficiency is high; not affected by weather; can run at a stretch; requires less space and cheaper form of power Disadvantages: Initial capital investment is high; fuel is costly and repairs and maintenance needs technical knowledge. Electrical Power Nowadays, electrical power has become a very important source of power in farms. Electric power is widely used for irrigation and domestic water supply, post-harvest operations and cold storage. Electrical Power Advantages: Very cheap form of power; high efficiency; can work at a stretch; maintenance and operating cost is very low and not affected by weather conditions. Disadvantages: Initial capital investment is high; require good amount of technical knowledge and it causes great danger, if handled without care. Renewable Energy Geothermal Biomass Wind Energy Hydrogen Energy Solar Energy (Fuel cell) Hydropower Nuclear Energy Ocean Energy Renewable Energy Potential Geothermal > 4,000 MW Wind resource > 76,600 MW Hydropower > 10,000 MW Solar > 5 kWh/m2/day Ocean > 170,000 MW Geothermal Energy Geothermal energy produces both electrical and thermal energy wherein steams produced from the Earth is generated in the turbines. Individual power plants could generate from 100 kW to as much as 100 MW. Being located in the Pacific Ring of Fire, the Philippines has a large potential for geothermal power. Largest Geothermal Power Plants in the Philippines Leyte Geothermal Production Field, 610.18 MW Ormoc, Leyte Makiling-Banahaw Geothermal Power Plant, 480 MW Bitin Bay, Laguna Tiwi Geothermal Power Plant, 275 MW Tiwi, Albay Makiling-Banahaw Geothermal Power Plant Solar Energy Solar-generated Electricity / Photovoltaics (PV) Photovoltaics are solar cells that convert sunlight to D.C. electricity. The solar cells in a PV module are made from semiconductor materials.. Solar Energy Solar heat Solar thermal collector are used to heat fluids. Large scale solar collectors could generate steams which could generate electricity. Heat from the sun is essential for drying such as crops and grains Largest Solar Power Plants in the Philippines Cadiz Solar Power Plant (132.5MW) Cadiz, Negros Occidental - 176 ha Solar Philippines – Calatagan Solar Farm (65MW) Calatagan, Batangas – 160 ha Citicore Power Inc. Toledo Plant (60MW) Toledo City, Cebu Cadiz Solar Power Plant Wind energy Wind energy describes the process by which wind is used to generate electricity. Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy in the wind into mechanical power. A generator can convert mechanical power into electricity Wind energy The Philippines, being situated on the fringes of the Asia-Pacific monsoon belt, exhibits a promising potential for wind energy. Data from the PAG-ASA shows that the country has a mean average of about 31 watts per square meter (W/m2) of wind power density. Largest Wind Power Plants in the Philippines Burgos Wind Farm (150 MW) Burgos, Ilocos Norte Caparispisan Wind Farm (81 MW) Pagudpud, Ilocos Norte Sembrano Wind Farm (72 MW) Pililla, Rizal Hydropower Energy Water released from the reservoir flows through a turbine, spinning it, which in turn activates a generator to produce electricity. The country has a vast hydropower potential with more than 10 percent of electricity requirements supplied in the Philippines. Largest Hydropower Power Plants in the Philippines Kalayaan Pumped-Storage Hydroelectric Power Plant (685 MW) Kalayaan, Laguna Magat Hydroelectric Power Plant (360 MW) Ramon, Isabela San Roque Hydroelectric Power Plant (345 MW) San Manuel and San Nicolas, Pangasinan Ocean Energy Available energy resource in the ocean Tidal Energy Wave Energy Ocean Current Ocean Thermal Energy Osmotic Energy Salt Water Energy Tidal Energy Diagram Wave energy turbines Ocean Thermal Energy Diagram Osmotic Pressure Energy Diagram Osmotic Pressure Energy Diagram Ocean Energy There are on-going projects in the country for utilization of ocean energy. The first project to go into operation will be the 10-megawatt Cabangan ocean energy thermal conversion (Otec) project in Zambales. Hydrogen Energy (Fuel Cell) Hydrogen fuel is a zero-emission fuel burned with oxygen. It can be used in fuel cells or internal combustion engines. It has begun to be used in commercial fuel cell vehicles, such as passenger cars, and has been also used in buses, trucks, and even tractors. Hydrogen Energy (Fuel Cell) Hydrogen fuel can be produced from oxidation of methane or by electrolysis of water. Nuclear Energy Nuclear power plants heat water to produce steam. The steam is used to spin large turbines that generate electricity. In nuclear fission, atoms are split apart to form smaller atoms, releasing energy. Fission takes place inside the reactor of a nuclear power plant. At the center of the reactor is the core, which contains uranium fuel.